Wanted to post this since I was bored...


1. The human race is of African origin. The oldest known skeletal remains of anatomically modern humans (or homo sapiens) were excavated at sites in East Africa. Human remains were discovered at Omo in Ethiopia that were dated at 195,000 years old, the oldest known in the world.

2. Skeletons of pre-humans(early homonids that preceeded modern humans) have been found in Africa that date back between 4 and 5 million years. The oldest known ancestral type of humanity is thought to have been the australopithecus ramidus, who lived at least 4.4 million years ago.

3. Africans were the first to organise fishing expeditions 90,000 years ago. At Katanda, a region in northeastern Zaïre (now Congo), was recovered a finely wrought series of harpoon points, all elaborately polished and barbed. Also uncovered was a tool, equally well crafted, believed to be a dagger. The discoveries suggested the existence of an early aquatic or fishing based culture.

4. Africans were the first to engage in mining 43,000 years ago. In 1964 a hematite mine was found in Swaziland at Bomvu Ridge in the Ngwenya mountain range. Ultimately 300,000 artefacts were recovered including thousands of stone-made mining tools. Adrian Boshier, one of the archaeologists on the site, dated the mine to a staggering 43,200 years old.

5. Africans pioneered basic arithmetic 25,000 years ago. The Ishango bone is a tool handle with notches carved into it found in the Ishango region of Zaïre (now called Congo) near Lake Edward. The bone tool was originally thought to have been over 8,000 years old, but a more sensitive recent dating has given dates of 25,000 years old. On the tool are 3 rows of notches. Row 1 shows three notches carved next to six, four carved next to eight, ten carved next to two fives and finally a seven. The 3 and 6, 4 and 8, and 10 and 5, represent the process of doubling. Row 2 shows eleven notches carved next to twenty-one notches, and nineteen notches carved next to nine notches. This represents 10 + 1, 20 + 1, 20 - 1 and 10 - 1. Finally, Row 3 shows eleven notches, thirteen notches, seventeen notches and nineteen notches. 11, 13, 17 and 19 are the prime numbers between 10 and 20.

6. Africans cultivated crops 12,000 years ago, the first known advances in agriculture. Professor Fred Wendorf discovered that people in Egypt’s Western Desert cultivated crops of barley, capers, chick-peas, dates, legumes, lentils and wheat. Their ancient tools were also recovered. There were grindstones, milling stones, cutting blades, hide scrapers, engraving burins, and mortars and pestles.

7. Africans mummified their dead 9,000 years ago. A mummified infant was found under the Uan Muhuggiag rock shelter in south western Libya. The infant was buried in the foetal position and was mummified using a very sophisticated technique that must have taken hundreds of years to evolve. The technique predates the earliest mummies known in Ancient Egypt by at least 1,000 years. Carbon dating is controversial but the mummy may date from 7438 (±220) BC.

8. Africans carved the world’s first colossal sculpture 7,000 or more years ago. The Great Sphinx of Giza was fashioned with the head of a man combined with the body of a lion. A key and important question raised by this monument was: How old is it? In October 1991 Professor Robert Schoch, a geologist from Boston University, demonstrated that the Sphinx was sculpted between 5000 BC and 7000 BC, dates that he considered conservative.

9. On the 1 March 1979, the New York Times carried an article on its front page also page sixteen that was entitled Nubian Monarchy called Oldest. In this article we were assured that: “Evidence of the oldest recognizable monarchy in human history, preceding the rise of the earliest Egyptian kings by several generations, has been discovered in artifacts from ancient Nubia” (i.e. the territory of the northern Sudan and the southern portion of modern Egypt.)

10. The ancient Egyptians had the same type of tropically adapted skeletal proportions as modern Black Africans. A 2003 paper appeared in American Journal of Physical Anthropology by Dr Sonia Zakrzewski entitled Variation in Ancient Egyptian Stature and Body Proportions where she states that: “The raw values in Table 6 suggest that Egyptians had the ‘super-Negroid’ body plan described by Robins (1983). The values for the brachial and crural indices show that the distal segments of each limb are longer relative to the proximal segments than in many ‘African’ populations .”

11. The ancient Egyptians had Afro combs. One writer tells us that the Egyptians “manufactured a very striking range of combs in ivory: the shape of these is distinctly African and is like the combs used even today by Africans and those of African descent.”

12. The Funerary Complex in the ancient Egyptian city of Saqqara is the oldest building that tourists regularly visit today. An outer wall, now mostly in ruins, surrounded the whole structure. Through the entrance are a series of columns, the first stone-built columns known to historians. The North House also has ornamental columns built into the walls that have papyrus-like capitals. Also inside the complex is the Ceremonial Court, made of limestone blocks that have been quarried and then shaped. In the centre of the complex is the Step Pyramid, the first of 90 Egyptian pyramids.

13. The first Great Pyramid of Giza, the most extraordinary building in history, was a staggering 481 feet tall - the equivalent of a 40-storey building. It was made of 2.3 million blocks of limestone and granite, some weighing 100 tons.

14. The ancient Egyptian city of Kahun was the world’s first planned city. Rectangular and walled, the city was divided into two parts. One part housed the wealthier inhabitants – the scribes, officials and foremen. The other part housed the ordinary people. The streets of the western section in particular, were straight, laid out on a grid, and crossed each other at right angles. A stone gutter, over half a metre wide, ran down the centre of every street.

15. Egyptian mansions were discovered in Kahun - each boasting 70 rooms, divided into four sections or quarters. There was a master’s quarter, quarters for women and servants, quarters for offices and finally, quarters for granaries, each facing a central courtyard. The master’s quarters had an open court with a stone water tank for bathing. Surrounding this was a colonnade.

16 The Labyrinth in the Egyptian city of Hawara with its massive layout, multiple courtyards, chambers and halls, was the very largest building in antiquity. Boasting three thousand rooms, 1,500 of them were above ground and the other 1,500 were underground.

17. Toilets and sewerage systems existed in ancient Egypt. One of the pharaohs built a city now known as Amarna. An American urban planner noted that: “Great importance was attached to cleanliness in Amarna as in other Egyptian cities. Toilets and sewers were in use to dispose waste. Soap was made for washing the body. Perfumes and essences were popular against body odour. A solution of natron was used to keep insects from houses . . . Amarna may have been the first planned ‘garden city’.”

18. Sudan has more pyramids than any other country on earth - even more than Egypt. There are at least 223 pyramids in the Sudanese cities of Al Kurru, Nuri, Gebel Barkal and Meroë. They are generally 20 to 30 metres high and steep sided.

19. The Sudanese city of Meroë is rich in surviving monuments. Becoming the capital of the Kushite Empire between 590 BC until AD 350, there are 84 pyramids in this city alone, many built with their own miniature temple. In addition, there are ruins of a bath house sharing affinities with those of the Romans. Its central feature is a large pool approached by a flight of steps with waterspouts decorated with lion heads.

20. Bling culture has a long and interesting history. Gold was used to decorate ancient Sudanese temples. One writer reported that: “Recent excavations at Meroe and Mussawwarat es-Sufra revealed temples with walls and statues covered with gold leaf”.

21. In around 300 BC, the Sudanese invented a writing script that had twenty-three letters of which four were vowels and there was also a word divider. Hundreds of ancient texts have survived that were in this script. Some are on display in the British Museum.

22. In central Nigeria, West Africa’s oldest civilisation flourished between 1000 BC and 300 BC. Discovered in 1928, the ancient culture was called the Nok Civilisation, named after the village in which the early artefacts were discovered. Two modern scholars, declare that “[a]fter calibration, the period of Nok art spans from 1000 BC until 300 BC”. The site itself is much older going back as early as 4580 or 4290 BC.

23. West Africans built in stone by 1100 BC. In the Tichitt-Walata region of Mauritania, archaeologists have found “large stone masonry villages” that date back to 1100 BC. The villages consisted of roughly circular compounds connected by “well-defined streets”.

24. By 250 BC, the foundations of West Africa’s oldest cities were established such as Old Djenné in Mali.

25. Kumbi Saleh, the capital of Ancient Ghana, flourished from 300 to 1240 AD. Located in modern day Mauritania, archaeological excavations have revealed houses, almost habitable today, for want of renovation and several storeys high. They had underground rooms, staircases and connecting halls. Some had nine rooms. One part of the city alone is estimated to have housed 30,000 people.

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26. West Africa had walled towns and cities in the pre-colonial period. Winwood Reade, an English historian visited West Africa in the nineteenth century and commented that: “There are . . . thousands of large walled cities resembling those of Europe in the Middle Ages, or of ancient Greece.”

27. Lord Lugard, an English official, estimated in 1904 that there were 170 walled towns still in existence in the whole of just the Kano province of northern Nigeria.

28. Cheques are not quite as new an invention as we were led to believe. In the tenth century, an Arab geographer, Ibn Haukal, visited a fringe region of Ancient Ghana. Writing in 951 AD, he told of a cheque for 42,000 golden dinars written to a merchant in the city of Audoghast by his partner in Sidjilmessa.

29. Ibn Haukal, writing in 951 AD, informs us that the King of Ghana was “the richest king on the face of the earth” whose pre-eminence was due to the quantity of gold nuggets that had been amassed by the himself and by his predecessors.

30. The Nigerian city of Ile-Ife was paved in 1000 AD on the orders of a female ruler with decorations that originated in Ancient America. Naturally, no-one wants to explain how this took place approximately 500 years before the time of Christopher Columbus!

31. West Africa had bling culture in 1067 AD. One source mentions that when the Emperor of Ghana gives audience to his people: “he sits in a pavilion around which stand his horses caparisoned in cloth of gold: behind him stand ten pages holding shields and gold-mounted swords: and on his right hand are the sons of the princes of his empire, splendidly clad and with gold plaited into their hair . . . The gate of the chamber is guarded by dogs of an excellent breed . . . they wear collars of gold and silver.”

32. Glass windows existed at that time. The residence of the Ghanaian Emperor in 1116 AD was: “A well-built castle, thoroughly fortified, decorated inside with sculptures and pictures, and having glass windows.”

33. The Grand Mosque in the Malian city of Djenné, described as “the largest adobe [clay] building in the world”, was first raised in 1204 AD. It was built on a square plan where each side is 56 metres in length. It has three large towers on one side, each with projecting wooden buttresses.

34. One of the great achievements of the Yoruba was their urban culture. “By the year A.D. 1300,” says a modern scholar, “the Yoruba people built numerous walled cities surrounded by farms”. The cities were Owu, Oyo, Ijebu, Ijesa, Ketu, Popo, Egba, Sabe, Dassa, Egbado, Igbomina, the sixteen Ekiti principalities, Owo and Ondo.

35. Yoruba metal art of the mediaeval period was of world class. One scholar wrote that Yoruba art “would stand comparison with anything which Ancient Egypt, Classical Greece and Rome, or Renaissance Europe had to offer.”

36. In the Malian city of Gao stands the Mausoleum of Askia the Great, a weird sixteenth century edifice that resembles a step pyramid.

37. Thousands of mediaeval tumuli have been found across West Africa. Nearly 7,000 were discovered in north-west Senegal alone spread over nearly 1,500 sites. They were probably built between 1000 and 1300 AD.

38. Excavations at the Malian city of Gao carried out by Cambridge University revealed glass windows. One of the finds was entitled: “Fragments of alabaster window surrounds and a piece of pink window glass, Gao 10th – 14th century.”

39. In 1999 the BBC produced a television series entitled Millennium. The programme devoted to the fourteenth century opens with the following disclosure: “In the fourteenth century, the century of the scythe, natural disasters threatened civilisations with extinction. The Black Death kills more people in Europe, Asia and North Africa than any catastrophe has before. Civilisations which avoid the plague thrive. In West Africa the Empire of Mali becomes the richest in the world.”

40. Malian sailors got to America in 1311 AD, 181 years before Columbus. An Egyptian scholar, Ibn Fadl Al-Umari, published on this sometime around 1342. In the tenth chapter of his book, there is an account of two large maritime voyages ordered by the predecessor of Mansa Musa, a king who inherited the Malian throne in 1312. This mariner king is not named by Al-Umari, but modern writers identify him as Mansa Abubakari II.

41. On a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 AD, a Malian ruler, Mansa Musa, brought so much money with him that his visit resulted in the collapse of gold prices in Egypt and Arabia. It took twelve years for the economies of the region to normalise.

42. West African gold mining took place on a vast scale. One modern writer said that: “It is estimated that the total amount of gold mined in West Africa up to 1500 was 3,500 tons, worth more than $****30 billion in today’s market.”

43. The old Malian capital of Niani had a 14th century building called the Hall of Audience. It was an surmounted by a dome, adorned with arabesques of striking colours. The windows of an upper floor were plated with wood and framed in silver; those of a lower floor were plated with wood, framed in gold.

44. Mali in the 14th century was highly urbanised. Sergio Domian, an Italian art and architecture scholar, wrote the following about this period: “Thus was laid the foundation of an urban civilisation. At the height of its power, Mali had at least 400 cities, and the interior of the Niger Delta was very densely populated”.

45. The Malian city of Timbuktu had a 14th century population of 115,000 - 5 times larger than mediaeval London. Mansa Musa, built the Djinguerebere Mosque in the fourteenth century. There was the University Mosque in which 25,000 students studied and the Oratory of Sidi Yayia. There were over 150 Koran schools in which 20,000 children were instructed. London, by contrast, had a total 14th century population of 20,000 people.

46. National Geographic recently described Timbuktu as the Paris of the mediaeval world, on account of its intellectual culture. According to Professor Henry Louis Gates, 25,000 university students studied there.

47. Many old West African families have private library collections that go back hundreds of years. The Mauritanian cities of Chinguetti and Oudane have a total of 3,450 hand written mediaeval books. There may be another 6,000 books still surviving in the other city of Walata. Some date back to the 8th century AD. There are 11,000 books in private collections in Niger. Finally, in Timbuktu, Mali, there are about 700,000 surviving books.

48. A collection of one thousand six hundred books was considered a small library for a West African scholar of the 16th century. Professor Ahmed Baba of Timbuktu is recorded as saying that he had the smallest library of any of his friends - he had only 1600 volumes.

49. Concerning these old manuscripts, Michael Palin, in his TV series Sahara, said the imam of Timbuktu “has a collection of scientific texts that clearly show the planets circling the sun. They date back hundreds of years . . . Its convincing evidence that the scholars of Timbuktu knew a lot more than their counterparts in Europe. In the fifteenth century in Timbuktu the mathematicians knew about the rotation of the planets, knew about the details of the eclipse, they knew things which we had to wait for 150 almost 200 years to know in Europe when Galileo and Copernicus came up with these same calculations and were given a very hard time for it.”

50. The Songhai Empire of 16th century West Africa had a government position called Minister for Etiquette and Protocol.



51. The mediaeval Nigerian city of Benin was built to “a scale comparable with the Great Wall of China”. There was a vast system of defensive walling totalling 10,000 miles in all. Even before the full extent of the city walling had become apparent the Guinness Book of Records carried an entry in the 1974 edition that described the city as: “The largest earthworks in the world carried out prior to the mechanical era.”

52. Benin art of the Middle Ages was of the highest quality. An official of the Berlin Museum für Völkerkunde once stated that: “These works from Benin are equal to the very finest examples of European casting technique. Benvenuto Cellini could not have cast them better, nor could anyone else before or after him . . . Technically, these bronzes represent the very highest possible achievement.”

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53. Winwood Reade described his visit to the Ashanti Royal Palace of Kumasi in 1874: “We went to the king’s palace, which consists of many courtyards, each surrounded with alcoves and verandahs, and having two gates or doors, so that each yard was a thoroughfare . . . But the part of the palace fronting the street was a stone house, Moorish in its style . . . with a flat roof and a parapet, and suites of apartments on the first floor. It was built by Fanti masons many years ago. The rooms upstairs remind me of Wardour Street. Each was a perfect Old Curiosity Shop. Books in many languages, Bohemian glass, clocks, silver plate, old furniture, Persian rugs, Kidderminster carpets, pictures and engravings, numberless chests and coffers. A sword bearing the inscription From Queen Victoria to the King of Ashantee. A copy of the Times, 17 October 1843. With these were many specimens of Moorish and Ashanti handicraft.”

54. In the mid-nineteenth century, William Clarke, an English visitor to Nigeria, remarked that: “As good an article of cloth can be woven by the Yoruba weavers as by any people . . . in durability, their cloths far excel the prints and home-spuns of Manchester.”

55. The recently discovered 9th century Nigerian city of Eredo was found to be surrounded by a wall that was 100 miles long and seventy feet high in places. The internal area was a staggering 400 square miles.

56. On the subject of cloth, Kongolese textiles were also distinguished. Various European writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries wrote of the delicate crafts of the peoples living in eastern Kongo and adjacent regions who manufactured damasks, sarcenets, satins, taffeta, cloth of tissue and velvet. Professor DeGraft-Johnson made the curious observation that: “Their brocades, both high and low, were far more valuable than the Italian.”

57. On Kongolese metallurgy of the Middle Ages, one modern scholar wrote that: “There is no doubting . . . the existence of an expert metallurgical art in the ancient Kongo . . . The Bakongo were aware of the toxicity of lead vapours. They devised preventative and curative methods, both pharmacological (massive doses of pawpaw and palm oil) and mechanical (exerting of pressure to free the digestive tract), for combating lead poisoning.”


58. In Nigeria, the royal palace in the city of Kano dates back to the fifteenth century. Begun by Muhammad Rumfa (ruled 1463-99) it has gradually evolved over generations into a very imposing complex. A colonial report of the city from 1902, described it as “a network of buildings covering an area of 33 acres and surrounded by a wall 20 to 30 feet high outside and 15 feet inside . . . in itself no mean citadel”.

59. A sixteenth century traveller visited the central African civilisation of Kanem-Borno and commented that the emperor’s cavalry had golden “stirrups, spurs, bits and buckles.” Even the ruler’s dogs had “chains of the finest gold”.

60. One of the government positions in mediaeval Kanem-Borno was Astronomer Royal.

61. Ngazargamu, the capital city of Kanem-Borno, became one of the largest cities in the seventeenth century world. By 1658 AD, the metropolis, according to an architectural scholar housed “about quarter of a million people”. It had 660 streets. Many were wide and unbending, reflective of town planning.

62. The Nigerian city of Surame flourished in the sixteenth century. Even in ruin it was an impressive sight, built on a horizontal vertical grid. A modern scholar describes it thus: “The walls of Surame are about 10 miles in circumference and include many large bastions or walled suburbs running out at right angles to the main wall. The large compound at Kanta is still visible in the centre, with ruins of many buildings, one of which is said to have been two-storied. The striking feature of the walls and whole ruins is the extensive use of stone and tsokuwa (laterite gravel) or very hard red building mud, evidently brought from a distance. There is a big mound of this near the north gate about 8 feet in height. The walls show regular courses of masonry to a height of 20 feet and more in several places. The best preserved portion is that known as sirati (the bridge) a little north of the eastern gate . . . The main city walls here appear to have provided a very strongly guarded entrance about 30 feet wide.”

63. The Nigerian city of Kano in 1851 produced an estimated 10 million pairs of sandals and 5 million hides each year for export.

64. In 1246 AD Dunama II of Kanem-Borno exchanged embassies with Al-Mustansir, the king of Tunis. He sent the North African court a costly present, which apparently included a giraffe. An old chronicle noted that the rare animal “created a sensation in Tunis”.

65. By the third century BC the city of Carthage on the coast of Tunisia was opulent and impressive. It had a population of 700,000 and may even have approached a million. Lining both sides of three streets were rows of tall houses six storeys high.

66. The Ethiopian city of Axum has a series of 7 giant obelisks that date from perhaps 300 BC to 300 AD. They have details carved into them that represent windows and doorways of several storeys. The largest obelisk, now fallen, is in fact “the largest monolith ever made anywhere in the world”. It is 108 feet long, weighs a staggering 500 tons, and represents a thirteen-storey building.

67. Ethiopia minted its own coins over 1,500 years ago. One scholar wrote that: “Almost no other contemporary state anywhere in the world could issue in gold, a statement of sovereignty achieved only by Rome, Persia, and the Kushan kingdom in northern India at the time.”

68. The Ethiopian script of the 4th century AD influenced the writing script of Armenia. A Russian historian noted that: “Soon after its creation, the Ethiopic vocalised script began to influence the scripts of Armenia and Georgia. D. A. Olderogge suggested that Mesrop Mashtotz used the vocalised Ethiopic script when he invented the Armenian alphabet.”

69. “In the first half of the first millennium CE,” says a modern scholar, Ethiopia “was ranked as one of the world’s greatest empires”. A Persian cleric of the third century AD identified it as the third most important state in the world after Persia and Rome.

70. Ethiopia has 11 underground mediaeval churches built by being carved out of the ground. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries AD, Roha became the new capital of the Ethiopians. Conceived as a New Jerusalem by its founder, Emperor Lalibela (c.1150-1230), it contains 11 churches, all carved out of the rock of the mountains by hammer and chisel. All of the temples were carved to a depth of 11 metres or so below ground level. The largest is the House of the Redeemer, a staggering 33.7 metres long, 23.7 metres wide and 11.5 metres deep.

71. Lalibela is not the only place in Ethiopia to have such wonders. A cotemporary archaeologist reports research that was conducted in the region in the early 1970’s when: “startling numbers of churches built in caves or partially or completely cut from the living rock were revealed not only in Tigre and Lalibela but as far south as Addis Ababa. Soon at least 1,500 were known. At least as many more probably await revelation.”

72. In 1209 AD Emperor Lalibela of Ethiopia sent an embassy to Cairo bringing the sultan unusual gifts including an elephant, a hyena, a zebra, and a giraffe.

73. In Southern Africa, there are at least 600 stone built ruins in the regions of Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. These ruins are called Mazimbabwe in Shona, the Bantu language of the builders, and means great revered house and “signifies court”.

74. The Great Zimbabwe was the largest of these ruins. It consists of 12 clusters of buildings, spread over 3 square miles. Its outer walls were made from 100,000 tons of granite bricks. In the fourteenth century, the city housed 18,000 people, comparable in size to that of London of the same period.

75. Bling culture existed in this region. At the time of our last visit, the Horniman Museum in London had exhibits of headrests with the caption: “Headrests have been used in Africa since the time of the Egyptian pharaohs. Remains of some headrests, once covered in gold foil, have been found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe and burial sites like Mapungubwe dating to the twelfth century after Christ.”


76. Dr Albert Churchward, author of Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man, pointed out that writing was found in one of the stone built ruins: “Lt.-Col. E. L. de Cordes . . . who was in South Africa for three years, informed the writer that in one of the ‘Ruins’ there is a ‘stone-chamber,’ with a vast quantity of Papyri, covered with old Egyptian hieroglyphics. A Boer hunter discovered this, and a large quantity was used to light a fire with, and yet still a larger quantity remained there now.”

77. On bling culture, one seventeenth century visitor to southern African empire of Monomotapa, that ruled over this vast region, wrote that: “The people dress in various ways: at court of the Kings their grandees wear cloths of rich silk, damask, satin, gold and silk cloth; these are three widths of satin, each width four covados [2.64m], each sewn to the next, sometimes with gold lace in between, trimmed on two sides, like a carpet, with a gold and silk fringe, sewn in place with a two fingers’ wide ribbon, woven with gold roses on silk.”

78. Southern Africans mined gold on an epic scale. One modern writer tells us that: “The estimated amount of gold ore mined from the entire region by the ancients was staggering, exceeding 43 million tons. The ore yielded nearly 700 tons of pure gold which today would be valued at over $******7.5 billion.”

79. Apparently the Monomotapan royal palace at Mount Fura had chandeliers hanging from the ceiling. An eighteenth century geography book provided the following data: “The inside consists of a great variety of sumptuous apartments, spacious and lofty halls, all adorned with a magnificent cotton tapestry, the manufacture of the country. The floors, cielings [sic], beams and rafters are all either gilt or plated with gold curiously wrought, as are also the chairs of state, tables, benches &c. The candle-sticks and branches are made of ivory inlaid with gold, and hang from the cieling by chains of the same metal, or of silver gilt.”

80. Monomotapa had a social welfare system. Antonio Bocarro, a Portuguese contemporary, informs us that the Emperor: “shows great charity to the blind and maimed, for these are called the king’s poor, and have land and revenues for their subsistence, and when they wish to pass through the kingdoms, wherever they come food and drinks are given to them at the public cost as long as they remain there, and when they leave that place to go to another they are provided with what is necessary for their journey, and a guide, and some one to carry their wallet to the next village. In every place where they come there is the same obligation.”

81. Many southern Africans have indigenous and pre-colonial words for ‘gun’. Scholars have generally been reluctant to investigate or explain this fact.

82. Evidence discovered in 1978 showed that East Africans were making steel for more than 1,500 years: “Assistant Professor of Anthropology Peter Schmidt and Professor of Engineering Donald H. Avery have found as long as 2,000 years ago Africans living on the western shores of Lake Victoria had produced carbon steel in preheated forced draft furnaces, a method that was technologically more sophisticated than any developed in Europe until the mid-nineteenth century.”

83. Ruins of a 300 BC astronomical observatory was found at Namoratunga in Kenya. Africans were mapping the movements of stars such as Triangulum, Aldebaran, Bellatrix, Central Orion, etcetera, as well as the moon, in order to create a lunar calendar of 354 days.

84. Autopsies and caesarean operations were routinely and effectively carried out by surgeons in pre-colonial Uganda. The surgeons routinely used antiseptics, anaesthetics and cautery iron. Commenting on a Ugandan caesarean operation that appeared in the Edinburgh Medical Journal in 1884, one author wrote: “The whole conduct of the operation . . . suggests a skilled long-practiced surgical team at work conducting a well-tried and familiar operation with smooth efficiency.”

85. Sudan in the mediaeval period had churches, cathedrals, monasteries and castles. Their ruins still exist today.

86. The mediaeval Nubian Kingdoms kept archives. From the site of Qasr Ibrim legal texts, documents and correspondence were discovered. An archaeologist informs us that: “On the site are preserved thousands of documents in Meroitic, Latin, Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Arabic and Turkish.”

87. Glass windows existed in mediaeval Sudan. Archaeologists found evidence of window glass at the Sudanese cities of Old Dongola and Hambukol.

88. Bling culture existed in the mediaeval Sudan. Archaeologists found an individual buried at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in the city of Old Dongola. He was clad in an extremely elaborate garb consisting of costly textiles of various fabrics including gold thread. At the city of Soba East, there were individuals buried in fine clothing, including items with golden thread.

89. Style and fashion existed in mediaeval Sudan. A dignitary at Jebel Adda in the late thirteenth century AD was interned with a long coat of red and yellow patterned damask folded over his body. Underneath, he wore plain cotton trousers of long and baggy cut. A pair of red leather slippers with turned up toes lay at the foot of the coffin. The body was wrapped in enormous pieces of gold brocaded striped silk.

90. Sudan in the ninth century AD had housing complexes with bath rooms and piped water. An archaeologist wrote that Old Dongola, the capital of Makuria, had: “a[n] . . . eighth to . . . ninth century housing complex. The houses discovered here differ in their hitherto unencountered spatial layout as well as their functional programme (water supply installation, bathroom with heating system) and interiors decorated with murals.”

91. In 619 AD, the Nubians sent a gift of a giraffe to the Persians.

92. The East Coast, from Somalia to Mozambique, has ruins of well over 50 towns and cities. They flourished from the ninth to the sixteenth centuries AD.

93. Chinese records of the fifteenth century AD note that Mogadishu had houses of “four or five storeys high”.

94. Gedi, near the coast of Kenya, is one of the East African ghost towns. Its ruins, dating from the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries, include the city walls, the palace, private houses, the Great Mosque, seven smaller mosques, and three pillar tombs.

95. The ruined mosque in the Kenyan city of Gedi had a water purifier made of limestone for recycling water.

96. The palace in the Kenyan city of Gedi contains evidence of piped water controlled by taps. In addition it had bathrooms and indoor toilets.

97. A visitor in 1331 AD considered the Tanzanian city of Kilwa to be of world class. He wrote that it was the “principal city on the coast the greater part of whose inhabitants are Zanj of very black complexion.” Later on he says that: “Kilwa is one of the most beautiful and well-constructed cities in the world. The whole of it is elegantly built.”

98. Bling culture existed in early Tanzania. A Portuguese chronicler of the sixteenth century wrote that: “[T]hey are finely clad in many rich garments of gold and silk and cotton, and the women as well; also with much gold and silver chains and bracelets, which they wear on their legs and arms, and many jewelled earrings in their ears”.

99. In 1961 a British archaeologist, found the ruins of Husuni Kubwa, the royal palace of the Tanzanian city of Kilwa. It had over a hundred rooms, including a reception hall, galleries, courtyards, terraces and an octagonal swimming pool.

100. In 1414 the Kenyan city of Malindi sent ambassadors to China carrying a gift that created a sensation at the Imperial Court. It was, of course, a giraffe.

Enjoy.

Nice one op. But it too long. No mind our naija mentality. Our Readin culture is bad. I read the first part Sha. Quite interestin

Thank you so much Op. Never knew we had such a rich history.
My God what went wrong?

Akshow: Nice one op. But it too long. No mind our naija mentality. Our Readin culture is bad. I read the first part Sha. Quite interestin

Thanks and its no problem.

demelza: Thank you so much Op. Never knew we had such a rich history.
My God what went wrong?

You welcome. Yep Africa does have a rich history. Its just that people don't take the time to learn about it.

Bump...

Beautiful post!
Africa has always had a rich past but the caucasians, in order to impose their superiority have succeeded in fading most part of African history into oblivion.
Quitea number of historians have attempted a reconstrution of the African past thanks to the Ibadan school of history's African historiography.
The problem now is, African countries have failed to followa radical approach in weaving history as a compulsory subject in academic curriculum, hence the gradual fading of African past as generations pass. Nigeria is an example per excellence and I hope something can be done in time to salvage the damages.

^^^Thanks and agreed.

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1) Somalia has the longest coastline

2) Somalis were the first to domesticate the camel

3) Somalis were the first african people to be bombed by planes when the British could not take control

4) Somalis are one of the oldest people

5) The word Somali was first used over 3,500 years ago

6) Somalis were muslim before many arabs and north africans

7) Somalis are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa

8. Somalia is one of the only countries in Africa where everyone has the same culture, religion, language

9) Somalis numerically had the most amount of ships in the muslim world

10) When the prophet Mohamed's campanions escaped the middle east they came to present day Zeila in Somalia

11) It was in the Somali region of ethiopia where Coffee was first invented by a Nomad (most likely somali)

12) Somalia sent the first women to the U.N. by any muslim or african country

13) Somalia has the only flag that lays claim to another countries territory

14) myhr and frankensteine are only found in

15) Somalis are on of aonly people a few people who speak a language closest to the language of the ancient egyptians

16) Somalis invented the Beden, the oldest surviving ship and the best built in its time

17) Somalis are one of the few people who were never enslaved but who actually enslaved others such as Ethiopians, Bantus

1) Somalia has the longest coastline

2) Somalis were the first to domesticate the camel

3) Somalis were the first african people to be bombed by planes when the British could not take control

4) Somalis are one of the oldest people

5) The word Somali was first used over 3,500 years ago

6) Somalis were muslim before many arabs and north africans

7) Somalis are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa

8. Somalia is one of the only countries in Africa where everyone has the same culture, religion, language

9) Somalis numerically had the most amount of ships in the muslim world

10) When the prophet Mohamed's campanions escaped the middle east they came to present day Zeila in Somalia

11) It was in the Somali region of ethiopia where Coffee was first invented by a Nomad (most likely somali)

12) Somalia sent the first women to the U.N. by any muslim or african country

13) Somalia has the only flag that lays claim to another countries territory

14) myhr and frankensteine are only found in

15) Somalis are on of aonly people a few people who speak a language closest to the language of the ancient egyptians

16) Somalis invented the Beden, the oldest surviving ship and the best built in its time

17) Somalis are one of the few people who were never enslaved but who actually enslaved others such as Ethiopians, Bantus

somalia9: 1) Somalia has the longest coastline

2) Somalis were the first to domesticate the camel

3) Somalis were the first african people to be bombed by planes when the British could not take control

4) Somalis are one of the oldest people

5) The word Somali was first used over 3,500 years ago

6) Somalis were muslim before many arabs and north africans

7) Somalis are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa

8. Somalia is one of the only countries in Africa where everyone has the same culture, religion, language

9) Somalis numerically had the most amount of ships in the muslim world

10) When the prophet Mohamed's campanions escaped the middle east they came to present day Zeila in Somalia

11) It was in the Somali region of ethiopia where Coffee was first invented by a Nomad (most likely somali)

12) Somalia sent the first women to the U.N. by any muslim or african country

13) Somalia has the only flag that lays claim to another countries territory

14) myhr and frankensteine are only found in

15) Somalis are on of aonly people a few people who speak a language closest to the language of the ancient egyptians

16) Somalis invented the Beden, the oldest surviving ship and the best built in its time

17) Somalis are one of the few people who were never enslaved but who actually enslaved others such as Ethiopians, Bantus

1. Madagascar technically has the largest coastline at 4,828 km.

2. Untrue. Domestication of camels happened way before Somali people even existed.

3. True. I got to respect Somalis for their braveness.

4. Definitely untrue. 60,000 years ago there were no Somalis. The people were most likely of Pygmies or Khoisan type. Where they lived, they would have had really dark skin. And Tanzania is the oldest oldest human settlements unearthed by archaeologists, including stone tools and fossils of hominids found in and around Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, an area often referred to as "The Cradle of Mankind". Fossil remains of humans and pre-human hominids have been found in Tanzania that date back over 2 million years, making the area one of the oldest-known inhabited areas on Earth. So by your logic, the oldest people are Tanzanian. Also before the Out of Africa most of the Halpogroups Somali people carry didn't even arose yet.

5. Untrue until proof.

6. I believe this is true.

7. Definitely untrue. Somalis don't even reach past 20 million. By your definition the 'Bantu Negroid' should be the largest ethic group since you(and even others) talk like they are ethic. And they are found in Central,East and South Africa. But in actuality, they are just a language group. The Hausa people actually number in at 30 million in Africa. Their population is FAR bigger than the Somali population.

8. Kinda true.

9. Didn't know this.

10. I heard of this so I can't say nothing.

11. I believe it was a Ethopia named Kaldi...

12. Interesting.

13. Hmm...Never heard of that.

14. You didn't complete your sentence.

15. Proof? Every Afro-Asiatic speakers speak the 'closet' to the Ancient Egyptians since the Ancient Egyptians spoke Afro-Asiatic.

16. Never heard so can't say anything.

17. Somalis were colonized by both Italy and Great Britain...Actually I heard China took East African slaves. Indian too took many slaves from that region.

1) well somalia has second largest coastline then

2The Horn of Africa boasts the largest number of camels in the world. Camels have been domesticated in Somalia for more than 2000 years. In an article in Aramco World, the Somali camel has been described as follows:
http://xawaash.com/?p=683


4) Somali dna is showed to be oldest, horn of africa is the start point for all human beings

5) The history of the Somali people dates back many centuries. The first time the word Somali was mentioned in a history book was[b] 3500 years ago, when the queen of Egypt Hatshepsut sent a fleet of 5 large ships and a crew of 250 men to Somalia which the Egyptians called The Land of Punt. [/b]Punt means “the land of spices” from the aromatic plants that grow there. The Egyptians wanted to trade and they brought jewels and glass beads that they exchanged for gold, elephant tusks, myrrh, ostrich feathers, spices and different beads. Some of these items, especially the aromatic ones, were used by the Egyptians in their religious festivals and celebrations.

http://wikitravel.org/en/Somalia




6) the somalis in east africa alone is 20 million let alone the over 2 million in the middle east and in the rest in europe


7) i said somalis is one of the largest ethnic group, bantu is langugage group not an ethnicity.....somalis are one of the top largest in africa

11) ETHIOPIANS are not even nomads, somalis are nomads


12) myhrr and frankenstin only found in somalia and we sold this to the egyptians and arabs, and others


15) somalis closely resemble anceint egyptians as well as other hornets


17) china never took slaves in east africa lol, arabs did, and somalis were never enslaved, as somalis and arabs enslaved bantus

italy colonized somalia only in the 1900's cause of wear with the british who controlled northern somalia, before that somalia was never colonized......because we were fighting them off it was only after they used planes that they won but even then somalis were fighting on the side of the italians against the ethiopians....sadly the british won and ogaden belongs to ethiopa now









SOMALI PEOPLE BEST LOOOKING PEOPLE IN AFRICA

1. Yep. Somalia's coastline is still very big though.

2. Interesting.

4. Still incorrect...The haplogroups that Somalis and other Horners carry didn't even arose yet until the OAA...I will admit that the phenotype's some Eurasians have, has already evolved in Horners and other Eastern Africans.

5. Human languages have existed fa longer than 3500 years. Balkans of Southeast Europe already had a writing system around 6000 BC. NO ONE can pin point the first language, because languages arose all around the world.

6 Again still not a lot. Yoruba people numbers at 30 million in Nigeria and Benin alone. Now what about the Diaspora of Yoruba people who are basically all around the world in places like North America, Europe and even China.

7. Okay and my apologies for the misunderstanding. But not trying to be picky, but they don't really come close to one of the largest ethic groups.

11. I am aware of that.

12. Interesting.

15. Everyone who lives in Northeast Africa resembled the Ancient Egyptians since they are all of the same stock as the Ancient Egyptians. This doesn't only include horners, but Nilotes too. The Ancient Egyptians had many, many type of looks.

17. I heard China had Ethiopian slaves. IIRC China use to trade with East Africans. Somalis were still colonized. Somalis were not the only ones who were whooping the British. The Ashanti's beat the British in 5 wars IIRC... mostly every African kingdoms during that time fought against European powers. Now my ancestors...My ancestors whooped the French, Spaniards and British all at the same time in one of the most bloodiest revolutions in human history.

IMO I think Malians and South Africans has the best looking females.

china never enslaved anyone.....let alone ethiopians



somalis enslaved ethiopians (oromo's mostly, but woman were freed after they gave child and were married by the somalis), the other people somalis enslaved were bantu, arabs also enslaved bantus.


Nilotes are not anceint egyptians at all, they look darker and more bantuish, those who look ancient egyptians are somalis, ethiopians, eritreans, north sudanese, souther egyptians all these groups all speak afro asiatic language.

Somalia was at one point controlled by egypt, ancien egyptians called present day somalia punt which means land of the gods

somalia9: china never enslaved anyone.....let alone ethiopians

I said IIRC.

somalia9:
somalis enslaved ethiopians (oromo's mostly, but woman were freed after they gave child and were married by the somalis), the other people somalis enslaved were bantu, arabs also enslaved bantus.

Were not talking Somalis enslaving others, but the fact you said Somalis were never enslaved. Yet it is historically confirmed that they were colonized by both the British and Italians.

Here is even a map.
[img]http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/colonialism1914.jpg[/img]

somalia9:
Nilotes are not anceint egyptians at all, they look darker and more bantuish, those who look ancient egyptians are somalis, ethiopians, eritreans, north sudanese, souther egyptians all these groups all speak afro asiatic language.

"Nilotes are not ancient Egyptians at all, they look darker and more bantuish."
^^That sentence is full of pseudoscience. Are you out of your mind? First off what is a Bantuish look? Didn't we already agree that Bantu is a language group. Seriously you're suppose to be African, yet you are ignorant of Africans.

Oh look here a Caucasoid Bantu. *Rollseyes*


Do you even know how most Nilotes look? The Nilotes have the features that you describe only horners of having. Here are some Nilotes.



^^^Nilotes are taller, slimmer and sometimes have narrow features compared to Bantu speakers.

Not only that, but the Ancient Egyptians themselves(again) had many different looks. Heck the oldest remains of Egypt show 'Negroid' characteristics. Again the Ancient Egyptians were a mixture of Nilo-Saharans and Afro-Asiatic. Just because they spoke Afro-Asiatic doesn't mean anything. Nile Saharan people(nilotes) LIVED AROUND THE SAME AREA WHERE THE EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION BEGAN! In Pre-Dynastic Egypt, many cultures formed around Egypt including Nile Saharan cultires. Also Ancient Egyptians say their origins is deep in the interior of Africa and recent DNA studies back that claim.

Horners are NOT closely related to the Ancient Egyptians. They like all Northeast Africans share a common ancestor with the Ancient Egyptians. That is all. The people who are more closely related to the Ancient Egyptians are modern upper Egyptian and the Nubian's who were Nile Saharan themselves!


NUCLEAR DNA
__________
Nubians cluster closest to Egyptians than Arab cluster to Egyptians. So Nubians are more related to Egyptians than Arabs are:
http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/2/1/12/figure/F6?highres=y

Ancient Egyptians & Nubians were the closest related peoples to each other. River Nile civilizations, a river that flows northwards.

Today modern North Sudanese are closest related to Egyptians which is said to correlate with historic close relations between the two who share the longest border.
__________
Quote:
''Individuals from northern Sudan clustered together with those from Egypt, and individuals from southern Sudan clustered with those from the Karamoja population (Uganda). The similarity of the Nubian and Egyptian populations suggest that migration, potentially bidirectional, occurred along the Nile river Valley, which is consistent with the historical evidence for long-term interactions between Egypt and Nubia.''
Source (Result; 5th sentence):
http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/2/1/12#abs

Quote:
''The patterns of population structure we found in northeast Africa, in particular the similarity of Nubian (a northern Sudanese group that speak Nilo-Saharan languages) and the Egyptian population. is consistent with the historical evidence for long-term interactions between Egypt and Nubia, probably resulting in genetic flow between the two regions.''

Stronger evidence points to the relation between Ancient Egypt & Nubia to of occurred before the establishment of those civilizations in the ''late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene'' periods. As opposed to Egyptians & Nubian civilizations conquering each other later.
__________
Quote:
''However, a synthesis of evidence from archaeology, historical linguistics, texts, distribution of haplotypes outside Egypt, and some demographic considerations lends greater support to the establishment, before the Middle Kingdom, of the observed distributions of the most prevalent haplotypes V, XI, and IV. It is suggested that the pattern of diversity for these variants in the Egyptian NILE VALLEY was largely the product of population events that occurred in the late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene through the First Dynasty, and was sustained by continuous smaller-scale bidirectional migrations/interactions. The higher frequency of V in Ethiopia than in Nubia or upper (southern) Egypt has to be taken into account in any discussion of variation in the NILE VALLEY.''
Source:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16136533


Quote:
''Egypt and Nubia have low and similar amounts of divergence for both mtDNA types, which is consistent with historical evidence for long-term interactions between Egypt and Nubia.''
Source:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10090902
_______________________________________________________

^^^Now do you understand? Ancient Egypt would OBVIOUSLY be a mixture of the two since many different cultures arose around Pre-Dynastic Egypt...

somalia9:
Somalia was at one point controlled by egypt, ancien egyptians called present day somalia punt which means land of the gods

Evidence? Ancient Egypt at is peak never extended that far. And the land of Punt was "speculated" to be in modern day Eritrea-Eastern Sudan. And even Eritreans say so...
http://www.madote.com/2010/03/land-of-punt-is-eritrea.html

Peeking my head in.
Gotta say tho that Everything u said is spot on minus the punt thing.

Somalia, upper somali anyway, is most likely punt hence "puntland" somalia. certain goods such as spices and incense the egyptians traded with ppl of punt is only found in modern day somalia.

*goes back to studies*

MsDarkSkin: Peeking my head in.
Gotta say tho that Everything u said is spot on minus the punt thing.

Somalia, upper somali anyway, is most likely punt hence "puntland" somalia. certain goods such as spices and incense the egyptians traded with ppl of punt is only found in modern day somalia.

*goes back to studies*

Many sources I've seen said Punt was most likely modern day Eritrea and East Sudan. Even Eritreans online agree. I'm just saying from what I heard.

KidStranglehold:

Many sources I've seen said Punt was most likely modern day Eritrea and East Sudan. Even Eritreans online agree. I'm just saying from what I heard.

eritreans always say things....Everyone knows punt is in northern somalia, their is a state there called puntland and they have the same incese and spices that only that region has, its known all over somalia for those spices.



Although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, between 1821 to 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, came to control Yemen and the sahil, with Zeila included.[19] After the Egyptians withdrew from the Yemeni seaboard in 1841, Haj Ali Shermerki, a successful and ambitious Somali merchant, purchased from them executive rights over Zeila. Shermerki's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he manoeuvred to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as Harar and the Ogaden. In 1845, Shermerki deployed a few matchlock men to wrest control of neighboring Berbera from that town's then feuding Somali authorities. This alarmed the Emir of Harar, who, having already been at loggerheads with Shermerki over fiscal matters, was concerned about the ramifications that these movements might ultimately have on his own city's commerce. The Emir consequently urged Berbera's leaders to reconcile and mount a resistance against Shermerki's troops.[20] Shermerki was later succeeded as Governor of Zeila by Abu Bakr Pasha, a local Afar statesman.[21]

zeila is in northern somalia, egypt controlled northern somalia for several years

somalia9:


eritreans always say things....Everyone knows punt is in northern somalia, their is a state there called puntland and they have the same incese and spices that only that region has, its known all over somalia for those spices.



Although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, between 1821 to 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, came to control Yemen and the sahil, with Zeila included.[19] After the Egyptians withdrew from the Yemeni seaboard in 1841, Haj Ali Shermerki, a successful and ambitious Somali merchant, purchased from them executive rights over Zeila. Shermerki's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he manoeuvred to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as Harar and the Ogaden. In 1845, Shermerki deployed a few matchlock men to wrest control of neighboring Berbera from that town's then feuding Somali authorities. This alarmed the Emir of Harar, who, having already been at loggerheads with Shermerki over fiscal matters, was concerned about the ramifications that these movements might ultimately have on his own city's commerce. The Emir consequently urged Berbera's leaders to reconcile and mount a resistance against Shermerki's troops.[20] Shermerki was later succeeded as Governor of Zeila by Abu Bakr Pasha, a local Afar statesman.[21]

zeila is in northern somalia, egypt controlled northern somalia for several years

True Eritreans do say a lot of things. I always laugh at their beef with Ethios

I'll look more into the Puntland.

KidStranglehold:

True Eritreans do say a lot of things. I always laugh at their beef with Ethios

I'll look more into the Puntland.

Somalis and eritreans and many ethnic groups inside ethiopia are against ethiopia

somalia9:

Somalis and eritreans and many ethnic groups inside ethiopia are against ethiopia

i seem to notice that.

KidStranglehold:

i seem to notice that.

The history of somalia/ethiopia/eritrea is more rich than most people realize.

somalia9:


The history of somalia/ethiopia/eritrea is more rich than most people realize.

I'm aware of their history. but i also notice that their is REALLY bad blood between Ethiopians and Eritreans. Eritreans demonize Ethiopians and Ethiopians demonize Eritreans. It never ends.

The independence for Eritrea was very bloody. Eritreans are very good fighters, I know that.

KidStranglehold:

I'm aware of their history. but i also notice that their is REALLY bad blood between Ethiopians and Eritreans. Eritreans demonize Ethiopians and Ethiopians demonize Eritreans. It never ends.

The independence for Eritrea was very bloody. Eritreans are very good fighters, I know that.

Well Somalis support eritrea

somalia9:



Well Somalis support eritrea

You guys should support everyone of the horn and work together for a better horn of Africa. And why is Djibouti so irrelevant? Just wondering...

KidStranglehold:

You guys should support everyone of the horn and work together for a better horn of Africa. And why is Djibouti so irrelevant? Just wondering...

Djibouti is little Somalia, it only has 800,000 people and 60 percent of its people are somali, the rest is Afar ethnic group people.....its a microcosim of ethiopia and somalia basically.

somalia9:

Djibouti is little Somalia, it only has 800,000 people and 60 percent of its people are somali, the rest is Afar ethnic group people.....its a microcosim of ethiopia and somalia basically.

lol I see.

any questions just ask.

somalia9: any questions just ask.

i have a lot...

Question #1.

Do you consider the Somali fighting spirit similar to the fighting spirit of the legendary Vietnamese people? I mean both Somalis and Vietnamese people fought against lots of powerful people.