BATTERY,CHARGER, AND USB.
USING THE RIGHT CHARGER FOR YOUR GADGETS (AVOID OVERCHARGE, LESS CHARGE, BATTERY DAMAGE, OR DEVICE DAMAGE)

INTRODUCTION

Most cell phone chargers are not really chargers; they are only power adaptors that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile
phone. They are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.
Cellphone chargers are nothing but AC to DC converters. They take an input of 220 volt AC and give an output voltage around 5Volt DC. Generally the output voltage of the chargers is in the
range of 5 to 5.5 Volts DC, but some local make chargers give an output voltage beyond this level. As a user who is not bothered much about these technical details just connects the phone and checks whether the cellphone is getting charged or not, but in reality a cellphone which is exposed to conditions which are beyond the permissible limits might actually reduce the life of cellphone.

Different cell phones have different batteries and different voltage requirements.
Usually though, the battery "goes dead" at about 0.8v less than its full voltage.
That is because if a battery goes too low it will be damaged and won't recharge.
To be completely accurate, when a battery is fully charged, it is usually about 0.5v higher than it is labelled.


Universal Serial Bus specification provides for a five-volt power
supply, it's possible to use a USB cable as a power source for recharging batteries.
With 5V and 500mA of available current, the USB bus can charge a small single-cell Li-ion pack, but there is a danger of overloading the USB hub when attaching too many gadgets.
Plugging in a charger that draws 500mA along with other devices will exceed the port’s current limit, leading to a voltage drop and a possible system failure. To prevent overload,
some hosts include current-limiting circuits that shut down the supply when overdrawn.
Another method is limiting the current of all attachments to 400mA to reserve 100mA for housekeeping.

BATTERIES

Most new batteries go through a formatting process during which the capacity gradually increases and reaches optimal performance at 100–200 cycles. After this mid-life point, the capacity gradually begins decreasing and the depth of discharge, operating temperatures and charging method govern the speed of capacity loss. The deeper the batteries are discharged and the warmer the ambient temperature is, the shorter the service life. The effect of temperature on the battery can be compared with a jug of milk, which stays fresh longer when refrigerated.
Most portable batteries deliver between 300 and 500 full discharge/charge cycles.

DO YOU WONDER?

Usually mobile phone battery require very low level DC voltage and current for charging, while our house hold wiring contains high level AC voltage of 220V and sinusoidal current. How is it possible for Chargers to overcome this issue?
The technology that are involve are transformer and rectifier
The transformer steps down the A.C voltage from 220V to low voltage around 5v.
The rectifier converts the A.C voltage to a D.C. voltage

Basic Physics tells us that we need a higher voltage than the nominal output of a battery. For example your car 12 volt battery is recharged by the alternator (or free standing battery charger) at 14.7 volts. This is because of an effect that produces a 'back emf' during the charging cycle. If we choose to use a charger of 3.7 volts output then we would get only a partial charge on a 3.7 volt battery. The charging procedure is performed at constant voltage with current-limiting circuitry (i.e., charging with constant current until a voltage of 4.2 V is reached in the cell and continuing with a constant voltage applied until the current drops close to zero).

USB SPECIFICATIONS

There are three USB specifications — USB 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 — but we’ll be focusing on USB 2.0, as it’s by far the most common variant. We’ll point out where 1.0 and 3.0 are significantly different. The other important fact is that in any USB network, there is one host and one device. In almost every case, your PC is the host, and your smartphone/tablet/camera is the device. Power always flows from the host to the device, but data can flow in both directions.

OK, now the numbers. A USB socket has four pins and and a USB cable has four wires. The inside pins carry data (D+ and D-), and the outside pins provide a 5-volt power supply. In terms of actual current (milliamps or mA), there are three kinds of USB port dictated by the current specs: a standard downstream port, a charging downstream port, and a dedicated charging port. The first two can be found on your computer (and should be labelled as such), and the third kind applies to “dumb” wall chargers. In the USB 1.0 and 2.0 specs, a standard downstream port is capable of delivering up to 500mA (0.5A); in USB 3.0, it moves up to 900mA (0.9A). The charging downstream and dedicated charging ports provide up to 1500mA (1.5A).

Now, this is what the spec dictates, but in actual fact there are plenty of USB chargers that break these specs — mostly the wall-wart variety. Apple’s iPad charger, for example, provides 2.1A at 5V; Amazon’s Kindle Fire charger outputs 1.8; and car chargers can output anything from 1A to 2.1A.

There is a huge variance, then, between normal USB 2.0 ports rated at 500mA and dedicated charging ports which range all the way up to 2100mA. This leads to a rather important question: If you take a smartphone which came with a 900mA wall charger, and plug it into a 2100mA iPad charger, will it blow up?
In short, no: You can plug any USB device into any USB cable and into any USB port, and nothing will blow up — and in fact, using a more powerful charger should speed up battery charging.
The longer answer is that the age of your device plays an important role, dictating both how fast it can be charged, and whether it can be charged using a wall charger at all.
When cellphones are connected to USB ports of Laptops, the USB port can support a charging current of nearly 450mA without enumeration. Even with the hub case remains the same.
We observed that maximum charging current with Windows Xp and Windows 7 operating system is 500mA without enumeration.

CONCLUSION
The fact that your plug fits into your charging port doesn’t mean you are using the right charger to charge your gadgets.
Watch out!!!, this mistakes can be costly!!!
But why
Voltage
When replacing your charger, it is very important to get the one with the right voltage. The device may work with chargers with voltages that are close, but the effect is that it shortens the lifespan of the batteries being recharged. Some devices, however, works just fine due to tolerance of voltage variation. Meanwhile, some won’t just work at all. Now, here is the problem, how do you know this detail about your device? There is only one way to find out which category your device falls into, it is simply by getting the right voltage from the start.

Amperage
Also, the ampere rating of your charger is very important. This is usually represented by notations like “1.0A” or “1000mA” on your chargers.
In other words, while the voltage is a constant and should match, the amperage is something that varies based on the devices need. A device will pull more amps when it is working hard than when it is not. The voltage will remain the same regardless.
The amperage rating of a power supply is the maximum number of amps that it is able to provide if needed.
Thus, as long as you replace your power supply with one that is capable of providing as much or more amps than the previous supply, you’ll be fine.
If you replace the power supply for some reason with one that has a maximum amperage rating that is less than the previous and less than what your device actually requires, then you may end up with a burnt out or (at least) overheating power supply, and the device itself may not function, or may not do so well.
Furthermore, most blackberry chargers comes in 700ma i.e., 0.7A, so using a charger of 1.5A i.e., 1500mA will fast charge the battery which may lead to battery damage if this is done often.
For those who use their laptops to charge their mobile devices, they probably would have noticed that it takes a bit more time to get a full charge using this means.
Most laptop USB ports are of USB 1.0 and USB 2.0 specifications and do not deliver more than 500mA (0.5A). This is a far cry from the recommended requirements for a lot of devices. Apple’s iPad charger provides 2.1A at 5V. Amazon’s Kindle Fire charger outputs 1.8A; My Galaxy Tab needs 5V/2A and my Samsung Note 1 needs 5V/1A.

Yours truly,
Ahmed

THIS ARTICLE WAS COMPILED BY SWOT TECHNOLOGIES VIA DIFFERENT RELIABLE SOURCES ONLINE, PERSONAL EXPERIENCE AND USERS REVIEW.
Thanks for reading, hope u have learnt something new today?
Incase you missed previous article, read below
https://www.nairaland.com/1168479/mobile-phone-battery-life-must

Ok.

Charger na charger!!! All these long story na wash!!!

It was really helpful I would bookmark this page. Once again thanks for the information.

bmasz: It was really helpful I would bookmark this page. Once again thanks for the information.

You are always welcome

Hope you found it informative?

very informative.

Abu Mikey: Charger na charger!!! All these long story na wash!!!

Abu Mikey, na you dey talk dis one..... I almost spoilt my tab using a wrong charger. The one that came with it is 1500mA but i was using a blackberry charger which reads 700mA. I discovered it takes longer time to charge and shorter time to discharge and it spoilt the battery calibration. I will never make that mistake again.
CONCLUSION:
charger no be charger
My question now, is there difference in USB cord?

Vic-jay

GOD BLESS THIS OP....I AV BEEn complaining since for so long since my charger spoilt..den i started using a bb charger wich was very slow...10% per hour....wat charger shuld i use....i use an android wit a 2400mah battery...thanks

wheesin: GOD BLESS THIS OP....I AV BEEn complaining since for so long since my charger spoilt..den i started using a bb charger wich was very slow...10% per hour....wat charger shuld i use....i use an android wit a 2400mah battery...thanks

use a 1500mA or higher charger.

Vic-jay

wheesin: GOD BLESS THIS OP....I AV BEEn complaining since for so long since my charger spoilt..den i started using a bb charger wich was very slow...10% per hour....wat charger shuld i use....i use an android wit a 2400mah battery...thanks

1.5A to 2.0A

ibrash600: I'm using HTC, I'm using my laptop to charge my phone, it takes upto 3hrs & half to charge fully with laptop but with bb charger (not original though) it charges more than 4hrs before its fully charged, with tecno p5 charger its 3hrs... my battery is 1,500 mAh, plz which of these is good for charging? I'm not ready to buy another battery ooo. plz advice.

Laptop USB supply output of 300mah(0.3A) to 500mAh (0.5A) which is very low n tends to slow charge.
An adaptor of 1A is ok for ur battery.
What's the output current rating of ur tecno charger?

Vic-jay:
Abu Mikey, na you dey talk dis one..... I almost spoilt my tab using a wrong charger. The one that came with it is 1500mA but i was using a blackberry charger which reads 700mA. I discovered it takes longer time to charge and shorter time to discharge and it spoilt the battery calibration. I will never make that mistake again.
CONCLUSION:
charger no be charger
My question now, is there difference in USB cord?

Vic-jay

A thick USB is advisable

I have a tecno n9 tablet with a battery of (4500mAh) what appropriate charger should i use for it

Thanks a lot.. what i was xactly try to know, i hv known well from this post... great....

i have a device that uses acdc adaptor of 9.5v and 500mah,the adaptor got burnt and since then i hav not been able to get the exact spec again,whats the maximum amps that i can use in alternative to it,i mean,is it ok for me to use 9v 1000mah adaptor in replacement? Its the closest option av bin getting.
The battery inside the device is 4000mAh 7.4V lithium.
Thanks,pls reply me asap.

Pls which USB can I use in charging a tecno c7
battery 1000mah 3.661volt

Booked

The OP is saying _shit.

USB 3.0 has downward compatibility with 2.0 and 1.0.
2.0 has same with 1.0.
They can function below their capabilities, but not upward.

Same applies to Ampere, it downgrades to the phone capabilities but doesn't upgrade.

Use a 2.0mA charger on a phone that supports maximum of 1.0mA, the charger will charge it at 1.0mA.

Ignore the OP, he is saying _shit

Charger is how much?

Owkay

n

.

I really wanted to read dis... Buh... U know d rest

Copy ND paste

,3yrs before making frontage??

all bcoz of charger I should read this novel u put up here

nice ones ...so many fake chargers in naija

XXLDICK:
The OP is saying _shit.

USB 3.0 has downward compatibility with 2.0 and 1.0.
2.0 has same with 1.0.
They can function below their capabilities, but not upward.

Same applies to Ampere, it downgrades to the phone capabilities but doesn't upgrade.

Use a 2.0mA charger on a phone that supports maximum of 1.0mA, the charger will charge it at 1.0mA.

Ignore the OP, he is saying _shit

The op is interested in the reverse. What if you use a charger of 0.7A On a phone that supports max of 1. 0A?
Will the charger provide the remaining 0.3A?

Nice