Many ladies suffer unbearable pains during menses. The forum aims at dealing with pains associated with menses.
Relax and freely lay your complaint.
Advice and help will be rendered as much as possible.
If you are going through this or you've had it, you can also discuss with others your experience and how you are dealing with it.

Dysmenorrhea (dysmenorrhoea or painful periods) is a medical condition of pain during menstruation that interferes with daily activities.Still, dysmenorrhea is often defined simply as menstrual pain, or at least menstrual pain that is excessive. Surprisingly, dysmenorrhea may be normal or abnormal.
Menstrual pain is often used synonymously with menstrual cramps, but the latter may also refer to menstrual uterine contractions, which are generally of higher strength, duration and frequency than in the rest of the menstrual cycle.
Dysmenorrhea can feature different kinds of pain, including sharp, throbbing, dull, nauseating, burning, or shooting pain. Dysmenorrhea may precede menstruation by several days or may accompany it, and it usually subsides as menstruation tapers off. Dysmenorrhea may coexist with excessively heavy bloodloss, known as menorrhagia.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when symptoms are attributable to an underlying disease, disorder, or structural abnormality either within or outside the uterus. Primary dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when none of these are detected.


Signs and symptoms
The main symptom of dysmenorrhea is pain concentrated in the lower abdomen, in the umbilical region or the suprapubic region of the abdomen. It is also commonly felt in the right or left abdomen. It may radiate to the thighs and lower back.
Symptoms often co-occurring with menstrual pain include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, headache, dizziness, disorientation, hypersensitivity to sound, light, smell and touch, fainting, and fatigue. Symptoms of dysmenorrhea often begin immediately following ovulation and can last until the end of menstruation. This is because dysmenorrhea is often associated with changes in hormonal levels in the body that occur with ovulation. The use of certain types of birth control pills can prevent the symptoms of dysmenorrhea, because the birth control pills stop ovulation from occurring.


Classification

Dysmenorrhea can be classified as either primary or secondary based on the absence or presence of an underlying cause. Secondary dysmenorrhea is dysmenorrhea which is associated with an existing condition.

Causes of secondary dysmenorrhea

The most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea is endometriosis, which can be visually confirmed by laparoscopy.

Other causes of secondary dysmenorrhea include leiomyoma, (fibroid) adenomyosis, ovarian cysts, and pelvic congestion.


Pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhea( how does it occur?)

During a woman's menstrual cycle, the endometrium(simply cells lining the womb) thickens in preparation for potential pregnancy. After ovulation( release of egg or ovum), if the ovum is not fertilized and there is no pregnancy, the built-up uterine tissue is not needed and thus shed.
Molecular compounds called prostaglandins are released during menstruation, due to the destruction of the endometrial cells, and the resultant release of their contents. Release of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators in the uterus cause the uterus to contract. These substances are thought to be a major factor in primary dysmenorrhea. When the uterine muscles contract, they constrict the blood supply to the tissue of the endometrium, which, in turn, breaks down and dies. These uterine contractions continue as they squeeze the old, dead endometrial tissue through the cervix and out of the body through the vagina. These contractions, and the resulting temporary oxygen deprivation to nearby tissues, are responsible for the pain or "cramps" experienced during menstruation.

Compared with other women, women with primary dysmenorrhea have increased activity of the uterine muscle with increased contractility and increased frequency of contractions.

How do you know you have dysmenorrhea?

The diagnosis of dysmenorrhea is usually made simply on a medical history of menstrual pain that interferes with daily activities. However, there is no universally accepted gold standard technique for quantifying the severity of menstrual pains.

Management

NSAIDs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) are effective in relieving the pain of primary dysmenorrhea. They can have side effectsof nausea, dyspepsia(indigestion), peptic ulcer, and diarrhea.

Hormonal contraceptives
use of hormonal contraceptioncan improve or relieve symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea.

Fortunately, you are not alone. Most women also share in your plight.

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majalisa:
Very intresting.u sure know ur onions

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