[b]
1a
i. Aromatic hydrogen:these are organic compounds with a non-localized orbitals.examples benzene,phenol,toluene

ii.
An unsaturated hydrocarbon is the number of hydrogen atoms joined into the carbons is less than the maximum number.unsaturated hydrocarbon contains
carbon- carbon,double or tripple bond and they are alkene or alkyne groups.they are capable of undergoing addition reaction

iii. an ester is the product of the reaction between an organic acid and an organic base.this is formed by replacing ionizable hydrogen of a carboxylic acid by an alkyl group from alcohol e.g reaction between ethanoic acid (organic acid) and ethanol (organic base)
CH3COOH+C2H5OH===>CH3COOC2H5+H2O
CH3COOH===>CH3COO-}{H+}
C2H5OH===>{C2H5^+} {0H-}
CH3COOC2H5+H20

1bi.
-catalyst increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction
-it remain unchanged at the end of reaction chemically
-catalyst increases the rate of reaction
-reactant particle are able to react when they collide in presence of catalyst

bii.
(Fe) Iron or Vanadium(v)oxide, V205
ci.
CaCO3(S)heat===>CaO(s)+CO2(g)

ii.
CaCO3(S)==>CaO(S)+CO2
CaCo3===>Cao+CO2(g)
1 mole 1mole 1mole
1 mole Caco3= (40+12+(3*16)g=100g
1 mole of Cao=(40+16)g=56g
1mole of Co2=(12+2*16)g=44g
CaCO3--->CaO(s)+CO2(g)
100g 56g 44g
100g Caco3 produced 56 of CaO
1g CaCO3 produced 56/100g of CaO
35.5G CaCO3 Produced
56*35.5/100 of CaO
1988/100 of cAO
=19.88g of Cao

di.ethanol molecules contains hydrogen bonds
-presence of the hydroxy group in both the ethanal and the water

ii.
H-C-^H_H-C-^H_H-C-^H_H-C-^H_H-H
2-methylbutane
H3CCH2CH(CH3)CH3

2b.
-Ionic/electrovalent bonding
-covalent bonding
-co-ordinate covalent bonding/dative bonding
metallic bond
-hydrogen bonding

ii.
Neutrons, Protons and electrons

iii.Xq where is a metal

iv.
-the compound consists of ions
-the compound has high melting and boiling points
-the compound is soluble in water

b.
Le chateliers principle states that if an external constraint such as a change in temperature,pressure or concentration is imposed on a chemical system in equilibrium,the equilibrium will affect so as to annul or neutralize the constraint

ii.
-Decrease in temperature
-increase in pressure

2C.
i. Basic oxides are oxides of non-metals they react with water to form acids e.g SO2,SO3,NO3 e.t.c

2cii
i.Basic oxides-Na20,k20
Acidic oxides- So2,SO3
Surface Area:-increase in the surface area of reacting particles brings about greater contact between the reacting particles ,thereby changes the frequency of collisions of the reacting particles which results in increase in the rate of reaction

ii.Temperature- when the temperature of a reaction is increased,heat is supplied to the particles involved in the reaction and since heat is the form of energy we should is a form of energy we should expect that energy to go at least partly to increase the speed at which the particles acquire more the particles travel. i.e the particles acquire more kinetic energy. if the particles traveled at a greater speed when the temperature is increased then they will collide with one another more frequently and at a higher speed.the reaction would proceed at faster rate because more effective collision will occur.

bi.
Boyle's law states that the volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure,provided that the temperature remains constant.
V&I/p
i.e P1V1=P2V2

ii.
v1=250cm^3, v2=?,P1=650mmhg,P2=750mmhg
v&i/p
.:p1v1=p2v2
v2=p1v1/p2
=650*250/750
=216.6666
v2=216.67cm^3
iii.Kitchen knife when left on a farmland for a long time,the knife rust by combining with oxygen in the presence of water to form brown hydrated iron(iii)oxide,known as rust

ii.Rusting

iii.Oxygen/air
-water
-Carbon(iv)oxide

c.
Allotropy is the ability of a substance to exist in various forms in the same physical state

ii.Diamond:is used in jewelry
-used for drilling for mining
-used as abrasives to sharpen hardtools
Graphite- used as dry Lubricant

4a.
Principle quantum number
azimuthal quantum number
magnetic quantum number
spin quantum number

b.
i.Electron affinity is the energy released when a gaseous atoms gains an electron to a gaseous negative ion.
A(g)+e-===>A(g)

ii.within a group:- Electron affinity decreases with the increase of atomic radii down the group

b.Electron affinity increases with decrease of atomic radii across the period

c
i.1s^2,2s^2 2p^4 or 2,6

ii.2 unpaired electrons

iii.valency is 2

iv.P-block

di
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Brownian movement

iia.
S(s)+O2(g)SO2(g)
b.2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)+heat
c.SO3(g)+H2SO4(aq)H2S207(aq)
d.H2S207(aq)+H20(i)--->2H2SO4(aq)

5ai.At the anode,oxygen gas will be discharged at the cathode:hydrogen gas is liberated

ii.2OH-_2e-____>H20+O
O+O---->O2(g)

b.
i. Carbony group -c-^H=o
ii. Carboxyl group -C^=O_0-H
iii.Amino group H-C_-^NH2-OOH

Ci.Q=It
I=7.89A,t=1200sec
Q=7.89*1200
=9468c
Cu^2+ +2e- --->Cu(s)
2F are required to liberate 1mole of Cu
i.e 2*96500C " " " 63.5g of Cu
:.9468C " " " 63.5*9468/2*96500
=601218/193000
=3.115
=3.12g of Cu

ii.
Exploding if TNT=chemical changes
Kicking of a portrate=physical changes
melting of ice block=physical changes
burning of coal = chemical changes
magnetization of iron=physical changes
dissolution of metal in acid=chemical change

Verified Nabteb Chemistry obj
1-10.ACADBCBADA
11-20.ACDCCDBBAB
21-30.BCBDABACCC
31-40.BDADCCCBAA
41-50.DCBBCCCBBB

[/b]