Introduction To Chemistry
What is chemistry?
Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the properties of matter in terms of compositions, structures, transformation, interaction and their energy implications of chemical changes.
It can also be defined as the study of chemical changes that matter undergoes.
From the definition above I said chemistry has to do with the study of matter and changes that matter undergoes. But what is a matter?
Matter: this is is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. E.g. chair, table, clothe, book, and so on. Virtually everything around us is matter. Even “you” yes i mean you, you are a matter because you has mass and occupies space.
So on the other hand we can say chemistry is the study of universe in terms of chemical activities because the universe is made up of matter.
Anybody that studies chemistry is referred to as a chemist.

WHAT ARE THE CAREERS IN CHEMISTRY?
As a chemist you have numerous fields where you can apply your knowledge. Some of these fields are listed below.
1. Teaching service: you can become a chemistry teacher like myself and teach in various institutions of learning, secondary schools, polytechnics, colleges and universities.
2. Health service: you can become a pharmacist, biochemist, nutritionist, medical assistance, laboratory assistance e.t.c.
3. You can become a food technologist and research chemist
4. You can in work in petroleum sector as a petrol chemical engineer
5. Mining engineers, geologist
6. Agricultural scientist e.t.c.

What Are The Uses Or Application Or Importance Of Chemistry?
The importance of chemistry cannot be outlook in our day today activities, chemistry as help us in various ways which include:
1. Food production: invention of fertilizers, pesticides, and other storage and preservatives means are all possible as a result of chemistry knowledge. read more, click here. http://a1inchemistry..com

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Have you ever try adding salt to fixed volume of water continuously? Try that and note what will happen at a point. You’ll observe that it will get to a stage that the salt will not dissolve again! Yes, you’ll have your solid salt back in the water. At this point, its not that the salt is not dissolving, but as the salt is dissolving its also precipitating back to give you the solid sample. i.e. dissolution and precipitation is occurring at same rate. In other word forward and backward reaction occurs simultaneously. Hence, the system is in equilibrium.
Now what is chemical equilibrium?
This is a state where there is no observable change in the properties of the chemical system. Yes a state where there is no observable change in the properties of the chemical system. How do I mean? I make an illustration of saturated salt solution above, in that case of the saturated solution of sodium chloride, it’s not that the salt is not dissolving, but as the salt is dissolving, the same numbers of mole of the salt particles that are dissolving are also precipitating at the same time. Therefore, making it look like the salt is not dissolving, so we cannot notice any changes in the properties of that system.
NaCl (s) dissolution NaCl (aq)
precipitation
The properties of the system that remain unchanged in equilibrium include:
1. Concentration
2. Colour
3. Density
4. Pressure
Note: that a reversible reaction can only reach equilibrium in a closed system. A closed system is a form of close vessel where all the reacting species are constant.
How to derive equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction in equilibrium
Before we do this, let’s take a look at the law of mass action.
Law of mass action state that “at constant temperature, the rate of chemical reaction is directly proportional the active masses”. Active mass means the concentration of the reacting substance raised to the power of their numbers of mole. i.e. consider the equation below. read more at
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LESSON 4: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

Behavioural objectives: at the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Write the electronic configuration of the first 20 elements correctly, using S,P,D,F format
2. State the Dalton’s atomic theory and its modification
3. Solve problems related to isotope and relative atomic mass
4. Differentiate between, molecule, ions and atom.
5. Define isotopes and give examples of element that exhibit isotopy.

CONTENT

What is a matter? Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. However, matter consists of some particles which could be atom, molecules, or ions
Atoms: This is the smallest indivisible particle of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.
Molecules; This is the smallest part of a substance which can have a separate existence and still possess the properties of the substance. E.g. the tiny pieces of slice bread, a drop of water, hair strand e.t.c
Ion: An ion is any atom or group of atom which possesses an electric charge. There are 2 types of ions which are
1. Cat ion: this is a positive charged ion. e.g. Na+ , Ca2+ , Fe3+ and
2. An ion: this is a negative charged ion. e.g Cl- ­ , No 3- , OH - e.t.c
There are natural phenomenon which can be used to support the statement that matter is made up of particles. These include
1. Diffusion: it is the movement of molecules of a substance from a region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration, until it is evenly distributed. E.g. movement of scent of perfumes, aroma of soup e.t.c
2. Evaporation: it is the process whereby molecules of a liquid of highest kinetic energy escape into the atmosphere through the surface of the liquid. e.g. evaporation of water.
3. Osmosis: this is the movement of solvent molecule from the region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration through a semi permeable membrane. E.g. movement of water molecule from the soil to the root of plant.
4. Brownian motion
5. Sublimation
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IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds updated.
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Lesson 2: IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Behavioural objectives: at the end of the lesson, you should be able to: ·

Oh, an educative thread

Lesson 5: Periodic Table Behavioural objectives: at the end of the lesson, you should be able to 1. Define periodic table 2. State the modern periodic law 3. Discuss the blocks of elements with examples 4. State the group/family of elements on periodic table and name the member of each family. What is periodic table? Periodic table is a chat that shows the arrangement of elements based on their atomic number and chemical properties.
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image included

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METALS, METALLOIDS AND NON –METALS
Apart from grouping the elements using their blocks, we can also group elements on periodic table into metals, metalloids and non metals.
Metals: these are elements that can give away electrons to become positively charged, they can conduct heat and electricity. They are located between group 1 to 13 of the periodic table. That is from group sodium to aluminium. (see the table above).
Non- metals: these are elements that do accept electron from other elements in order to complete their outermost shell. They do not conduct electricity and heat. They are found between group 14 to 18.ofthe periodic table. That is from carbon to the noble gasses.
Metalloids: these are elements that their characteristics are intermediate between metals and non metals. That is are not completely metals nor complete non-metals in their behaviour. They are found between group 12 to 16 of the periodic table. (see the image above for clarifications).
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LESSON 6: ISOMERISM

What is isomerism?
This is the occurrence of two or organic compound having the same molecular formula but different but different structural formula. E.g. C4H10 is the molecular formula of butane. But I can have two different structural formula for the same compound.
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 this is butane.
CH3-CH-(CH3)-CH3 this 2-methlybutane.
But compound are of the same formula (C4H10) but their structure is different. So they are isomers of each other and their existence is referred to as isomerism.

Types of isomerism
There are basically two types of isomerism which are:
1. Structural or constitutional isomer
2. Stereo isomers

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