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The Igbo Genocide - Politics - Nairaland

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''Dr'' A. Ariyo Of ''Igbo-genocide'' Fame Caught Protesting For Himself / Islamic Invasion Of India: The Greatest Genocide In History. / Northern Muslims Demand N105bn Compensation From FG For Genocide (2) (3) (4)

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The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 3:58am On Dec 29, 2011
Genocide: the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group

Stages of Genocide

Stage 1: Classification
People are divided into "us and them".

Stage 2: Symbolization
"When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups, "

Stage 3: Dehumanization
"One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects or diseases."

Stage 4: Organization
"Genocide is always organized, Special army units or militias are often trained and armed, "

Stage 5: Polarization
"Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda, "

Stage 6: Preparation
"Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity, "

Stage 7: Extermination
"It is "extermination" to the killers because their victims do not want to leave."

Stage 8: Denial
"The perpetrators, deny that they committed any crimes, "

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Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 4:01am On Dec 29, 2011
Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe

OLUWOLE ROTIMI: GLOATING OVER THE IGBO GENOCIDE, 1966-1970

The following notes, each dedicated to the memory of the number of Igbo children, women and men murdered by the Nigerian state and its allies in each of the four years of the Igbo genocide, are in response to the recent outrageous gloating over these horrendous murders by Oluwole Rotimi, himself a genocidist commandant during the slaughter:

1. The grim total of 3.1 million Igbo children, women and men were murdered during the genocide. This represents one-quarter of the 12 million Igbo population at the time. The Igbo genocide is the foundational genocide of (European) post-conquest Africa and remains the worst genocide in Africa to date.

2. Contrary to the Harold Wilson’s British government-inflected, Nigerian declaration of “no victor, no vanquished” on 12 January 1970, the Igbo were indeed the victors in this encounter. They survived. The Nigerian genocide state failed to accomplish its monstrous mission to destroy the Igbo. Igbo survival is a phenomenal triumph of human will and tenacity. The Igbo, relying solely on the materiality of the extraordinarily resourceful citizens’ defence forces they assembled from scratch (commanded by the handful of the pre-July 1966 Igbo officer-corps who survived the first phase of the genocide, professors, students, civil servants, businesspeople, farmers, artisans, etc., etc), overcame an aggregation of desperately brutish forces some of whom were otherwise antagonists or rivals in regional or the broader contours of international politics in the post-World War II era: Hausa-Fulani, Britain Yoruba/Oduduwa, Bini, Soviet Union, Tiv, Egypt, Berom, Yergam, Nupe, Ishan, the Sudan, Angas, Urhobo, Itsekiri, Igala, Bachama, Poland, Sura, Algeria, Jarawa (central Nigeria), Jukun, Saudi Arabia, Gwari, Guinea (Conakry), Kanuri, Syria, Idoma, German Democratic Republic, Iraq, Chad/gwodogwodo.

3. Between 1937 and 1959, the Igbo spearheaded the freeing of Nigeria from formal British occupation of the country which eventually ended in 1960. For all intents and purposes, Nigeria collapsed as a state with any serious prospects in the wake of the Igbo genocide that it launched on 29 May 1966. The singular lesson for Africa and the rest of the world from the incalculable tragedy that is called Nigeria is glaringly clear for whoever wishes to observe: one does not murder the potter and expect the pottery making-in-progress to attain a classic investiture. Despite earning the stunning sum of US$650 billion in oil sales in the subsequent 40 years, a significant proportion of this from occupied Igboland in the Delta, Rivers, Imo and Abia administrative regions, Nigeria has cascaded into a degenerative abyss politically, economically, intellectually, socially, morally and spiritually.

4. Forty years ago, Igbo people singularly and cruelly bore the brunt of the savage politics of mass murder, organised and executed meticulously and ruthlessly by the central coordinating operatives of this movement under the racist and chauvinist imprimatur of religious fundamentalism and exclusivity. Twice, during the course of two decades earlier, these operatives had staged murderous campaigns against the same Igbo in the north Nigerian towns of Jos and Kano – in dress rehearsals for the 1966-1970 “final solution”,

As the virulence of this politics has since spread globally and indeed defines the dominant concern of international relations in the current epoch, the world no doubt needs to learn quite a lot from the Igbo experience. How have the Igbo “coped” with the visceral politics of hate and death in the past one-half century of a cataclysmic history? Despite the present Nigerian occupation of their homeland, the Igbo possess the critical indices for the far-reaching socioeconomic transformation of this region of Africa. They have an impressive industrial and manufacturing base that requires a radical upgrade and diversification, a disciplined workforce and an indefatigable intellectual, entrepreneurial and managerial class.

The Igbo youth, 16-40, makes up part of Africa’s most educated and talented grouping. Despite the occupation, Igbo male and female students out-perform the rest of Nigeria across the entire spectrum of the education system. (On this, see particularly Okechukwu Agbor’s excellent study, “Look who is going to school in Nigeria,” [accessed 13 February 2009]; a change of the title of Agbor’s essay to, for instance, “Igbo education during the era of occupation”, underscores, even further, the historic relevance of his study.)

Strategically emplaced in Igboland is a resourceful engine of creativity that has immense possibilities for the future wellbeing of Africa and the rest of the world. It is therefore incumbent on the world to support the Igbo’s arduous efforts presently to free themselves from the Nigeria occupation. Furthermore, the world must ensure that genocidist operatives such as Oluwole Rotimi and his fellow travellers are stopped from strutting across international frontiers masquerading as “diplomats”, “businesspeople”, “presidents”, “heads of state”, even “peace envoys”.

On the eve of The Hague international court ordering the arrest of Sudanese President al-Bahier for “war crimes and crimes against humanity” in Darfur, it is surely unpardonable that the Rotimis of this planet are basking in the democratic sunny havens of Florida instead of being incarcerated in the Netherlands. We mustn’t forget that al-Bashier studiously learnt his vicious trade from that infamous dossier that documented the mass murders that charted the parameters of a devastating age for Africa – of which al-Bashier has contributed his own vile quota. The dossier was jointly signed by Obafemi Awolowo and Yakubu Gowon and was dated 29 May 1966-12 January 1970.

http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2009/feb/191.html
Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 4:08am On Dec 29, 2011
What happened in Asaba?

[img]http://asabamemorial.org/images/what-happened.jpg
[/img]
Asaba community members point out the site of the 1967 massacre

In 1967, Nigeria was riven by a bitter civil war over the secession of the south-eastern region, re-named as Biafra, whose population was predominantly of Igbo ethnicity. The war had followed several episodes of killings of Igbo across the country, causing many Igbo to flee south to traditional homelands in the mid-west, where the Niger river formed the border with Biafra.

During the summer of 1967, Biafran troops surged through the mid-western region, passing through Asaba, and reaching as far west as Benin City. Nigerian government troops fought back, eventually pushing the Biafran forces back through the mid-west, and across the Niger River. On about October 5, federal troops entered Asaba, which lies on the Niger, connected by a bridge to the Biafran city of Onitsha.

For two days, troops terrorized Asaba civilians, killing many at random. On Saturday, October 7, hundreds of townspeople gathered, trusting that a public show of support for the Nigerian government would pacify the situation. Instead, after separating women and children from men and older boys, soldiers gathered the males in the square of Ogbeosuwah village and turned their machine guns on them. Between 500 and 700 townspeople died. With most families unable to retrieve the bodies, the dead were buried in mass graves at the site. Lists exist of many who died, but there were no individual burials (as custom requires), no death certificates were issued, and no official accounting. Very little trace of the massacre exists in either press or historical accounts. Decades later, some survivors told their stories to the 2001 Nigerian Human Rights Violations Investigation Commission (HRVIC), often known as the Nigerian Truth Commission or Oputa Panel (after its chair).

Unlike Truth Commissions in South Africa and elsewhere, the Nigerian commission was not designed to attribute blame or take action. However, a landmark moment occurred when General Yakubu Gowon, the Nigerian head of state during the war, made a public apology to the people of Asaba in September, 2001. There is now a strong desire, both in Nigeria and in diaspora communities in the U.S., to reclaim the history of the Asaba tragedy and create a permanent memorial to those who died.

https://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-833153.160.html
Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 4:11am On Dec 29, 2011
The Asaba Memorial Project

The Asaba Memorial Project is a collaboration between USF researchers in Anthropology and History, together with the people of Asaba, to document and memorialize a mass killing of civilians that took place in 1967, during the Nigerian Civil War. The goal of this initiative is to “reclaim” the history of the event, in a spirit of reconciliation, allowing previously-unheard stories to be told and valued.

The project directors are Dr. Elizabeth Bird (Anthropology) and Dr. Fraser Ottanelli (History); their goal is to reconstruct the history of the event, primarily from witness accounts. They have visited Nigeria three times since 2009, and have conducted over 50 videotaped interviews. An article drawn from their research is forthcoming in African Studies Review.

Research shows that communities in which there is formal commemoration of atrocities appear more resilient than those in which silence prevails. The Asaba Memorial Project seeks to provide a scholarly assessment of this historical event, to break the silence, and acknowledge and honor the dead and their descendents.

The project began following a visit to Asaba by Dr. Erin Kimmerle, a forensic anthropologist in the Department of Anthropology, in connection with a forensic training project being carried out with colleagues in the Lagos State University College of Medicine (LASUCOM), under the direction of Dr. John Obafunwa. For more details of Dr. Kimmerle’s work, please see http://icfahr.usf.edu/. At this point, no forensic exhumation is planned in Asaba.

Bird and Ottanelli are working in partnership with the Asaba Development Union, under the leadership of Chief (Dr.) Louis Odogwu, as well as with their Community Advisory Board, chaired by Dr. Ify Uraih. The goal is to develop a permanent memorial museum exhibit in Asaba. This goal has been endorsed by the Asagba (traditional ruler) of Asaba, H.R.M Prof. Joseph Chike Edozien. The team is not affiliated with any other memorial efforts connected to Asaba.

[img]http://asabamemorial.org/images/welcome.jpg
[/img]
Liz Bird and Fraser Ottanelli attending the commemoration in Asaba

http://asabamemorial.org/research/
Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 4:13am On Dec 29, 2011
Testimony of the Asaba Massacre

By late 2011, the research team had interviewed over 50 people who witnessed or survived the killings in Asaba. Some were recorded at the 2009 October Symposium, others in Lagos, Asaba, Benin City, and Ibadan, during three visits to Nigeria by Bird and Ottanelli from 2009 to 2011. On the following pages, video clips from various interviewees tell the story of what happened on the 6-7th October, and speak of the need to remember. More will be added soon.

Our partners in the USF Library are developing an archive of complete transcripts and audio files of all the interviews. Some are already available, while others will be added as they are transcribed and catalogued. To search these transcripts, visit http://guides.lib.usf.edu/content.php?mode=preview&pid=49131&sid=665222#


Elizabeth Bird interviews 96-year old survivor Sylvester Okocha, Asaba, 2009.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by odumchi: 6:31am On Dec 29, 2011
Thread moved to politics.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 6:38am On Dec 29, 2011
odumchi:

Thread moved to politics.

Are you sure this is the right move my Aro brother?

I do not want to see this thread descend into the abyss and become tainted by the politics section.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by Nobody: 6:44am On Dec 29, 2011
EzeUche:

Are you sure this is the right move my Aro brother?

I do not want to see this thread descend into the abyss and become tainted by the politics section.

Read your post again and explain to me how it is different from the evil osu caste system.

Besides, this your jaundiced post is already in the abyss. We can also take this to 50 pages if you like.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by odumchi: 6:59am On Dec 29, 2011
EzeUche:

Are you sure this is the right move my Aro brother?

I do not want to see this thread descend into the abyss and become tainted by the politics section.


Lol it doesn't pertain to culture. You can try speaking with the politics moderator to help you keep your page up and possibly get it on the front page.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by CyberG: 8:54am On Dec 29, 2011
Ezeuche. . .I like your thread because it will bring people to read about the REAL HISTORY and find out the TRUTH rather than your phantom claim of genocide. There were definite incident that could be classified as genocide BEFORE the civil war. However, the one you allude to here were massacres without a definite pattern of genocide as attested to by the Observer Team in Nigeria (OTN) drawn from Britain, Canada, Poland, United Nations and OAU. They actually witnessed the conduct of war and produce several volumes of report that NEVER concluded genocide! Damning reports of massacres were made for which BOTH sides - BIAFRAN and NIGERIA were guilty! For people who read only a few lines: I AM NOT IN ANY WAY SAYING THAT MURDER OR MASSACRE IS ACCEPTABLE but Nigeria was in a state of war caused by the actions and inactions of several actors in the theater of conflict and it is naive or disingenuous to think you can go to war and VERY bad things won't happen!

Before I proceed, I very much doubt that you wrote that piece you have quoted so generously! As an educated person, plagiarism is a VERY REAL crime of theft and shows you as someone without integrity or ethics to credit an appropriate source of information but rather claim them as your original works and thought. That piece was taken from: http://www.genocidewatch.org/genocide/8stagesofgenocide.html/. This is not trivial as you may and you can not even blame being educated in Nigeria or not educated at all as the reason. Referencing other information appropriately does not detract from the fact that attribution of credit to your leading source of information was not provided!

Here are some detailed publication take from exhaustive, cross referenced, corroborated literature: The Brothers' War by John De St. Jorre.

Re: The Igbo Genocide by CyberG: 8:55am On Dec 29, 2011
More. . .

Re: The Igbo Genocide by CyberG: 8:56am On Dec 29, 2011
More . . .

Re: The Igbo Genocide by Onlytruth(m): 9:17am On Dec 29, 2011
@CyberG

The book you are citing is so narcissistic and almost laughable in its lame attempt to justify genocide by the Nigerians during the war.  The premise of the book is that because genocides happened elsewhere in the world, and was not so classified, it shouldn't be so classified in Africa. Ndigbo say that you do not tell a deaf man that a war has started. It is self evident. Therefore we don't need anybody to tell us what happened.
The book essentially says that ALL IS FAIR IN WAR; but then I wonder of what use is the Geneva Conventions of war. Fortunately there are also other books saying the opposite.

In one funny and lame attempt to justify the Asaba genocide, your author ( a very biased revisionist) states that the action of "one Biafran" by shooting a Nigerian officer, justified the execution of over 700 men and boys.  undecided

Look, as far as I'm concerned, everybody is entitled to believe whatever they want.
I support this type of thread because it would help Ndigbo to keep focus. We forget too quickly.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by CyberG: 9:34am On Dec 29, 2011
^ Yes, I like this thread and it presents opportunity for everyone to learn and reach individual opinions rather than swallowing facts or fictions handed down by people who only saw what happened around them.

I don't doubt that you know about narcissism but I have a very profound knowledge of narcissism (and invite you to see my previous posts elsewhere). I am not here to defend any book but I ask you to present a different account of what caused the killings in Asaba. For your information, the book was published in August 1972, in extensive details, how could it be revisionist when the war ended in January 1970 and to sustain your charge of revisionism, you would need to point to other sources (cross-referenced) by other "neutral" sources in the war. For example, citing Frederick Forsyth's book would could easily be discounted as citing Obasanjo's if no other supporting reference materials were provided.

You mention the Geneva Convention and except you can proof that the UN was not represented in the OTN, then it is moot point that the UN actually saw the treatment of human beings and the conduct of the war and in all the violence did not establish genocide. Otherwise, if someone grabbed you by your coat while you are walking and accused you of some grave crime, then he MUST be right because he accused you and you are wearing a certain color of coat at that time. How does that sound? If you make an accusation, then you MUST prove it beyond a reasonable doubt.

Yes, we are all entitled to our opinion but do you know that a lot of people here on NL care only about their point of view and would resort to insults if you don't so much as agree? Yes, those are the tribalists and I am sure you know them!
Re: The Igbo Genocide by nku5: 9:41am On Dec 29, 2011
Interesting topic. Let's keep it clean and objective as possible. This is a good opportunity for us to learn one or two things
Re: The Igbo Genocide by CyberG: 9:43am On Dec 29, 2011
^ Yes, I totally agree with you.

Re: The Igbo Genocide by OneNaira6: 9:49am On Dec 29, 2011
Onlytruth:

@CyberG

The book you are citing is so narcissistic and almost laughable in its lame attempt to justify genocide by the Nigerians during the war.  The premise of the book is that because genocides happened elsewhere in the world, and was not so classified, it shouldn't be so classified in Africa. Ndigbo say that you do not tell a deaf man that a war has started. It is self evident. Therefore we don't need anybody to tell us what happened.
The book essentially says that ALL IS FAIR IN WAR; but then I wonder of what use is the Geneva Conventions of war. Fortunately there are also other books saying the opposite.

In one funny and lame attempt to justify the Asaba genocide, your author ( a very biased revisionist) states that the action of "one Biafran" by shooting a Nigerian officer, justified the execution of over 700 men and boys.  undecided

Look, as far as I'm concerned, everybody is entitled to believe whatever they want.
I support this type of thread because it would help Ndigbo to keep focus. We forget too quickly.

Exactly What I told him.  He found a book that support his bias thus in his opinion, makes it accurate yet there are articles and other books which opposes his book thus in his opinion since it does not support his bias, that makes those articles and books a lie.  Relax101, posted videos of civilians discussing the war but CyberG labeled as yet another propaganda;  If civilians whom experienced the war are now liars in his opinion then it not something to be taking seriously.  Opinion is an opinion, he's entitled to his.

I support this type of thread because it would help Ndigbo to keep focus. We forget too quickly.

I agree with this, soon enough the survivors of the war would die from old age hopefully but their stories will always live on through this articles and interview.  I love reading the articles and hearing other survivors stories apart from my father's whom experienced the Asaba genocide and lost his father in the progress.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by Onlytruth(m): 9:49am On Dec 29, 2011
CyberG:

^ Yes, I like this thread and it presents opportunity for everyone to learn and reach individual opinions rather than swallowing facts or fictions handed down by people who only saw what happened around them.

I don't doubt that you know about narcissism but I have a very profound knowledge of narcissism (and invite you to see my previous posts elsewhere). I am not here to defend any book but I ask you to present a different account of what caused the killings in Asaba. For your information, the book was published in August 1972, in extensive details, how could it be revisionist when the war ended in January 1970 and to sustain your charge of revisionism, you would need to point to other sources (cross-referenced) by other "neutral" sources in the war.

Yes, we are all entitled to our opinion but do you know that a lot of people here on NL care only about their point of view and would resort to insults if you don't so much as agree? Yes, those are the tribalists and I am sure you know them!

If not that we Ndigbo need to CONSTANTLY remember what happened both through book accounts (biased or unbiased) and oral witness accounts, I would not even want us to discuss this issue anymore. It is not serving any use. Everybody is entitled to believe whatever he/she chooses to believe.
BTW whenever you people accuse us Easterners of tribalism, I just wish that our (Igbo/Eastern) leaders would be just like your own leaders. I pray for that everyday.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by CyberG: 10:14am On Dec 29, 2011
One_Naira:

Exactly What I told him.  He found a book that support his bias thus in his opinion, makes it accurate yet there are articles and other books which opposes his book thus in his opinion since it does not support his bias, that makes those articles and books a lie.  Relax101, posted videos of civilians discussing the war but CyberG labeled as yet another propaganda;  If civilians whom experienced the war are now liars in his opinion then it not something to be taking seriously.  Opinion is an opinion, he's entitled to his.

I SAW every part of the video and what books? Again, a book a la Frederick Forsyth and uncorroborated by other sources would be questionable as in reviews, the same book and author was reviewed as ". . .shamelessly pro-biafran. . ." with holes picked in some accounts in that book with counter-sources. I am not sure how engaged your are in scholarly works but this is the same ideas that guide every fact (not fiction) that you spent years learning in the class-room. The videos showed massacres and people giving THEIR own experience, and that is FACT - they saw it! Was it killings, massacres? Yes. Was it genocide, NO! If a polish general traveling and inspecting the conduct of war, in the company of others who all know what Hitlers genocide looked like and did not conclude genocide, would you believe him or a single story?

I agree with this, soon enough the survivors of the war would die from old age hopefully but their stories will always live on through this articles and interview.  I loved reading the articles and hearing other survivors stories apart from my father's whom experienced the Asaba genocide and lost his father is the progress.

Well, it is sad people were killed but it is not genocide! The US has lost 4,000+ in the Iraq/Afghan War and the other side has lost ~110,000. This so disproportionate and it must be genocide! The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour and killed ~2,400, wounded ~1,280. In retaliation the Americans killed between over 240,000 with just two bombs. This must be genocide or what do you think when you look at the hugely disproportionate numbers of causalities!

Re: The Igbo Genocide by ak47mann(m): 10:51am On Dec 29, 2011
cool cool

NICE ARTICLE truth must be told, in these day and age peoples eyes have open,you cant just carry propaganda and believe that people are listening to you,while the victims are still alive ,witnesses,telling us what really happened,a good movie producer needs to visit those guys in asaba like america did documentaries on Nazi Germans, people actually found out that Hitler was a vegetarian,not only all the atrocities he committed they know everything that happen in that cold war. Secret files they retrieve from Germans reveal a lot of things.

We need a video documentation on asaba massacre and it is possible now some victims are still alive,
Re: The Igbo Genocide by OneNaira6: 10:53am On Dec 29, 2011
CyberG

^^^^^The concept of genocide is subjective, it depends whom you ask.  There are some Germany's whom till this day refuses to classify Holocaust as a genocide FACT similar to how there are some North Sudanese whom till this day refuses to classify the Darfur War as genocide FACT, the same way there are some Tutsis whom still refuses to classify the Rwanda War as Genocide FACT. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights definition of Genocide states genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. better yet translated as Genocide is violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group thus in my opinion the Biafran War and Asaba Massacre falls under this definition just like all the examples you listed despite it not being labeled as genocide by some.

As my opinion for your book, I've already mentioned where I stand with it.  I disagree with it but I can never pertain it as The TRUTH as you've mentioned multiple times but rather a biased opinion that opposes my biased opinion and supports your biased opinion, it's accuracy is unknown by anyone including you.  Similar to how I pertain all the articles and books that disagrees with your book but supports my point as a biased opinion that supports my biased opinion but opposes your biased opinion, similar to your book, there accuracy is unknown thus neither can be labeled as Truth or False.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 4:51pm On Dec 29, 2011
An example of a people who are in denial like many Nigerians.

Q&A: Armenian genocide dispute

The mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks during World War I remains a highly sensitive issue.
Turkey has resisted widespread calls for it to recognise the 1915-16 killings as genocide, while historians continue to argue about the events. At the time there were numerous reports of Turkish atrocities committed against the Armenians.

What happened?
There is general agreement that hundreds of thousands of Armenians died when the Ottoman Turks deported them en masse from eastern Anatolia to the Syrian desert and elsewhere in 1915-16. They were killed or died from starvation or disease.

The total number of Armenian dead is disputed. Armenians say 1.5 million died. The Republic of Turkey estimates the total to be 300,000.

According to the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), the death toll was "more than a million".

In a letter to Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in 2005 the IAGS said "we want to underscore that it is not just Armenians who are affirming the Armenian Genocide but it is the overwhelming opinion of scholars who study genocide".

What is genocide?
Article Two of the UN Convention on Genocide of December 1948 describes genocide as carrying out acts intended "to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group".

Were the killings systematic?
The dispute about whether it was genocide centres on the question of premeditation - the degree to which the killings were orchestrated.

Many historians, governments and the Armenian people believe that they were; but a number of scholars question this.

Raphael Lemkin, the Polish-Jewish lawyer who coined the term "genocide" in 1943, referred to the atrocities against Armenians as well as the Nazi massacres of Jews when describing his investigations.

Turkish officials accept that atrocities were committed but argue that there was no systematic attempt to destroy the Christian Armenian people. Turkey says many innocent Muslim Turks also died in the turmoil of war.

What was the political context?
The Young Turks - an officers' movement that had seized power in 1908 - launched a series of measures against Armenians as the Ottoman Empire was crumbling through military defeats in the war. The Young Turks - calling themselves the Committee of Unity and Progress (CUP) - had entered the war on Germany's side in 1914.

Turkish propaganda at the time presented the Armenians as saboteurs and a pro-Russian "fifth column".

Armenians mark the date 24 April 1915 as the start of what they regard as the genocide. That was when the Ottoman government arrested about 50 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders. They were later executed.

Armenians in the Ottoman army were disarmed and killed. Armenian property was confiscated.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 4:53pm On Dec 29, 2011
Was anyone held to account?
Several senior Ottoman officials were put on trial in Turkey in 1919-20 in connection with the atrocities. A local governor, Mehmed Kemal, was found guilty and hanged for the mass killing of Armenians in the central Anatolian district of Yozgat. The Young Turks' top triumvirate - the "Three Pashas" - had already fled abroad. They were sentenced to death in absentia.

Historians have questioned the judicial procedures at these trials, the quality of the evidence presented and the degree to which the Turkish authorities may have wished to appease the victorious Allies.

Who recognises it as genocide and who does not?
Argentina, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Russia and Uruguay are among more than 20 countries which have formally recognised genocide against the Armenians.

The European Parliament and the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities have also done so.

The UK, US and Israel are among those that use different terminology to describe the events.

In 2006, Turkey condemned a French parliamentary vote which would make it a crime to deny that Armenians had suffered genocide. The bill did not become law - but Turkey suspended military ties.

In December 2011 some MPs in France's ruling centre-right party, the UMP, revived the bill and it was adopted again, despite Turkish government outrage. It still requires a vote by the upper house, the Senate, to become law.

Under the bill, those publicly denying genocide would face a year in jail and a fine of 45,000 euros (£29,000; $58,000).

Turkey froze political visits and joint military projects in retaliation.

In March 2010, Turkey withdrew its ambassador to Washington after a US congressional committee narrowly approved a resolution branding the killings as "genocide". The House Foreign Affairs Committee endorsed it, despite the objections of the White House. Barack Obama's administration has called for the resolution not to be "acted upon" by the full Congress.

What is the political impact of the row?
The killings are regarded as the seminal event of modern Armenian history, binding the diaspora together.

Armenians are one of the world's most dispersed peoples.

In Turkey, public debate on the issue has been stifled.

Article 301 of the penal code, on "insulting Turkishness", has been used to prosecute prominent writers who highlight the mass killings of Armenians. Among them were Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk and Hrant Dink, who was later shot dead in January 2007. A teenage ultra-nationalist, Ogun Samast, was jailed for nearly 23 years in July 2011 for murdering Dink.

The European Union has said Turkish acceptance of the Armenian genocide is not a condition for Turkey's entry into the bloc.

Are Armenia-Turkey relations still frosty?
After decades of hostility there has been a slight thaw. Turkey and Armenia signed a deal in October 2009 to establish diplomatic relations and open their border.

But the deal is yet to be ratified by either parliament, and some in Ankara accuse Armenia of trying to alter the terms of the deal.

A complicating factor is mutual suspicion over the frozen Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Turkey backs Azerbaijan in the dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh, a territory inside Azerbaijan held by ethnic Armenians since a war in the 1990s.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16352745
Re: The Igbo Genocide by realkendy(f): 6:42pm On Dec 29, 2011
THANK YOU MR POSTER,i've been searching for materials on this,i mean from the horses mouth,i mean people who fought as well as those affected not all these importen fake Zillins of articles written n read by insane people.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by realkendy(f): 6:47pm On Dec 29, 2011
THANK YOU MR POSTER,I've been searching for materials on this,i mean from the horse's mouth,those who fought as well as those affected not all these imported ,fake n useless zillions written by insane people
Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 6:53pm On Dec 29, 2011
Re: The Igbo Genocide by ACM10: 9:41pm On Dec 29, 2011
CyberG:

Ezeuche. . .I like your thread because it will bring people to read about the REAL HISTORY and find out the TRUTH rather than your phantom claim of genocide. There were definite incident that could be classified as genocide BEFORE the civil war. However, the one you allude to here were massacres without a definite pattern of genocide as attested to by the Observer Team in Nigeria (OTN) drawn from Britain, Canada, Poland, United Nations and OAU. They actually witnessed the conduct of war and produce several volumes of report that NEVER concluded genocide! Damning reports of massacres were made for which BOTH sides - BIAFRAN and NIGERIA were guilty! For people who read only a few lines: I AM NOT IN ANY WAY SAYING THAT MURDER OR MASSACRE IS ACCEPTABLE but Nigeria was in a state of war caused by the actions and inactions of several actors in the theater of conflict and it is naive or disingenuous to think you can go to war and VERY bad things won't happen!

Before I proceed, I very much doubt that you wrote that piece you have quoted so generously! As an educated person, plagiarism is a VERY REAL crime of theft and shows you as someone without integrity or ethics to credit an appropriate source of information but rather claim them as your original works and thought. That piece was taken from: http://www.genocidewatch.org/genocide/8stagesofgenocide.html/. This is not trivial as you may and you can not even blame being educated in Nigeria or not educated at all as the reason. Referencing other information appropriately does not detract from the fact that attribution of credit to your leading source of information was not provided!

Here are some detailed publication take from exhaustive, cross referenced, corroborated literature: The Brothers' War by John De St. Jorre.

I appreciate your effort to argue by quoting books in support of your position. Inasmuch as I would like to be convinced by your staunch defence of your position, I would also like to go back in time and gain a little knowledge of the background of the author you steadfastly quote his work like gospel. Since you did not make an attempt to provide that much needed information. I opted to give you some help.


[size=18pt]Who is John de St. Jorre?[/size]


John de St. Jorre was born in London and educated in Britain and Singapore.

His father came to Britain from the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean where the family had settled after leaving France in the 18th century. His mother was English, the daughter of a London policeman.

After (British) military service in Malaysia and reading history at Oxford University, de St. Jorre embarked on a varied career that began with five years in the British Foreign Service, most of it in embassies in Africa.

He later studied Arabic in the Lebanon and then resigned to become a journalist.

Returning to Africa, he became the London OBSERVER's correspondent there and went on to assignments in Paris, the Middle East and New York.

Among other wars and revolutions, he covered the Nigerian-Biafran civil war, the 1973 Arab-Israeli conflict and the Islamic revolution in Iran.


It is well documented that European and American intelligence assets operate under the cover of a diplomat, freelance journalist, tourist, aid workers, businessmen, etc. Does John de St. Jorre qualify to be placed in any of these categories? We all know that Westerners don't declassify the names of their intelligence asset, even at death. For example, CIA only place star symbol at their memorial ground at CIA headquarters in Virginia, if any of their agents dies in action, but never publish their names.

With this background of John de St. Jorre and considering the role Britain played during the civil war, do you think that the account of Brits intelligence asset will be objective?

I honestly don't think so.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by CyberG: 10:20pm On Dec 29, 2011
ACM10:

I appreciate your effort to argue by quoting books in support of your position. Inasmuch as I would like to be convinced by your staunch defence of your position, I would also like to go back in time and gain a little knowledge of the background of the author you steadfastly quote his work like gospel. Since you did not make an attempt to provide that much needed information. I opted to give you some help.


[size=18pt]Who is John de St. Jorre?[/size]



It is well documented that European and American intelligence assets operate under the cover of a diplomat, freelance journalist, tourist, aid workers, businessmen, etc. Does John de St. Jorre qualify to be placed in any of these categories? We all know that Westerners don't declassify the names of their intelligence asset, even at death. For example, CIA only place star symbol at their memorial ground at CIA headquarters in Virginia, if any of their agents dies in action, but never publish their names.

With this background of John de St. Jorre and considering the role Britain played during the civil war, do you think that the account of Brits intelligence asset will be objective?

I honestly don't think so.

Your civil debate is appreciated. Unfortunately, I will be out and be back later to respond more. To your points, I am aware of the background of the author. His background however does not nor detract from his presentation of the account from both sides and many of his claims are well cross-referenced. I do not think I can provide enough e-pages to show places in which he disagreed other publishers (like Forsyth) citing works of more than one author to buttress his points. I suggest you read the book, it wouldn't hurt to get more knowledge.

One more important thing: you posted a very short part of his profile which you miss out several book publications, work and writing for several media outlets but you conjecture that he is an agent of the British intelligence? Well, except you or anyone can prove that, it is totally of no consequence to how for example, what precipitated the massacre at Asaba. Conspiracy theories are not new but if indeed you wish to place his work as some conspiracy, how come the main actors of the war including Ojukwu and many others DID NOT challenge his account and provide a different corroborated accounts? Look at this objectively. Yes, it is natural for discussions like this to me emotional and sentimental but at the end of the day, EVERYONE must learn from history because this is the only benefit we can derive going forward. Sentiments and emotions make objective learning totally impossible!
Re: The Igbo Genocide by EzeUche(m): 10:27pm On Dec 29, 2011
I see no difference between what the Igbo suffered

[img]http://www.africafederation.net/2010CICCONVENTION%20%20Message%20BIAFRATHE%20NIGERIAN%20CIVIL%20WAR[Culled%20from%20Obichi%20Ikechi]_files/164795_491944614833_804839833_5784022_2737635_n.jpg[/img]

And what the Jews suffered during the Holocaust.

Re: The Igbo Genocide by ACM10: 10:49pm On Dec 29, 2011
CyberG:

Your civil debate is appreciated. Unfortunately, I will be out and be back later to respond more. To your points, I am aware of the background of the author. His background however does not nor detract from his presentation of the account from both sides and many of his claims are well cross-referenced. I do not think I can provide enough e-pages to show places in which he disagreed other publishers (like Forsyth) citing works of more than one author to buttress his points. I suggest you read the book, it wouldn't hurt to get more knowledge.

One more important thing: you posted a very short part of his profile which you miss out several book publications, work and writing for several media outlets but you conjecture that he is an agent of the British intelligence? Well, except you or anyone can prove that, it is totally of no consequence to how for example, what precipitated the massacre at Asaba. Conspiracy theories are not new but if indeed you wish to place his work as some conspiracy, how come the main actors of the war including Ojukwu and many others DID NOT challenge his account and provide a different corroborated accounts? Look at this objectively. Yes, it is natural for discussions like this to me emotional and sentimental but at the end of the day, EVERYONE must learn from history because this is the only benefit we can derive going forward. Sentiments and emotions make objective learning totally impossible!

If Ojukwu goes about challenging every lies peddled against him, he might spend his entire life doing that. No leader does that. It's a tree that produces fruits that gets stoned. Moreover, can you provide an evidence where Ojukwu corroborated John de St. Jorre's account? I hope you don't borrow a leaf from Katsumoto's playbook. Beside, a statesman of Ojukwu's calibre coming out to debunk every lie written about him will give prominence to the author, thereby catapaulting his work to best-sellers list. Some works are better ignored, and John de St. Jorre's work qualifies to be one. I await your comprehensive response.
Re: The Igbo Genocide by ACM10: 11:29pm On Dec 29, 2011

My destination is Onitsha, brothers and sisters. Let nobody stand on my way, for anything that stands on my way would be crushed.

Lieutenant Colonel Murtala Mohammed, in Radio Midwest, Benin City, Nigeria, circa September 21, 1967.

For record purposes, however, let me state fearlessly that I saw hundreds of unarmed [Igbo] civilians being shot at sight in Benin City when [Nigerian] Federal troops arrived to liberate the city from [Biafran] rebel soldiers,  There appeared to be a fleeting period of lunacy in which Midwesterners gladly identified their Igbo compatriots to be shot down by Federal troops.
Giwa Amu, former Solicitor-General of Midwestern Nigeria, reflecting on the civil war in the March 16, 1983 issue of the Sunday Observer.
Continued shelling of Onitsha by Nigeria soldiers from the Asaba banks of the River Niger.

November 19-24, 1967:
Several civilian targets were bombed by Nigerian bombers flowned by Russian and Egyptian mercenaries. Their targets were residential areas in Onitsha including the General Hospital, Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Christ the King College, Anglican All Saints Cathedral Onitsha, and the Magistrate's Court.


On three nights, Nigerian soldiers unsuccesfully attempted to cross the River Niger and capture the commercial city of Onitsha. Each time Onitsha was successfully defended by Biafran soldiers. Nigerian army actually captured downtown Onitsha and looted and set its famous market on fire. Biafran army succeeded in re-capturing Onitsha within three days. An entire battallion of Nigerian army were trapped and wiped out.

Volunteers from Ogidi went to Onitsha to help bury soldiers.

The ensuing face-to-face combat was within walking distance from our neighborhood. The Biafra soldiers used the civilians as human shields and lied to us that the gunshots we were hearing were their routine training exercise. The amazing thing was that we believed their story. We stayed I saw soldiers shooting at each other.

As we ran from from Odoakpu quarters of Onitsha, the streets were crowded with fleeing people. The streets were littered with bodies of people hit by the shellings.

Nigeria soldiers make three unsuccessful attempts to capture Onitsha. We lived at Odoakpu section, which is closer to the banks of the River Niger during the first attempt.

After the first attempt, we fled to Inland Town quarters of Onitsha called Umuasi village during the second and third attempts. During the second attack on Onitsha, soldiers who were ordered to go to the war front ran to our backyard (6C Wilkinson Road) to change into civilian uniforms. I recall seeing a Biafran soldier in the crowd as we fled to Ogidi.

1968
March 31, 1968: Biafran army won their biggest battle by ambushing and destroying a 96-vehicle column of Nigerian soldiers. The humiliating Abagana defeat prompted General Gowon to remove Col. Murtala Mohammed as the General Commanding Officer of the Onitsha sector.

Onitsha was finally captured by the Nigerian army.

Fled to Awka-Etiti with overnight stays at Oba, Nnewi, and Nnobi. After two months at the residence of an Awka-Etiti family, we moved into one of the refugee camps at Awka-Etiti --- a classroom of the now defunct Saint Joseph's Primary School. The majority of the residents at this refugee camp were survivors and escapees from the Asaba Dance of Death of October 1967.

My postal address: Chukwurah, Refugee
St. Joseph Refugee Camp
Awka-Etiti, Biafra
We were the only refugees from Onitsha in our camp. Most were those that fled the early October 1967 massacres in Asaba by troops commanded by General Murtala Mohammed.

April 26, 1968: In an article entitled "Nightmare in Biafra," Sunday Times (London, 4/26/68, p.12), a war reporter wrote: "I have seen things in Biafra this week which no man should have to see. Sights to search the heart and sicken the conscience I have seen children roasted alive, young girls torn in two by shrapnel, pregnant women eviscerated, and old men blown to fragments, I have seen these things and I have seen their cause: high-flying Russian Ilyushin jets operated by Federal Nigeria, dropping their bombs on civilian centres throughout Biafra ,  At Onitsha - the 300 strong congregation of the Apostolic Church decided to stay on while others fled and to pray for deliverance. Col. [Murtala] Mohammed's Second Division found them in the church, dragged them out, tied their hands behind their backs and executed them."
Sounds like fiction? Another eyewitness, William Norris, wrote in "The Times" of London of Thursday, April 25, 1968: "There is ,  a young English doctor, Dr. Jan Hyde and his wife who worked in a hospital near Onitsha until they were forced to leave when the Federal troops moved in. The Hydes tell a horrifying story of the Apostolic Church near their home, where the congregation decided to stay and pray for deliverance instead of fleeing before Federal advance ,
http://emeagwali.com/blogs/archives/1968/04/the_day_of_the.html  "


That's a very biased account. Britain is an active supporter of Nigeria and supplies arm to the fed. govt, and at the same time a member of OTN. Their finding findings in this circumstance is a forgone conclusion. Therefore, no intellectual worth his salt will overcome shame to quote a heavily biased account of Mr. Jorre.

I deliberately brought out the article above to remind you of some of the atrocities the Nigerian armed forces committed during the war. In the process, draw contrast to Mr Jorre's account of Nigeria's army conduct during the war. If the above account is not war crime, then war crime bears no meaning.

Re: The Igbo Genocide by CyberG: 2:49am On Jan 01, 2012
EzeUche:

I see no difference between what the Igbo suffered

And what the Jews suffered during the Holocaust.


If you compare the two pictures, yes, they look alike and the cause of the human condition is the same!

However, EXEUCHE, you are a BIG liar! The very same reason you take two unrelated events and cast them in the same mold is why you are a shameless LIAR. Two people who were greater liars and evil propagandist that you seek to emulate demonstrated extensively the use of propaganda. Here are some in their own words and notice to absolute parallel with exactly with what YOU and a LOT of the worst tribalists and bigots like Dende1, Onlytruth, Relax, Nchara, Igbo boy, Ngodigha1, Ybutterfly, ak47mann, bashr4, ETC, ETC do on NLand:

1. “Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they will believe it” . . . Adolf Hitler

2. “If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it. The lie can be maintained only for such time as the State can shield the people from the political, economic and/or military consequences of the lie. It thus becomes vitally important for the State to use all of its powers to repress dissent, for the truth is the mortal enemy of the lie, and thus by extension, the truth is the greatest enemy of the State.”. . .Joseph Goebbels

3. “The most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly - it must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over” . . .Joseph Goebbels


BTW, Ezeuche, you still have not credited the source of you first post. It is plagiarism and you should be ashamed of shamelessly plundering someone else's intellectual work without giving any credit to him/her.

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