CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
Paper-based health records are rapidly becoming outdated. They are easily lost, are subject to wear and tear, are costly to handle, cannot be transferred electronically, may be difficult to interpret, and are inefficient. These fundamental drawbacks are driving a transition across the globe towards Electronic Health Records (EHRs).
Patience in the hospital are been diagnosed and treated, this diagnostics and treatment are been recorded for future purposes in the electronic health record system (EHR) of the hospital. This record should be protected at all cost from a third party.

This master’s thesis offers a practical solution using cryptography to protect these sensitive electronic records of patients and staff in Federal Medical Center (FMC) Makurdi, Benue State and gives them privacy control over who views their treatment and symptoms, and every other sensitive information in other units of the hospital.


1.2 Statement of the Problem
Most people in the society, are been discriminated or been treated wrongly, in their various environment because of the nature of their ill health which was been exposed by the third party.
In the 21st century where most patient medical records are stored electronically and most medical institutions have their electronic health record system running on a network (local or internet), these network may not be fully secured for such sensitive medical information considering the increase rate of cyber crime and information theft.
It will be imperative to use a security measure where even if the third party get hold of these sensitive health record, the content especially the treatment and symptoms will be scrambled and unreadable. Using a cryptographic method to secure this patients electronic record will be best to achieve the desired result (i.e scrambled or unreadable) and will give the patient full privacy control over his/hers medical record with a given key and decided who views their record.
Federal Medical Center (FMC) Makurdi needs to have a system that will secure not just patients sensitive data but also other very important data about various units and their staff in the hospital.

1.3. Objectives of the Study
The general aims of this project work are to design a system that can:
1. Authenticate and provide access to right users.
2. Introduce a higher level of security (the use of a cryptographic “Secret Key”) where patients and medical staff are in charge of sensitive record in their unit rather than just the normal Login and Password.
3. Add patient’s records and equally encrypt sensitive information about them.
4. Append the diagnosis records and secure.
5. Capture the basic data in the following basic unit of Federal Medical Center (FMC) Makurdi: card and record unit, consultant unit, pharmacy unit, laboratory unit, bursary /accounting unit and provide an area where patient can view their file.
6. Protect sensitive information at the various unit using user login security and triple DES encryption method there by assigning unique decryption key for each user which works when there is a right login credential and secret key combination for that particular logged in person.
7. Encrypting sensitive data by default using the logged in user’s secret key which is only known by the logged in user.
8. Providing a flexible means of changing login password if it is been compromised.
9. Providing a flexible means of allowing users to change their secret key, by providing a security question and answer which was provided when they created the account and the old key if key has been compromised.
10. Providing a security emergency rule called “glass breaking rule” where only the admin staff can use patient id and his own secret key to get patient secret key to enable doctors see patient record.
11. Finally, to design a system this will help to overcome the problem of stigmatization on patients living with a particular ailment.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The main focus of the project is the implementation of data encryption and decryption on patient’s privacy in E-records. The system will be secured in cases where only the authorized person has the needed cryptographic key to decipher the message. The system does not provide any security where an unauthorized user has knowledge of the encryption key.
It also offers a practical solution to the sharing of medical data where privacy and security are robust and where the records can be trusted as being unaltered and unchanged as they pass between providers in the following units in the hospital, these include:
1. Card and record unit
2. Consultant unit
3. Pharmacy unit
4. Laboratory unit
5. Bursary /accounting unit
Federal Medical Center Makurdi, Benue State, will be used as case study for this work.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This project, allows patients have right over their secret key and allows them to give an authorization secret to any of the medical personnel through different communication channels (e.g. phone or as a paper code). This token allows them to access the patient's E-record data while the patient does not need to be present at the time of access as he does not need to enter a PIN for authorization.

This approach provides more flexibility and retains the security and privacy properties of patient-controlled E-record encryption.



1.6 Limitations of the Study
This system applies to only hospitals where patient’s records are stored electronically. The project isn’t concern about building a full hospital management system but trying to demonstrate how encryption method of security can be combined with the normal logging in to protect sensitive information. Other cryptosystem weren’t used in this research due to its research nature and time, the algorithms used became limited. Also financial constraints and time, limited further research on this study. GET FULL MATERIAL HERE

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Markus (2008) defines e-learning as a learning process created by interaction with digitally delivered content, network-based services and tutoring support. This definition focuses on the revolutionary impact of network-enabled technology. Adding more details on methodology: e-learning is any technologically mediated learning using computers whether from a distance or in face to face classroom
setting (computer assisted learning), it is a shift from traditional education or training
to ICT-based personalized, flexible, individual, self-organized, collaborative learning based on a community of learners, teachers, facilitators, experts”
Central in this definition are two aspects of e-learning: e-learning as computer assisted learning, and e-learning as pedagogy for student-centered and collaborative learning. These aspects in fact summarizes the development of e-learning in time. Early developments in e-learning focused on computer assisted learning, where part or all of the learning content is delivered digitally. More recently the pedagogical dimension of e-learning has become prominent.
Universities are forced to respond to the emerging developments in information and communication technology (ICT). The Internet is fast becoming an everyday tool for life activities. The use of internet for teaching and learning is becoming a normal extension. Students also have high expectations about the use of ICT in their education. The shift in learner expectations, changing demographics of learners, and the rapid development of subject knowledge forms challenges to universities (Ryan et al., 2000, Alexander, 2001).
E-learning can be defined as the use of information and communication technology to acquire knowledge and improve skills at times and on terms defined by each learner in an interactive and engaging environment. It covers a spectrum of activities from blended and hybrid learning to learning that is entirely online (distance learning). E-learning mainly takes the form of online courses, where the dominant learning technology employed today is a type of system that organizes and delivers these courses. E-learning models are attempts to develop frameworks to address the concerns of the learner and present the technology challenges to deliver effective quality e-learning. When implementing e-learning model, it is very important not to take too narrow view of what constitutes e-learning and where its main value might lie. It is very important to widen our vision to what the added value the technology offer on the learning process. It allows remote learners to interact with the subject matter, subject material, and with each other in the form that could not be achieved for learners without technology. The role of technology is to get remote learners into a position to learn as though they were in-campus. And arguably, from the pedagogical view, it may provide a new way to achieve a deep understanding of the subject.
That is to say, using technology to achieve better outcomes, better engagement and interaction for the new digital generation, effective assessment and more cost-efficient way of bringing the learning environment to the learners. E-learning models have evolved from classroom replication towards models that integrate technology and pedagogical issues. In this article we illustrate an e-learning model that emphasized the role of technology in providing electronic access services and rich contents, and focus on the pedagogical issues such online instructional design and the creation of online learning communities and social networks.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this report is to design and implement a web-based system that allows interaction between instructors and students. This involves developing an intuitive user interface for both instructor and student. Instructors and
students are the external entities to the system who can log into the system and use the functionality provided by the system.
Specific Objectives include:
i.) to develop non-expensive interactive tools like message board tool,
discussion group tool and chat tool to provide interaction between the student and the instructor,
ii.) to introduce members of the academics to the concept of e-Learning, online learning and virtual learning,
iii.) to foster better and cordial interaction among members of the academic community(staff and students), and
iv.) To develop a cost effective and efficient system (almost free) for
disseminating educational resources between the students and lecturers.
v.) to design a system with reusable components, feasibility and
provision for system expansion without compromising system performance

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Electronic learning (e-Learning), which facilitates education using communications networks, has made learning possible from anywhere at any time by using the Internet, wide area networks or local area networks. Notably, e-Learning applications which have become central to the learning process may be developed using proprietary programming tools. Meanwhile, the process of acquiring proprietary programming tools, the license and using them to develop large software application is not only complex but a huge sum of money is spent on the purchase and license. These have also affected the widespread and the level of usage of the system. A possible solution to these problems is to utilize highly flexible open source application that allows software engineers and institutions the right to reuse, study, distribute and localize the codes to satisfy user’s requirements.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study revolves around the design and implementation of an e-learning system for Yaba Tech students. The system will be able to get and store student’s profile information, educational information. Students will be able to access notes and lecture materials dropped off by the lecturers. They will be able to ask questions and receive answers during online sessions, submit assignments and get their scores. Due to some limitations met during the research, the system does not cover the calculation of the overall grade points at the end of the session.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This work could be useful for students or officers in any schooling organization. The system provides a user friendly system that facilitates quick and efficient learning to cover larger section of students no matter their location and distance. The software also provides paperless and cashless transaction solution and also has network based solutions to operate multiple counters simultaneously in a closed environment.


1.6 ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY
During the process of data collection, information relating to e-learning was obtained from Yaba Tech. The information was collected from the admin staff during the course of my study. Hence, it is assumed that all the data collected are correct and contains no false information.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The following are some factors, which acted as an impeachment or constraints to the progress of the project work;
a. Lack of Documented materials: It was difficult to start the project initially because reference materials at my disposal are limited.
b. Financial constraint is another factors that limited the researcher in owning out this project effectively.
c. Reluctance by the respondents in giving information fearing that the information sought would be used to intimidate them or print a negative image about them.
To counter this, I carried a pilot study to establish the possible cause of non-compliance in filling the questionnaires and adjusted the questionnaire accordingly. Also I encouraged the respondents to participate without holding back the information they might be having as the research instruments would not bear their names.



1.8 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research work will be guided by the following research questions:
i. Why proposing an e-learning system for the school. Is it really important?
ii. How will the proposed computer-based system affect the existing conventional system?
iii. Can e-learning be used to develop any type of skill?
iv. Does it address a short-term or a long-term learning need?
v. Do participants have access to needed computer and communications equipment?
vi. Are participants sufficiently self-motivated for e-learning or self-study modes of learning?
vii. Do target participants’ time schedules and geographic locations enable
classroom-based learning or other types of synchronous learning?

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
The report is organized as follows:
This chapter (chapter 1) gives the technologies used to deliver distance education, it describes the problem statement and the main objective of this project.
Chapter 2 gives background information on distance educations. It details the related literature on e-learning
Chapter 3 gives the methodology and analysis of the system
Chapter 4 describes the design and implementation aspects of this proposed and new system.
Chapter 5 concludes the paper with conclusions and suggestions for future work
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• E-Learning: is learning utilizing electronic technologies to access educational curriculum outside of a traditional classroom. In most cases, it refers to a course, program or degree delivered completely online.
• Open Source Software: (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and forany purpose.
• Intranet: is a private network accessible only to an organization’s staff. Generally a wide range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available that would not be available to the public from the Internet.
• ICT: Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extended term for information technology (IT) which stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio.
• E-Bulletin board:Electronic bulletin boards (also known as message boards or as computer forums) are online communication systems where one can share, request, or discuss information on just about any subject.
• Web: World Wide Web or the Web, a hypertext system that operates over the Internet.In computing, a web application or web app is a client–server computer program in which the client runs in a web browser. GET FULL MATERIAL HERE

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ABSTRACT

The Project Online shopping website for gentlemen clothing is a complete multi-user website. The system helps in buying of goods, products and services online by choosing the listed products from website (E-Commerce site). This system provides an efficient way of adding almost all the features of the online shopping; the future implementation will be online help for the customers and chatting with website in charge. In the cause of writing this research, PHP, Micro-media dream weaver, Fireworks, were used to design the system (front end) and Wamp Server was used to store the database (back end). The website has a large memory of storing all the goods in the shop and also keeping record it is highly effective and accurate.

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Online shopping is the process in which consumers go through to purchase of products or services over the Internet. A Shopping application that typically runs on the computer where your Web site is located (the Web server), and allows your customers to do things such as viewing the product in your store catalog, adding a selected product to a basket, and placing an order for it. Online shopping application advertises some of the products for shopping .Here the customer will be able to purchase the products and the purchased products will be added to the cart. After the shopping of the products the user will confirm the purchase of the products in the cart. After confirmation the products are purchased by specifying the debit card number to the pay pal website.

Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods, services etc. from a seller interactively in real-time without an intermediary service over the Internet. If an intermediary service is present the process is called electronic commerce. An online shop, e- shop, e-store, internet shop, web shop, web store, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall.



The metaphor of an online catalog is also used, by analogy with mail order catalogs. All types of stores have retail web sites, including those that do and do not also have physical storefronts and paper catalogs. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce used for business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. The largest of these online retailing corporations are Alibaba , Amazon, Amazon.com, and eBay.

Generally, higher levels of education and personal income correspond to more favorable perceptions of shopping online. Increased exposure to technology also increases the probability of developing favorable attitudes towards new shopping channels.

In a December 2011 study, Equation Research surveyed 1,500 online shoppers and found that 87% of tablet owners made online transactions with their tablet devices during the early Christmas shopping season.

1.2 PURPOSE OF STUDY

With the advancement in file saving and file retrieval system, organizations cannot afford to be ignorance of the basic tool, which is the driving force behind technological oriented administration.

Much can be achieve if an organization have a well-organized database system. Information can be easily access with the search tools/engine if the database system is enhanced. This research is to find a way of increasing the quality database system in polytechnic administration.

1.3 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Usually, every work has some limitations and this study is not exempted.

The two major limitations of this study are the time limits within which the study is expected to be completed as well as financial constraints. The time constraint prevents the researcher to have an in depth study and analysis on the subject matter. While the issue of financial constraint limits the frequency of investigation to the company toward gathering the necessary information relevant for the study.

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

This project is aimed at how the companies can improve the efficiency of the services.. Online Sopping is one of the applications to improve the marketing of the company’s products. This web application involves almost all the features of the online shopping; the future implementation will be online help for the customers and chatting with website in charge. SEE FULL MATERIAL HERE


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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

With the ascent of Globalization, it has gotten to be vital to discover a less demanding and more compelling system to help an association. Despite this, there are still a few foundations that utilize the way our forefathers would have done it. in a certain manner, one thing that is still handled physically is the leave management system. In advanced times, there are numerous sorts of leave accessible to parts of staff of an association e.g yearly leave, easy leave, study leave and a lot more. A ton of time and assets are allotted in dealing with this sort of system particularly when overseen physically.

Leave management system is an electronic online stage that circle all sort of leave applications and leave regard, and methodology to record numerous types of leaves (Nurul, 2008). This system can be utilized to automate the work process of leave applications and their endorsements. It is straightforward and simple to utilize a system that dispenses with paper work, spares time and cash.

But a challenge that exists is wastage of time and energy. Till today, when managers and employees have to manually calculate leave balances, the numerous processes involved makes it labor intensive and serve as a major distraction from other job duties.

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