▲OFAPPIT Institute of Technology
The Official Home of God Almighty’s Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT)
Department of Mathematics
205 Seaman Neck Road, Dix Hills, New York, 11746
Phone : 631-242-3069 Fax:
631-274-5277ofappit@hotmail.com Web site
www.geocities.com/igala1PRESS RELEASE:12/21/06
GOD ORDAINED PROF. G. OYIBO THE GREATEST GENIUS THROUGH GAGUT AND AFRICANS A VERY PRECIOUS RACE
GOD has blessed Professor G. A. Oyibo with a total understanding of the truth about the universe through the GAGUT equation Gij,j=0. It is therefore a revelation of the secret code to the universe to humanity through Professor G.A. Oyibo. Gij,j=0 is a provable truth or theorem which shows that GOD does not change or everything in the universe is conserved within a transformation process over space and time, also called the Theorem of Everything. This is a fundamental or total understanding of the universe. Intelligence is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as an act of understanding. Therefore the one who understands the most is the most intelligent. Therefore by revealing the deepest understanding of the universe to Professor G. A. Oyibo ,GOD has blessed Professor G. A. Oyibo with the greatest intelligence. Genius is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as a person with extraordinary intellectual power. From that definition one can conclude that GOD has ordained Professor G.A. Oyibo as the greatest genius or the most intelligent person ever created by GOD in human history, since there has not been any known record of any other human being blessed with that level of understanding. GOD further revealed to Professor G.A. Oyibo, the secrets of how GOD created the universe through Eta sub n, the solutions to Gij,j=0, something humanity has been searching for since the beginning of time, which also supports the previous statements. Professor Stephen Hawking of Cambridge University in England, underscored the hugeness of the intelligence required to discover the Unified Field Theory or the Theory of Everything by saying that the discoverer would have to be permitted by GOD to understand the Mind of GOD, which he was not sure was possible in his “Brief History of Time” documentary in 1991. Therefore from Professor Hawking’s position, GAGUT can be described as a divine journey that brought Professor G.A.Oyibo spiritually and mentally under a privileged and blessed influence of the Infinite Mind of the Almighty GOD. Professor G.A. Oyibo is extraordinarily humbled and overwhelmed with that ultimate blessing from GOD,that he has vowed to be totally committed to glorifying the Almighty GOD through propagating GAGUT righteously to all of GOD’s creatures in order to transform all creatures into GOD glorifying entities. Professor G.A. Oyibo is also feeling very blessed that GOD is propagating this GOD news of GAGUT throughout the world from Gottingen University in Germany to People’s Daily Online in China, the world’s fifth largest news paper, to KerelaNext Newspaper of India, to Malaysia Sun, to San Diago Sun, to the Sudan News Network, to individual websites in Holland, to Math News in Italy, to the Tide Newspapers, the Guardian Newspapers, and Daily Trust Newspapers all from Nigeria, to the US Government’s National Technical Infomation Service (NTIS), to various websites in the UK, and other news sources worldwide. The world is praising GOD for blessing humanity with the gift of GAGUT which is being understood to be the greatest human discovery, thereby establishing Professor G. A. Oyibo, the discover of GAGUT, the most intelligent or the greatest genius ever created by GOD in human history. Professor G. A. Oyibo is an African, therefore the African Race can be considered the most intelligent or precious race which should be respected by the whole world. The killings, persecutions, and distablization of the African Race such as the assassinations of Ahmadu Diallo, and Sean Bell must be stopped right away since any one of these individuals could have been Professor G.A.Oyibo.
GOD bless you.
John Glover
(631)-242-3069
Hello!!! This is John Glover. Please find below a link form Xignite WorldNews propagating, pronouncing, and broadcast that GAGUT has been declared the winner of the Africa International Prize for Science and Technology.
http://worldnews.xignite.com/xworldnews.aspx?articleid=AFP20061003614005Nigeria's Prof Oyibo for Africa International Prize for Science, Technology
Originally published on 9/30/2006 by Radio Nigeria-Abuja in English
Prof Gabriel Oyibo who came up with the God Almighty Grand Unified Field Theorem of Theory of Everything [GAGUT] has been nominated for the maiden edition of the Africa international prize for science and technology.
The award attracts a cash prize higher than the $180, 000 attached to the famous Nobel peace.
The director general of the African International Foundation for Science and Technology, Dr Yakubu Awolawo, announced this at a news briefing in Abuja. Dr Awolawo explained that Prof Oyibo was nominated because his GAGUT theory had brought solutions to several problems.
: Abuja Radio Nigeria-Abuja in English -- Federal government-owned, independent radio
Inquiries regarding use may be directed to NTIS, US Dept. of Commerce.
Copyright © 2003, 2004, 2005 Xignite, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Source: National Technical Information Service
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NTIS stands for National Technical Information Service. The National Technical Information Service serves America as the largest central resource for American Government-funded scientific, technical, engineering, and business related information available today. This is another way of saying that this is the official Government Agency charged with propagating American Government policy, position, and activities regarding Science, Technology, Engineering, and Business.
OFAPPIT Institute of Technology
The Official Home of God Almighty=s Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT)
Department of Mathematics
205 Seaman Neck Road, Dix Hills, New York, 11746
Phone : 631-242-3069 and 631-274-5277
ofappit@yahoo.com --Web site
www.geocities.com/igala1Praise GOD Brother, (Sister)
LAST YEAR IT WAS KATRINA DISASTER. THIS YEAR PANDEMIC FLU DISASTER IS IMMINENT, BUT GOD HAS SENT GAGUT TO RESCUE HUMANITY FROM IT.
By the grace of the Almighty GOD and in collaboration with the New York State Progressive Baptist Convention (NYSPBC Resolution Number 200510_2) we are announcing the GAGUT FAll Workshop, Monday, October 23-Friday October 27, 2006, and every fourth week in March and third week in July, every year thereafter, which requires your urgent attention. We recognize that you have a very busy schedule. However, it is critical that you squeeze out some time to attend this GAGUT Workshop because it will teach you the theory of longevity and how to apply it practically in order to achieve good health and long life. The theory comes out of God Almighty’s Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT), which is a recent discovery from our institute. The GAGUT discovery is expressed by a formula, Gij,j = 0, which is being studied and discussed in universities, on the internet and other places all over the world. For example, a discussion of the GAGUT Longevity program in the Croatian language from the former Yugoslavia, Europe can be seen on the internet. We further request that you share this information with at least 10 family members, friends and others and encourage them to attend the GAGUT Workshop and pass the information to others as well, within the Each One Teach Ten concept. Finally, we would like to inform you that the GAGUT Longevity knowledge that you gain from this GAGUT workshop would help prepare you to survive the AVIAN Flu pandemic that is being predicted by the US government (
http://www.pandemicflu.gov/) and other governments worldwide to begin this Fall, 2006. GAGUT workshops could have prevented the Katrina Disaster, but unfortunately people were not aware of GAGUT. However GAGUT workshops are now available to prepare everybody to survive the pandemic flu disaster only by the grace of the Almighty GOD. We are specifically requesting that you lead a delegation from your church of at least 10 people to this workshop at the end of this month or in October. We can register you and your delegation right now or you can contact us for registration of your delegations by calling our U.S. number (631)-274-5277. God Bless You.
Sincerely
John Glover
Director of GAGUT Workshops and Development
Contact: John Glover 631-274-5277
03-07-2006, 01:48
#86
03-07-2006, 01:48 #86
UmpaUmpa vbmenu_register("postmenu_5650008", true);
šehid
Registracija: Jun 2003
Lokacija: D ennet
Postova: 11,536
Quote:
Endimion17 ka e:
ne znam stvaaaaaarno zašto, ali ne vjerujem stranicama na geocities domeni koje imaju slova velièine 48,
Inace, na istom URLu na geocities je home page offapit institute of technology gdje je doticni nigerijski profesor Oyimba zaposlen. Ali nigerija je priznala svog najveceg matematicara prigodnom postanskom markom sa oyimbinim likom. I nominiran je za nobela
Simpa su te piramide na logou, samo zasto egipatske? Pa oridjidji je ona bosanska.
Treba procitati press release:
Quote:
Press Release 1/29/06
God Reveals the Secrets of Longevity Through GAGUT
God Almighty’s Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT) is a revelation of the secret codes of the universe to humanity in the simple equation, Gij, j = 0. The Gij represents God and the comma defines a change in the equation, Gij, j = 0. Therefore, Gij, j = 0 can be interpreted as the change in God is zero. Creation therefore becomes a transformation of God, the only ENTITY that was in existence at the beginning of creation. Since part of God transformed into the material universe during creation it can be understood that God existed in Non-material form before creation. One version of that Non-material form is Waves that is called Spirit. GAGUT was blessed with a mathematical proof that God existed in the form of Waves, called Spirit before creation. GAGUT also reveals that the material universe is a concentration of some of these Godly Waves. Using this proof and conclusions GAGUT was able to, in a series of mathematical logic deduce that human lives exist in a form of waves. Through these GAGUT deductions that defined life, God revealed the answer to one of humanity’s toughest unanswered questions, which is-What is life? Medical sciences attempt to protect life. But, how can one protect life that one doesn’t know, see, or understand? This is another way of saying that all the good intentions of medical sciences is, at best, gambling or trial and error set of exercises. This is because in order to protect anything one has to know, see or understand what one is supposed to be protecting. God has now blessed GAGUT with the definition and knowledge of life as well as the opportunity to search for ways to protect life in order to achieve longevity. God has revealed to us through GAGUT a new dimension of the criticality of breathing to life and longevity that focuses on the reality that the only time human beings are considered dead is when they stop breathing. Another revelation through the GAGUT search for longevity is that distilled water is critical to life and longevity. Distilled water is the purest form of water that is known to or can be produced by humanity. The US Geological Survey states that, “Water is of major importance to all living things; in some organisms, up to 90 percent of their body weight comes from water. Up to 60 percent of the human body is water, the brain is composed of 70 percent water, and the lungs are nearly 90 percent water. About 83 percent of our blood is water, which helps digest our food, transport waste, and control body temperature. Each day humans must replace 2.4 liters of water, some through drinking and the rest taken by the body from the foods eaten.”* GAGUT is therefore requesting all the governments in the world to provide distilled water as drinking water for their populations. You are what you eat, drink and inhale and it is those things that make you sick. Therefore, since water is the highest portion of our human system, we are compelled to assure that the water we drink be the purest water possible, which is distilled water, if we are interested in longevity. Since these revelations from God, those mentioned above being a partial list, have been proven mathematically through GAGUT, they therefore form a basis for a rational, new paradigm for pursuing longevity. The more comprehensive list of these revelations is to be found in Professor G. Oyibo’s new book,
“God Almighty’s Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT), New Paradigm and Formula for Longevity, “and at the GAGUT WORKSHOPS, every Spring, Summer and Fall, beginning this spring (MARCH 27-31, 2006) to be held in Long Island, New York. USA. All nations, particularly African nations and other nations with less technology and resources, and those that are overwhelmed with deadly diseases, such as AIDS, must help their citizens obtain distilled water or at least boiled water as a matter of urgency and national policy.
Contact: John Glover 631-242-3069
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Home >> Sci-Edu
UPDATED: 10:20, October 02, 2006
Nigerian scientist wins Africa International Prize for SciTech
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Nigerian scientist, Prof. Gabriel Oyibo, has been named the recipient of the maiden edition of the Africa International Prize for Science and Technology.
Announcing the award in Abuja on Saturday, Director-General of the Africa International Foundation for Science and Technology ( AIFST) Yakubu Ugwolawo said Oyibo was recognized for his scientific discovery.
He explained that the three-time nominee for the Nobel Prize in Mathematical Physics was honored for his discovery of the God Almighty's Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT).
"It is for the imperative need to launch the continent of Africa into modern world of growth and prosperity that AIFST resolved to honor Oyibo with its maiden award for the Africa International Prize for Science and Technology," he said.
"In our opinion, this is the highest prize for academic achievement in history of science and technology, because GAGUT is the greatest human discovery," he added.
Ugwolawo said GAGUT, which was the holy grail of mathematics and physics was the equation that Albert Einstein and other luminaries searched for unsuccessfully.
The prize, which would become an annual event, featured the selection of persons and corporate organizations that have conveyed the greatest benefit to mankind by ways of making outstanding discovery or inventions within the field of science and technology.
Ugwolawo explained that the foundation instituted the award to honor and champion the promotion of Africans who have distinguished themselves in the field of science and technology.
"Oyibo, through his discovery of GAGUT, has ascended a greater height and this has been acknowledged by all those who matter in the world of science," he said.
GAGUT, discovered by Oyibo, is a revelation from God of the secret code to the universe for humanity in a simple equation of Gij,j=0.
The equation geometrically and exactly reveals that everything in the universe is conserved within a transformation process over space and time, he added.
He said the equation proved the existence of God and showed that God does not change.
Ugwolawo said "GAGUT is the only exact and correct equation in mathematics, the sciences and indeed all of knowledge; it is the mother of all correct equations."
Source: Xinhua
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▲OFAPPIT Institute of Technology
The Official Home of God Almighty’s Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT)
Department of Mathematics
205 Seaman Neck Road, Dix Hills, New York, 11746
Phone : 631-242-3069 Fax: 631-274-5277
ofappit@hotmail.com Web site
www.geocities.com/igala1GAGUT Spring Workshop 2007
An Intensive, One Week Course on GAGUT, the Discovery of the Unified Field Theory or the Theory of Everything: A Revolution of Science from the 118 Elements Basis to a One Element Basis
Instructor: Professor Gabriel Oyibo
Cost: $1,500.US Dollars per person (includes 2 text books) (1) Grand Unified Theorem, Representation of the Unified Field Theory or the Theory of Everything; and (2) Grand Unified Theorem: Discovery of the Theory of Everything and the Fundamental Building Block of Quantum Theory These books have outranked a book by the 1983 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Chandrasekhar and tied with a book by the 1979 Nobel Laureate in Physics Abdus Salam. This discovery was also the subject of news coverage worldwide at the time of the 2002 and 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics selection DATES: March 26-30, 2007 LOCATION: To Be Announced ATTENDANCE: Apply quickly to reserve your seat, space is limited
TOPICS TO BE COVERED:
1 Introduction to GAGUT This lecture presents the Genesis of the Discovery of GAGUT.
2. GAGUT . The Geometry that Unifies Mathematics This lecture presents GAGUT as a generalization of Geometry and goes on to unify all branches of Mathematics.
3 GAGUT Generalizes RelativityThis lecture presents GAGUT as the origin of Relativity and generalizes Relatavistic Results.
4 GAGUT. The Geometry of the Universe This lecture answers the question:"What is the Universe?"
5. GAGUT. The Unified Field Theory or the Theory of Everything This lecture extends lecture 4 to formulate the Unified Field Theory or 'he Theory of Everything.
6. GAGUT . The Geometry that Unifies and Revises Physics and Other Sciences This lecture presents the various previous attempts in Physics and other sciences to formulate Unified Field Theories (quantum, string, hyper dimensional, etc.) as originating from GAGUT.
7. GAGUT. The Geometry that Unifies the Material Universe & Provides Solutions to Unsolved Human Problems such as Cold Fusion. AIDS. CANCER . etc. This lecture presents how GAGUT prescribes solution to real or practical human problems, including those that have been considered unsolvable before GAGUT
8. GAGUT. The Geometry that Defines LifeThis lecture uses the geometric solutions of GAGUT to define the concept of Life, the Soul and Spirituality.
9. GAGUT. The Geometry that Defines the Essence of the Almighty GodThis lecture explores the concept of the Almighty God using GAGUT, and analyzes the concepts of believers and non-believers.
10 GAGUT. The Geometry that Investigates the Dynamics of how God Created the Universe and the relationship to the Big Bang as well as Older African Creation Theories. This lecture presents God as the Greatest Mathematician, and shows how God developed the building block with which GOD created the Universe, as well as give insight into /solutions to some persistent problems in Cosmology.
For Registration or to order books for quick delivery call (631) 242-3069 (USA) Methods of Payment: Fee of $1, 500 US NAME______________________________Address___________________
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Expiration Date: Month____ Year _________Bank Wire Call Us to Get Instructions
▲OFAPPIT Institute of Technology
The Official Home of God Almighty’s Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT)
Department of Mathematics
205 Seaman Neck Road, Dix Hills, New York, 11746
Phone : 631-242-3069 Fax: 631-274-5277
ofappit@hotmail.com Web site
www.geocities.com/igala1GAGUT Summer Workshop 2007
An intensive, one week course on GAGUT, the discovery of the Unified Field Theory or the Theory of Everything
March 26-30, 2006
Registration Form
Please return this completed form with your check for $1, 500 US Dollars ( $200 Dollar Non refundable) by June 20, 2004. Make the check out to the OFAPPIT Institute of Technology( Instructions for other types of payments are listed below.)
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Germans want GAGUT recognized with a Nobel Prize along with research works of the following luminaries in science
1) Professor Sir Samuel Edwards, the Cavendish Professor of Physics from Cambridge University in England
2) Professor Paul Steinhart, The Albert Einstein Professor of Science from Princeton University
3)Professor Jeffrey Goldstone, the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics, Emeritus from MIT
4) Professor Betrand Halperin, the Hollis Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University
5) Professor Dmitri Diakonov, from the Russian Academy of Sciences
6) Professor Eli Yablonovitch, the Extraordinary Professor of Applied Physics from Harvard University
7) Professor Rupert Perrin, the Inventor of the First Pregnancy test
User: Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
< users: Ephraim33
Changes too: Navigation, search
My Nobelpreisträgerprojekt wants to supply possible future Nobelpreisträger with articles. All (serious) candidates or Geheimtipps, who emerge in the literature or in the Internet, are to receive an article, if they have still none.
New suggestions are always welcome!
Table of contents
[Verbergen]
* 1 determination of the candidates
* 2 evaluation
* 3 publication of the prices 2007
* 4 articles already written
* 5 articles still which can be written
o 5,1 physics
o 5,2 chemistry
o 5,3 medicine
o 5,4 literature
o 5,5 peace
o 5,6 economics
* 6 own suggestions
* 7 see also
* 8 literature
determination of the candidates [Work on]
There are different indications, which scientists for a Nobelpreis could be suitable:
* Number of scientific work
* Number and duration of quotation ions of its work (ISIHighlyCited.com, Science Citation index, h-index,…)
* Membership in scientific combinations (Royal Society, national Academy OF Sciences, Académie of the sciences,…)
* other prices (wolf price (sciences), Albert Lasker Award for basic Medical Research (medicine), peace price of of the German book trade (peace), John Bates Clark Medal (economics),…)
* Pupil/colleague of earlier Nobelpreisträger (a criterion which can be underestimated, because former Nobelpreisträger does not have right to nominate)
Because it no official nominating gives (you are subject 50 years to the secrecy. Older nominating can be scanned: Peace, medicine), are all suggestions/candidate pure speculation.
A goal is it that as much as possible Nobelpreisträger have already 2007 before the publication in October an article. There it to be difficult will write to all approximately 150 candidates to something, will concentrate I first on those, the 1.) in printed reference books to be led, because a greater importance is awarded to those 2.) and the price in the next year no more are old in receipt perhaps to take could, and 3.) to me at the nobelpreiswürdigsten then separate for example Dmitri Diakonov, Gabriel Oyibo, Rupert Perrin, William Hammesfahr, Ranjit Chandra, Eugenie Scott, Agbota Zinsou, Farlis Calle Guerrero and the Spanish coast guard appear personal immediately. But one can never know.
evaluation [Work on]
* 2001 0%=0 of 15 Nobelpreisträger had already before the price an article
* 2002 0%=0 of 13
* 2003 0%=0 of 11
* 2004 17%=2 of 12 (Elfriede Jelinek, Wangari Muta leading seaman shark)
* 2005 38%=5 by 13 (Theodor Hänsch, John Robin Warren, Harold Pinter, Mohammed el-Baradei, IAEO)
* 2006 44%=4 of 9 (Orhan Pamuk, Muhammad Yunus, Grameen bank, Edmund S. Phelps)
* 2007 a goal: more than 60%
publication of the prices 2007 [Work on]
* exact data of the publication (starting from at the end of of August)
articles already written [Work on]
* User: Ephraim33: Yakir Aharonov, Kurt binder, James Bjorken, Robert Brout, Markus Büttiker, Nicola Cabibbo, Praveen Chaudhari, Samuel Edward, Albert Fert, Hermann Gaub, Margaret Geller, Jeffrey gold clay/tone, Bertrand Halperin, Giorgio Parisi, David Payne, Calvin Quate, Eugene Stanley, Eli Yablonovitch
* User: RKraasch: Curtis Callan
* User: Traitor: Joel Lebowitz
articles still which can be written [Work on]
physics [Work on]
Name Suggestion Web on the left of and literature (see completely below)
Emmanuel Desurvire (1955) thomson.com, thomson.com sciencewatch.com, ieee.org
(Dmitri Diakonov) (1949)
Dmitri Ith Diakonov
Dmitri Igorewitsch Diakonow Nobelpreisbörse PAPER, nordita.dk, ruhep.ru
Nicolas Gisin (1952) Nobelpreisbörse gap optique.unige.ch, time.com, esi-topics.com, fr
Makoto Kobayashi (1944)
Kobayashi Makoto physicsweb.org, columbia.edu yes, Who's Who in Japan
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 15. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Toshikide Maskawa (1940)
Maskawa Toshikide physicsweb.org, columbia.edu yes
Masataka Nakazawa (1952)
Nakazawa Masataka thomson.com, thomson.com tohoku.ac.jp, tohoku.ac.jp
(Gabriel Oyibo) (1952)
Gabriel A. Oyibo
Gabriel Audu Oyibo buffalo.edu,
buffalo.edu EN
(Rupert Perrin) (1928)
Rupert A.L. Perrin ariva.de secinfo.com, findarticles.com
Paul Steinhardt
Paul J. Steinhardt
Paul Joseph Steinhardt thomson.com, thomson.com princeton.edu, isiknowledge.com, EN, fr, sports association,
Yoshinori Tokura (1954)
Tokura Yoshinori columbia.edu, in-cites.com isiknowledge.com, Google search
Yoji Totsuka (1942)
Totsuka Yoji Nobelpreisbörse jspsusa.org, isiknowledge.com
chemistry [Work on]
Name Suggestion Web on the left of and literature (see completely below)
Steven Benkovic
Stephen J. Benkovic Nobelpreisbörse psu.edu, psu.edu
Robert Bergman (1942)
Robert G. Bergman
Robert George Bergman Nobelpreisbörse berkeley.edu, berkeley.edu, berkeley.edu, copernico.it, isiknowledge.com, Who's Who in America
Hans Herbert Brintzinger (1935) Nobelpreisbörse university konstanz.de, Kürschners 2005 (not 2007)
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Gerald Crabtree (1946)
Gerald R. Crabtree
Gerald Rodney Crabtree thomson.com, thomson.com hhmi.org, isiknowledge.com
Samuel Danishefsky (1936)
Samuel J. Danishefsky Nobelpreisbörse do-berlin.de, columbia.edu, mskcc.org, isiknowledge.com, Who's Who in America
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Fritz cornerstone (1932) Nobelpreisbörse university protokolle.de, Kürschners
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
David Evans (1941)
David A. Evans
David Albert Evans thomson.com, thomson.com harvard.edu, msu.edu, pitt.edu, EN
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 15. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Otto God-dear (1920)
Otto R. Gottlieb
Otto Richard God-dear trieste.it,
pt: Otto God-dear terra.com .br, arkat-usa.org, pt
Harry Gray (1935)
Harry B. Gray
Harry Barkus Gray Nobelpreisbörse quantum-chemistry-history.com, isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who in America
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Donald Hilvert (1956)
Don Hilvert
Donald M. Hilvert Nobelpreisbörse ethz.ch, ethz.ch, Kürschners
Ralph Hirschman (1922)
Ralph F. Hirschman
Ralph Franz Hirschman Nobelpreisbörse upenn.edu, scienceblog.com, upenn.edu, vill.edu, Who's Who in America
Henri Kagan (1930)
Henri B. Kagan
Henri Boris Kagan Nobelpreisbörse cirs-tm.org, fi.edu, Who's Who in France
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
Thomas's Katz
Thomas's J. Katz Nobelpreisbörse columbia.edu, columbia.edu
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Refuge Kessler (1940) Nobelpreisbörse do-muenchen.de (off-line), google chache of it, university hamburg.de, mpg.de, isiknowledge.com, Kürschners
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1, March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Robert long one (1948)
Robert S. of long ones
Robert Samuel of long ones
Robert Samuel of long ones, Jr. Nobelpreisbörse isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who in America
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March. 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Richard Lerner (1938)
Richard A. Lerner
Richard Alan Lerner Nobelpreisbörse tufts.edu, isiknowledge.com, EN
Steven Ley (1945)
Steven Vth Ley
Steven Victor Ley Nobelpreisbörse, thomson.com, thomson.com cam.ac.uk, isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who
Tobin Marks (1944)
Tobin J. Marks Nobelpreisbörse, thomson.com, thomson.com report.de, northwestern.edu, isiknowledge.com, EN
Teruaki Mukaiyama (1927)
Mukaiyama Teruaki Nobelpreisbörse academie sciences.fr, isiknowledge.com
K.C. Nicolaou (1946)
K.C. Nicolaou
Kyriacos C. Nicolaou
Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou Nobelpreisbörse, in-cites.com scripps.edu, isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who in America
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Helmut Ringsdorf (1929) Nobelpreisbörse isiknowledge.com, EN, Kürschners
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Henry shepherd (1944)
Henry F. shepherds
Henry F. shepherd III
Henry F. shepherd III.
Henry Fritz shepherd
Henry Fritz shepherd III
Henry Fritz shepherd III. ocolly.com EN, pl
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1, March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Manfred fitter (1934) Nobelpreisbörse epfl.ch, Kürschners
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Stuart writer (1956)
Stuart L. writers Nobelpreisbörse, thomson.com, thomson.com harvard.edu, hhmi.org, mit.edu, isiknowledge.com, EN
Peter Schultz (1956)
Peter G. Schultz Nobelpreisbörse lbl.gov, searlescholars.net, isiknowledge.com, EN
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
George Sheldrick (1942)
George M. Sheldrick
George Michael Sheldrick Nobelpreisbörse university ac.gwdg.de, isiknowledge.com, Kürschners, Who's Who, Who's Who in America
Seiji Shinkai (1944)
Shinkai Seiji in-cites.com isiknowledge.com
Fraser Stoddart (1942)
J. Fraser Stoddart
James Fraser Stoddart in-cites.com isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who, Who's Who in America
Akira Suzuki (1930)
Suzuki Akira Nobelpreisbörse Suzuki clutch
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
George Whitesides (1939)
George M. Whitesides
George McClelland Whitesides Nobelpreisbörse, in-cites.com, columbia.edu harvard.edu, harvard.edu, isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who in America
medicine [Work on]
Name Suggestion Web on the left of and literature (see completely below)
David Bartel
David P. Bartel Nobelpreisbörse hhmi.org, Who's Who in America
Michael Berridge (1938)
Michael J. Berridge
Sir Michael John Berridge in-cites.com isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who
Patrick Brown (1954)
Patrick O. Brown Nobelpreisbörse plos.org, hhmi.org, isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who in America
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Eugene Butcher (1950)
Eugene C. Butcher
Eugene Corning Butcher Nobelpreisbörse stanford.edu, stanford.edu, kva.se, isiknowledge.com
Mario Capecchi (1937)
Mario R. Capecchi
Mario Renato Capecchi Nobelpreisbörse, thomson.com, thomson.com hhmi.org, utah.edu, EN, Who's Who in America
(Ranjit Chandra) (1938)
Ranjit K. Chandra
Ranjit Kumar Chandra edbrill.com EN, Who's Who in America
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
Francis Collins (1950)
Francis S. Collins
Francis Sellers Collins Nobelpreisbörse, in-cites.com genome.gov, isiknowledge.com, approx., EN, it, it, Who's Who, Who's Who in America
PND: Data record to Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt with the DNB
no hits 1. March 2007
Vishva Dixit (1956)
Vishva M. Dixit Nobelpreisbörse cancerresearch.org, isiknowledge.com
Martin Evans (1950)
Martin J. Evans
Martin John Evans Nobelpreisbörse, thomson.com, thomson.com cardiff.ac.uk, EN, Who's Who
PND: Data record to Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt with the DNB
no hits 1. March 2007
Ronald Evans (BKL)
Ronald M. Evans (1949) thomson.com, thomson.com isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who in America
Peter Fromherz (1942) Nobelpreisbörse weltderphysik.de, mpg.de, zkm.de, Kürschners
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
(William Hammesfahr)
William M. Hammesfahr hni-online.com mediamatters.org, hni-online.com, EN
Elwood Jensen (1920)
Elwood Vth Jensen
Elwood Vernon Jensen thomson.com, thomson.com 147.52.72.117, EN, Who's Who in America
Alfred Knudson (1922)
Alfred G. Knudson
Alfred George Knudson Nobelpreisbörse, in-cites.com EN
Eric Lander (1957)
Eric S. Lander
Eric Steven Lander in-cites.com isiknowledge.com, EN, pt, Who's Who in America
Hugh McDevitt (1930)
Hugh O. McDevitt
Hugh O'Neill McDevitt Nobelpreisbörse stanford.edu, isiknowledge.com, Who's Who in America
PND: Data record to Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt with the DNB
no hits 1. March 2007. Auerdem am uncertain I me whether that is the correct
Yasutomi Nishizuka (1932)
Nishizuka Yasutomi in-cites.com jspsusa.org, isiknowledge.com, Who's Who in Japan
Tungsten Ostertag (1937) Nobelpreisbörse hpi hamburg.de, Kürschners
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
James Rothman (1950)
James E. Rothman
James Edward Rothman Nobelpreisbörse knaw.nl, isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who in America
Martin Schwab (1949)
Martin E. Schwab Nobelpreisbörse unizh.ch, unibas.ch, ethz.ch, unizh.ch, isiknowledge.com, Kürschners, Who's Who in Switzerland
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
(Eugenie Scott) (1945)
Eugenie C. Scott
Eugenie Carol Scott pandasthumb.org (joke nominating) EN, Who's Who in America
Olive Smithies (1925) Nobelpreisbörse, thomson.com, thomson.com isiknowledge.com, EN, Who's Who in America
Timothy Springer (1948)
Timothy A. Springer
Timothy Alan Springer Nobelpreisbörse sciencewatch.com, cbrinstitute.org, isiknowledge.com, Who's Who in America
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Mark of Tuszynski
Mark of H. Tuszynski Nobelpreisbörse ucsd.edu
Bert bird stone (1949)
Bert E. bird stone Nobelpreisbörse, in-cites.com hhmi.org, isiknowledge.com, approx., EN, Who's Who in America
Robert vineyard (1942)
Robert A. Weinberg
Robert Allan vineyard Nobelpreisbörse, in-cites.com isiknowledge.com, approx., EN, Who's Who in America
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
Charles white man (1931) Nobelpreisbörse unicom.unizh.ch, mpg.de, EN, Kürschners, Who's Who in Switzerland 1992/93
PND: no individualized data record available (conditions: 1. March 2007)
Not individualized entry to the name Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the DNB
Albert Zlotnik (1954) Nobelpreisbörse bioinfo.pl, isiknowledge.com
literature [Work on]
Name Suggestion Web on the left of and literature (see completely below)
Amal aluminium-Jubouri (1967)
Amal aluminium Jubouri
Amal aluminium-Jubouri
Amal aluminium Jubouri Nobelpreisbörse lyrikwelt.de, perlentaucher.de
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
Michael Hamburg one (1924) Nobelpreisbörse perlentaucher.de, lyrikwelt.de, EN, Kürschners of German literature calendars, Who's Who
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
Yusef Komunyakaa (1947) buzzer 2004.pdf mosaicmagazine uiuc.edu, csustan.edu, poets.org, poems.com, answers.com, EN, pl
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
Yi Munyol (1948) Nobelpreisbörse perlentaucher.de, EN, it, fr, ko
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
(Agbota Zinsou) (1946)
S. Agbota Zinsou
Senouvo Agbota Zinsou gatago.com (joke nominating) unrast verlag.de, augsburg.de, africadatabase, EN
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
peace [Work on]
Name Suggestion Web on the left of and literature (see completely below)
Zackie Achmat (1962)
Abdurazzack Achmat, Treatment Action Campaign (gegr. 1998) Nobelpreisbörse EN, EN, it
Helen Caldicott (1938) EN: Helen Caldicott EN, fr
* Literature of and over Ephraim33/Mein Nobelpreisträgerprojekt in the catalog of the German national library
Mohammed Daddach (1957) Nobelpreisbörse EN, it
Extreme Peace mission (gegr. 2004?) Nobelpreisbörse journalismus.com
(Farlis Calle Guerrero) (1980) zwire.com
To Tony resound (1942)
To Tony P. resound
To Tony Patrick resound yale.edu EN, Who's Who in America
Hello!!! This is John Glover. This document testifies that the world is seeing GAGUT as the Greatest Discovery in human history, and African people are the most precious race because GOD has ordained Professor G. Oyibo the Greatest Genius of all time. This is evidenced by it being ranked #1 out of 2,340 websites information pieces on GAGUT on a search on Yahoo. GOD bless you.
John Glover
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1 - 10 of about 2,340 for GAGUT - 0.23 sec. (About this page)
Also try: grand unified theorem, gagut god, gagut discovery, gabriel oyibo
WEB RESULTS
1.
New Page 3
Therefore GAGUT is the greatest discovery in human history. , G. OYIBO THE GREATEST GENIUS THROUGH GAGUT AND AFRICANS A VERY PRECIOUS RACE ,
www.geocities.com/igala1 - 140k - Cached - More from this site
2.
GAGUT
, of God Almighty's Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT), which is the Holy Grail Unified , GAGUT GETS HIGHEST ACADEMIC PRIZE. geigercounter1. Pictures. Click here for ,
groups.msn.com/GAGUT - 22k - Cached - More from this site
3.
GOD ALMIGHTY'S GRAND UNIFIED THEOREM (GAGUT):
GAGUT, therefore, changes all science as we know it. , The GAGUT discovery has been published in a reputable mathematics journal that ,
www.geocities.com/igala1/ pressrelease.htm - 42k - Cached - More from this site
4.
The Sun News On-line/Cybersun
, "the official home" of his GAGUT discoveries, "this documentary is expected to , The Almighty God – the God Almighty's Grand Unified Theorem or GAGUT ,
sunnewsonline.com/webpages/ features/, /26/cybersun-july26-001.htm - 31k - Cached - More from this site
5.
GAGUT
, of God Almighty's Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT), which is the Holy Grail Unified , GAGUT, TOE, Unified Field Theory, Theory of Everything, Regional ,
comunidades.msn.es/GAGUT/settings - 14k - Cached - More from this site
6.
Nigeriaworld Feature Article - Rebuttal to review of GAGUT
As a native born Nigerian, the reviewer could have taken pride in Professor , of Professor Gabriel Audu Oyibo's God Almighty Grand Unified Theorem (GAGUT) ,
nigeriaworld.com/cgi-bin/axs/ax.pl?, /articles/2005/aug/235.html - 37k - Cached - More from this site
7.
News -- Press Release: GAGUT proven to be the long-awaited Holy Grail ,
, global lectures were organized by the NUC to present GAGUT to the professors, , The overall goal of the GAGUT global lecture series was to solicit the scrutiny, ,
naijanet.com/news/source/2005/feb/ 4/1002.html - 19k - Cached - More from this site
8.
Prof. Gabriel Oyibo (GAGUT Theorem): Mad man or Genius - Nairaland
, if they were serious about promoting GAGUT or whatever they want to call it, , I can't even find any books that talk about the GAGUT thingy anywhere. ,
www.nairaland.com/nigeria/ topic-4235.0.html - 119k - Cached - More from this site
9.
Nigeriaworld Feature Article - Oyibo's Documentary Review
, the documentary that his controversial GAGUT theorem is
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From :
Krishnendu dasgupta
Reply-To :
"Krishnendu dasgupta"
Sent :
Wednesday, July 25, 2007 9:24 AM
To :
gaoyibo@
Subject :
God's mission and das gupta
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Dear Oyibo,
Good Day!
I heard that you have been successful in finding the unified field theory. Congratulations! You are more close to God than any of us. I was also working upon this theory, since my theory was different God was different to me.
Please write to me as I would like to know where I was wrong.
Thanking You ,
Yours,
Krishnendu das gupta
pick great mobiles
http://groups.msn.com/GAGUT/austriaalreadyincorporatingg.msnwGOD GLORIFIED AS GRAZ UNIVERSITY RECOGNIZES GAGUT AND THE SPIRITS OF SCHROEDINGER, HESS AND BOLTZMANN ARE REJOICING
THESIS EXCERPTS FROM THE FAMOUS GRAZ UNIVERSITY PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
(WHERE NOBEL LAUREATES SCHROEDINGER, AND HESS AS WELL AS BOLTZMANN WERE ONCE PROFESSORS),
THAT RECOGNIZE GAGUT AS THE GRAND UNIFIED FIELD THEOREM
BELOW
( FROM PAGES 8 & 126 OF THESIS)
RESEARCH FUNDED B THE AUSTRIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
MMag. Thomas Penz
Habitable planets in the Universe: An
interdisciplinary approach regarding the
origin and distribution of life
Diplomarbeit
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines
Magisters
an der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult ¨at der
Karl––Franzens––Universit ¨at Graz
Univ.––Prof. Mag. Dr. Helfried K. Biernat
Institut f ¨your Physik
Univ.––Prof. Dr. Werner Piller
Institut f ¨your Erdwissenschaften
Mag. Dr. Helmut Lammer
Institut f ¨your Weltraumforschung der
¨
Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
2005
Acknowledgements
First of all, I want to thank my first supervisor, Prof. Helfried Biernat,
for his support and inspiration during writing this work. I really enjoyed
to work within his group and hope that many ideas from discussions in the
group are embedded in this thesis. Thanks also for giving me the opportu
nity to get in contact with great scientists from all around the world.
A big thank goes to my second supervisor, Prof. Werner Piller, for an in
teresting lecture on early Earth and discussions on this topic. Additional
thanks go to Helmut Lammer without whose knowledge and enthusiasm this
work could not have been done.
The ideas of many people I was in contact with during writing this work
have influenced this work. Therefore, I would like to say thanks to Jean––
Mathias Grießßmeier and Anja Stadelmann from the Technical University
Braunschweig, Germany, Naoki Terada from Nagoya Universtiy, Japan, Na
talia Belisheva from Polar Geophysical Institute in Apatity, Russia, Prof.
Nikolai Erkaev and Irina Arshukova from the Institute for Computational
Modelling in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, and Herbert Lichtenegger from the Space
Research Institute in Graz. Special thanks for my scientific education in
general goes to Prof. Vladimir Semenov and Igor Kubyshkin from the State
University St. Petersburg, Russia.
Thanks to all my colleagues at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, the Insti
tute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology, and the Space Research
Institute for helping me to manage all strange things appearing if you are
working in science. It was a pleasure for me to work and socialize with you.
This work is supported by the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Aus
trian ""Fonds zur F ¨orderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung"", grant
¨
P17099––N08. Also acknowledged is support by the ""Osterreichischer Aus
tauschdienst"" under projects I.12/04 and I.2/04. Travel support for this work
is due to the Austrian Academy of Sciences, ""Verwaltungsstelle f ¨your Auslands
beziehungen"", the ""Land Steiermark"", a ""Paul––Urban––Stipendium"" from the
¨
Institute for Theoretical Physics, and by the "" Osterreichische Forschungsge
meinschaft"".
My parents deserve thanks beyond any means for their unquestioning sup
port, both financial and emotional, during the last 26 years of their life. I
hope you are proud for the result. Thanks for all! A very special thank goes
to my grandfather Rudolf Trummer for continuous supply with the most nec
essary nutrients I needed for this work. A very special thanks goes to Jessi
for providing me with a warm place to sleep and a opportunity to watch
every silly football game on TV. Remain as young as you look! ii
There is a famous book published about 1912 by Lawrence J. Henderson ,
in which Henderson concluded that life necessarily must be based on carbon
and water, and have its higher forms metabolizing free oxygen. I personally
find this conclusion suspect, if only because Lawrence Henderson was made
of carbon and water and metabolizing free oxygen. Henderson had a vested
interest.
C. Sagan, ""Extraterrestrial life""
Die Lebewesen sind seltsame Objekte.
J. Monod, ""Zufall und Notwendigkeit"" iii
Habitable planets in the Universe: An interdisciplinary
approach regarding the origin and distribution of life
MMag. Thomas Penz
Abstract
In this work, the possible distribution of life in the universe is analyzed.
In order to consider all involved processes, the starting point is the creation of
hydrogen and helium shortly after the Big Bang. In the first stars, hydrogen
and helium were altered by nuclear burning, leading to the occurrence of all
heavier elements. Some of these elements, the biogenic ones, are necessary
prerequisites for the formation of life on planetary bodies. The origin of life
on Earth is discussed to estimate which conditions are appropriate for the
rise of life. The concepts of the prebiotic soup, hydrothermal systems, and
panspermia are critically investigated. Additionally, possible precursors of
the present genetic code are presented. The limits for life in extreme habitats
on Earth with regard to temperature, pH value, pressure, desiccation, radia
tion, and salt concentration are presented to exclude inhospitable planetary
environments from the study. By knowing these limits, potential habitats in
our solar system are investigated, leading to the conclusion that life might
be possible on several planets, reaching from the clouds and the subsurface
of Venus, the polar caps and the subsurface of Mars, to the outer solar sys
tem, where the atmosphere of giant planets, the subsurface oceans of some
Galilean satellites and Titan’’s prebiotic atmosphere are possible sites har
boring life. Since more than 100 extrasolar planets were found during the
last years, the work is expanded to planetary systems around other stars.
The standard definition of the habitable zone is introduced, and weaknesses
are discussed. An interdisciplinary approach leads to the conclusion that the
habitability of exoplanets depends on several important factors, namely the
radiation and particle flux evolution of the host star, the influence of tidal
locking on the magnetic moment and the protection of the atmosphere by
a planetary magnetic field, the cosmic ray impact in the upper atmosphere,
the influence of giant planets, and geological and geochemical processes on
the exoplanet.
iv
1 Introduction
In this work, the possible distribution of life in the universe is considered. Due
to the complexity of this question, an interdisciplinary approach, combining
recent investigations of different scientific field, like space science, astronomy,
planetary science, atmospheric science, biology, and evolution theory, is used. The latest results of these fields are discussed and put into a general frame
in order to discuss the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe. Therefore,
the work is subdivided into several parts. In the first part, the basic physical
processes explaining the origin and distribution of matter in the universe are
discussed. This is important because only if all elements necessary for life,
it is in principle possible that life can arise. In the second part, the different
theories concerning the origin of life on Earth are discussed, because only if
we understand how life originated on Earth, it is probably possible to discuss
the origin of life on other planets. In order to understand which environmen
tal conditions must exist for the origin of life, the physical and chemical
limits for life on Earth are investigated. These results are used to estimate
on which planets and under which circumstances life may be possible in our
solar system. The last part deals with the expansion of the scope of the
previous discussion to the whole universe. This approach allows to minimize
the uncertainties of the habitability of exoplanets and is useful for the target
selection of future space telescope mission like Corot and Darwin/TPF.
From the cosmological standard model, it follows that the composition of the
early universe some 100.000 years after the Big Bang consists of about 75 %
hydrogen and 25 % helium (Dolgov and Zeldovich, 1981). About 13 Gyr ago,
galaxies were formed out of huge gas clouds consisting of the two existing
elements. Inside this huge clouds the first stars were created due to inho
mogeneities in the cosmic mass distribution. Inside these first stars, heavier
elements were formed by a number of nuclear burning sequences (Pagel,
1997), up to 56Fe, the most stable nucleus. Elements heavier than iron are
formed by adding neutrons and subsequent radiative decays via the so––called
s––process and r––process during supernovae and in hot stars(Burbidge et al.,
1957). The formation of planets is closely connected with star formation and
early stellar evolution (e.g., Mannings et al. 2000). The standard planetary
formation scenario is the so-called core accretion model, proposing that a
solid core is first formed by accretion of solid planetesimals which themselves
were formed by sedimentation and coagulation of small dust grains. Such
planetesimals can grow by mutual collisions up to terrestrial planet masses
and beyond, if sufficient material is available (e.g., Pollack et al. 1996). It
is also shown that the particle and radiation environment of stars is time––
dependent, leading to a decrease of the stellar wind pressure and the radiative
3
fluxes with increasing time (Lammer et al., 2004a). This has a strong influ
ence on the atmospheric evolution and habitability of planets (Lammer et
al., 2004b).
Before a further discussion of the planetary habitability it is useful to have
an idea about the origin of life on Earth. After some general attempts (e.g.,
Oparin, 1938), Miller (1953) did a first quantitative analysis of the origin
of amino acids on Earth in a primitive reducing atmosphere. The result was quite promising, but today there is some evidence that the primitive
atmosphere of the early Earth was not reducing (Selsis, 2004), leading to a
reduction of the yield of amino acids by several orders––of––magnitude. There
fore, in the last decades the search for the origin of life was shifted from wet
environments in contact with the atmosphere to hydrothermal vents on the
ocean floor (Corliss et al., 1981; Shock and Schulte, 1998). This environment
has several advantages, namely a continuous supply with energy, enough nu
trients, a stable environment, protection from impacts and UV radiation on
the surface, and probably some kind of template for the formation of complex
biomolecules (W ¨achtersh ¨auser, 1998). An other explanation for the occur
rence of biomolecules on Earth is the theory of panspermia (Lord Kelvin,
1871; Helmholtz, 1874; Arrhenius, 1903; Crick and Orgel, 1973). Direct
panspermia is based on recent observation that complex organic molecules
can be found nearly everywhere in the universe (Ehrenfreund and Menten,
2001), and thus can be delivered to Earth easily. It is also possible that pre
biotic molecules are transported via meteorites, asteroids, and comets and
can reach the Earth in that way (Chyba et al., 1990; Weiss et al., 2001). Dy
namical studies indicate that the transfer of rocks from Mars to Earth can
proceed on a biologically short time scale, making it likely that organic hitch
hikers have traveled between these planets many times during the history of
the Solar System (Mileikowsky et al., 2000). This theory is supported by
laboratory experiments demonstrating that bacteria can survive the shocks
and jerks expected for a rock ejected from Mars and impacting on Earth
(Mastrapa et al., 2001). Nevertheless, it is still unclear how the step from
prebiotic molecules to the complex biomolecules responsible for the genetic
system found in every life form on present Earth. Even the concept of the
RNA world as a precursor of the genetic code is much to complex to explain
this step (de Duve, 1995). It is evident that primitive replicating systems
must have used simpler