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In Monsoon Understanding by sinkhole: 1:34pm On Mar 25, 2016 |
Dwindling monsoon rain is a big
deal for millions in East Asia who
rely on the storms for their yearly
water supply. Scientists at Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory
uncovered some culprits most likely
to have the largest impact on the
monsoon changes. And they did so
using a modeling technique—called
"uncertainty quantification," or UQ
for short—to zero in on the data.
Using this technique, they found that
sulfur-containing compounds from
fossil fuel use, soot, and dust
particles have very different impacts
on the monsoon climate, and not
always in a linear way.
"Our team used a UQ technique that
systematically gathers and analyzes
the model's reactions to the most
uncertain factors around clouds,
aerosol particles, and how they
interact," said Dr. Yun Qian,
atmospheric scientist and climate
modeler at PNNL. "By filling in the
gaps in data, our approach enabled
us to identify the particles with the
most significant impact on the East
Asian monsoon."
Anyone who has endured a dust
storm, or an "air quality alert," can
describe the tangible effects. The
day seems cooler than normal, the
air seems harder to breathe and the
overall effect feels confining and
stuffy. These can be seen and felt by
humans. But what happens above
us in the sky? How do these
incidents affect weather and
climate? Are there long-term
effects?
In East Asia, especially China, there
are severe dust storms and heavy
pollution days from different
sources. The air gets loaded with
tiny particles of sulfuric acid and
other sulfates, mineral dust, and
soot particles that clog lungs and air
filters alike. They also "clog" clouds.
These particles change how much of
the sun's energy reaches the surface
and how much is absorbed or
bounced around the atmosphere.
They also change cloud conditions,
transforming the type of cloud or
how the cloud reacts to water vapor,
and they can modify how well
clouds can produce rain or snow.
Climate modelers want to quantify
these changes to understand which
effects are more severe or variable.
But the problem is complex
because they are trying to "count"
something that is extremely variable.
Imagine gathering data on an
alphabetic scale. When modeling the
atmosphere, very often the
complexity of the model and
variability of the atmospheric parts
only allows answers 'A' and 'Z'. This
may cause an unrealistic picture.
Scientists in this study used
advanced computational techniques
to fill in-between, with 'B' through 'Y'
data points in the wide range of
possibilities. Using this UQ technique
to quantify those gaps resulting
from the introduction of the
particles themselves and the
interactions between the particles
and clouds means they can better
understand where the widest range
of gaps exist. By quantifying the
"gaps" they can determine where
the greatest "fill in" must occur to
understand these complex systems.
The research team led by scientists
at PNNL used a UQ framework that
integrated a sampling approach and
a surrogate model to analyze the
sensitivity of the aerosol effects on
the East Asian climate. They ran 256
ensemble simulations in the
Community Atmosphere Model v5,
and analyzed them for insights into
the responses of uncertainty ranges
of those parameters that deal with
cloud microphysics and the strength
of aerosol particle emissions, and
the interactions between those
aerosol particles and clouds. They
focused on the effects of sulfate
particles, soot (black carbon), and
mineral dust, the three most
prevailing and important aerosol
types over East Asia.
This study simulated the so-called
"fast" response of aerosol particle
effects, and used prescribed
information for sea surface
temperature. The full range of
aerosol particle effects must be
calculated in models that couple
both atmosphere and ocean. But in
today's models, those calculations
may be too computationally
expensive to run for studies that
require a large number of
simulations. And this study only
tackled one type of cloud, called
stratus, which are low-level, fog-like
clouds. Storm-forming clouds called
"convective" will be included in
future studies. More information: Huiping Yan et al. A new approach to modeling aerosol effects on East Asian climate: Parametric uncertainties associated with emissions, cloud microphysics, and their interactions, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2015). DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023442 |
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