QUALITY PARAMETERS

Lubricant products must meet SON specifications as SAE or API or other approved agencies.

Uses of ammonia

The major use of ammonia is as a fertilizer. It is usually applied directly to the soil from tanks containing the liquefied gas. The ammonia can also be in the form of ammonium salts, such as ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, and various ammonium phosphates.

Urea, (H2N)2C=O, is the most commonly used source of nitrogen for fertilizer worldwide. Ammonia is also used in the manufacture of commercial explosives (e.g., trinitrotoluene [TNT], nitroglycerin, and nitrocellulose).


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In the textile industry, ammonia is used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres, such as nylon and rayon. In addition, it is employed in the dyeing and scouring of cotton, wool, and silk. Ammonia serves as a catalyst in the production of some synthetic resins.

More important, it neutralizes acidic by-products of petroleum refining, and in the rubber industry it prevents the coagulation of raw latex during transportation from plantation to factory.

Ammonia also finds application in both the ammonia-soda process (also called the Solvay process), a widely used method for producing soda ash, and the Ostwald process, a method for converting ammonia into nitric acid.


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Ammonia is used in various metallurgical processes, including the nitriding of alloy sheets to harden their surfaces. Because ammonia can be decomposed easily to yield hydrogen, it is a convenient portable source of atomic hydrogen for welding.

In addition, ammonia can absorb substantial amounts of heat from its surroundings (i.e., one gram of ammonia absorbs 327 calories of heat), which makes it useful as a coolant in refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. Finally, among its minor uses is inclusion in certain household cleansing agents.


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Physical properties of ammonia

Ammonia is a colourless gas with a sharp, penetrating odour. Its boiling point is −33.35 °C (−28.03 °F), and its freezing point is −77.7 °C (−107.8 °F). It has a high heat of vaporization (23.3 kilojoules per mole at its boiling point) and can be handled as a liquid in thermally insulated containers in the laboratory. (The heat of vaporization of a substance is the number of kilojoules needed to vaporize one mole of the substance with no change in temperature.)


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The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape with the three hydrogen atoms and an unshared pair of electrons attached to the nitrogen atom. It is a polar molecule and is highly associated because of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

The dielectric constant of ammonia (22 at −34 °C [−29 °F]) is lower than that of water (81 at 25 °C [77 °F]), so it is a better solvent for organic materials. However, it is still high enough to allow ammonia to act as a moderately good ionizing solvent. Ammonia also self-ionizes, although less so than does water.


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Liquid ammonia is used extensively as a nonaqueous solvent. The alkali metals as well as the heavier alkaline-earth metals and even some inner transition metals dissolve in liquid ammonia, producing blue solutions. Physical measurements, including electrical-conductivity studies, provide evidence that this blue colour and electrical current are due to the solvated electron.


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Chloroprene

Chloroprene, also known as 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, is a colorless, flammable, volatile synthetic liquid with a pungent ethereal odor.

Chloroprene is not generally available from chemical supply firms. Concentrated chloroprene is extremely reactive unless stored cold, under inert gas, and in presence of oxidation inhibitors and free radical scavengers. With pure chloroprene multiple undesirable reactions can occur, including spontaneous dimerization, polymerization, oxidation, epoxide formation, and nitration.


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Due to its reactivity, handling and transportation of chloroprene are carefully regulated; shipment of uninhibited chloroprene is forbidden by statute.

Chloroprene is not known to occur naturally. It is not widely distributed in the environment due its reactivity and its use at a limited number of facilities worldwide. Industrial production of chloroprene is accomplished in sealed reactor systems with very limited fugitive emissions.


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Chloroprene is not considered a persistent environmental pollutant due its reactivity, nor is it known to undergo bioaccumulation or biomagnification because it is readily metabolized. Given its significant vapor pressure, most released chloroprene will be gaseous and will react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone molecules.

Half-lives of these reactions have been estimated to be 18 h and 10 days, respectively. Chloroprene would be expected to evaporate from soil and water toward the same fate. It has been detected in industrial wastewaters of the People’s Republic of China


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Butyl Acetate

Butyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO2(CH2)3CH3. A colorless, flammable liquid, it is the ester derived from n-butanol and acetic acid. It is found in many types of fruit, where it imparts characteristic flavors and has a sweet smell of banana or apple. It is used as an industrial solvent.


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Butyl acetate is commonly manufactured by the Fischer esterification of butanol (or its isomer to make an isomer of butyl acetate) and acetic acid with the presence of sulfuric acid.


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Normal butyl acetate's most common industry use is in the production of lacquers and paints (due to its low volatility) as a solvent. Additionally, it has uses in the manufacturing of artificial leather, plastics adhesives and hardened coatings and topcoats.

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl) is a high-strength thermoplastic material. It is widely used in applications such as pipes, medical devices, and wire & cable insulation. The list is endless. It is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer. So, what is PVC? What is it made up of? How to process it?


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Polyvinyl Chloride is widely available in two broad categories:

Flexible and Rigid. But there are more types like CPVC, PVC-O and PVC-M.

Plasticized or Flexible PVC (Density: 1.1-1.35 g/cm3): Flexible PVC is formed by the addition of compatible plasticizers to PVC which lower the crystallinity. These plasticizers act like lubricants resulting in a much clearer and flexible plastic. This type of PVC is sometimes called as PVC-P.

Unplasticized or Rigid PVC (Density: 1.3-1.45 g/cm3): Rigid PVC is a stiff and cost-effective plastic. It shows high resistance to impact, water, weather, chemicals and corrosive environments. This type of PVC is also known as UPVC, PVC-U or uPVC.


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What is the use of PVC in industry?

Typical example of PVC construction products include:
Window and door profiles, conservatories and atria.
Pipes and fittings.
Power, data and telecoms wiring and cables.
Cable and services ducting.

Internal and external cladding.
Roofing and ceiling systems and membranes.
Rainwater, soil and waste systems.
Flooring.

PVC resin obtained from polymerization is extremely unstable. This is due to its low thermal stability and high melt viscosity. It needs to be modified before processing into finished products. Its properties can be enhanced or modified by adding several additives. Selecting additives dependent on end application requirements.

Plasticizers

Plasticizers are used as softening agents. Some examples include Phthalates, Adipates, and Trimellitates, to name a few. These additives enhance the rheological properties of vinyl products by raising the temperature.

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Hexane

A colorless flammable liquid derived from the fractional distillation of petroleum. It is used as a solvent and in low-temperature thermometers.

Hexane is used to extract edible oils from seeds and vegetables, as a special-use solvent, and as a cleaning agent.  Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to high levels of hexane causes mild central nervous system (CNS) effects, including dizziness, giddiness, slight nausea, and headache. 

Chronic (long-term) exposure to hexane in air is associated with polyneuropathy in humans, with numbness in the extremities, muscular weakness, blurred vision, headache, and fatigue observed.  Neurotoxic effects have
also been exhibited in rats.

Acetone

Acetone is a colorless liquid that is also known as propanone. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in certain concentrations, with low toxicity, but high flammability.

This chemical is a solvent that mixes well with water and evaporates quickly, making it well-suited for many household and manufacturing uses.

Chlorine

Chlorine is an important chemical in water purification, in disinfectants, in bleach and in mustard gas.

Chlorine is also used widely in the manufacture of many products and items directly or indirectly, i.e. in paper product production, antiseptic, dyestuffs, food, insecticides, paints, petroleum products, plastics, medicines, textiles, solvents, and many other consumer products.
It is used to kill bacteria and other microbes from drinking water supplies.

Applications

Chlorine is an important chemical in water purification, in disinfectants, in bleach and in mustard gas.

Chlorine is also used widely in the manufacture of many products and items directly or indirectly, i.e. in paper product production, antiseptic, dyestuffs, food, insecticides, paints, petroleum products, plastics, medicines, textiles, solvents, and many other consumer products.
It is used to kill bacteria and other microbes from drinking water supplies.

Chlorine is involved in beaching wood pulp for paper making, bleach is also used industrially to remove ink from recycle paper

Polyamide Resins

Polyamide (PA) resins are a family of thermoplastic polymers (Nylon, Kevlar®), which means that they may be formed with heat and re-melted without losing their intrinsic characteristics. Thermoplastics differ in this way from thermosets, which undergo permanent change after hardening.

Thermoplastics are generally recyclable for this reason. Other thermoplastics include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polycarbonate, acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polypropylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene.

Nylon has a low impact resistance compared with other polymers. Various methods are used to increase its impact resistance. It has fairly low friction properties, surpassed mainly by acetyl and PTFE. The material machines readily and is used often for injection molding and 3D printing. It is available as filament, fiber, film, sheets, shapes, and pellets.

Sometimes, glass fibers are added to the material to increase tensile strength but this can make the material brittle. Typically, from 10 to 40% glass will make up glass-filled nylon, which is identified as 10% GF or 40% GF Nylon, for example.

New stock alert..... *Sodium cyclamate* now available.

Available for order.

Sodium Cyclamate

Sodium cyclamate (SO-dee-um SYE-kla-mate) is a white, crystal solid or powder with almost no odor and a very sweet taste. Its sweetening power is about 30 times that of table sugar, the standard against which artificial sweeteners are measured. Because of its sweet flavor, sodium cyclamate is used as an artificial sweetener.

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