The WHO defines counterfeit drugs as those deliberately mislabeled to deceive consumers about their identity or origin, affecting both branded and generic products. Other types of illicit drugs include substandard drugs, which are authorized but fail to meet quality standards, and unregistered/unlicensed drugs, which lack approval from health authorities. Counterfeit drugs are often hard to detect, resembling genuine products, and may circulate through both legitimate and illegitimate distributors. They pose severe public health risks, potentially leading to untreated illnesses, serious health effects, poisoning, or death. Suspected counterfeit drugs should be reported to health authorities or law enforcement.

The National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHDA) previoisly reported that over 70% of medicines dispensed in Nigeria are substandard, highlighting limited access to quality healthcare. Supporting this, the Nigeria Customs Service, alongside agencies like the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency and NAFDAC, continue to destroy containers of substandard drugs entering the country. These substandard drugs have serious health implications, causing issues like loss of sight, hearing defects, and kidney and liver damage, which continue to affect many Nigerians

Nigeria has become the largest counterfeit drug market in the developing world according to Bloomberg, leading to thousands of deaths each year due to fake drugs, with around 120,000 Africans dying annually from this issue. Fake drug peddlers operate widely, often disguising their products, while uncertified street chemists commonly sell medications. Most counterfeit drugs in Nigeria are reportedly imported from countries like India, China, Pakistan, Egypt, and Indonesia. Recent exits of pharma giants GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and Sanofi from the Nigerian market have further limited access to legitimate medications, causing prices to surge and increasing demand for counterfeit alternatives, such as asthma inhalers, in a country with 10 million asthma sufferers.
Consumers, however, can take practical steps to minimize their exposure to fake drugs. Here’s a guide on how to detect fake drugs in Nigeria, with an emphasis on essential steps that individuals, families, and communities can use to protect themselves.

1. Verify Packaging and Labeling
The first step in detecting counterfeit drugs is to scrutinize the packaging. Counterfeit drugs often exhibit signs of poor quality in their packaging:
• Check for Spelling Errors: Any spelling mistakes, incorrect grammar, or blurry text are immediate red flags. Authentic drugs are produced with high standards, and errors in labeling can indicate that the drug is a counterfeit.
• Inspect the Seal and Expiry Date: Genuine medicines will have a proper seal. Counterfeit packaging may lack this or have seals that look tampered with. Also, check for an expiry date that’s clear and intact—counterfeit products often don’t display one or may show dates that look suspiciously altered.
• Look for Holograms and Barcodes: Many manufacturers now include holograms, QR codes, or unique barcodes that can be scanned for verification. Always verify these details with the pharmacy or check online if the brand provides a portal for code verification.

2. Use Mobile Authentication Services (MAS)
Mobile Authentication Services (MAS) have revolutionized drug verification in Nigeria. The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and several pharmaceutical companies have adopted SMS-based verification:
• Locate the MAS Code: Many legitimate drugs sold in Nigeria now have an MAS code or scratch panel on the packaging. Once scratched, the panel reveals a unique code.
• Send the Code via SMS: Send this code to the number provided (usually shortcodes specific to each brand or regulatory authority). Within moments, you should receive a message confirming if the product is authentic or fake.
• Check Alternative Apps: Some companies also support mobile apps that allow you to verify a drug's authenticity through QR codes or unique serial numbers. Ensure your phone has internet connectivity if using these apps.

3. Only Purchase from Certified Pharmacies
While this may seem straightforward, a large number of consumers in Nigeria buy medications from uncertified sellers or roadside vendors:
• Check for Certification: Always purchase drugs from registered pharmacies or well-established drug stores. These certified outlets undergo regular inspection and are more likely to stock genuine drugs. Avoid purchasing from unverified vendors, even if their prices seem more affordable.
• Look for the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN) Certification: Certified pharmacies display a PCN certification prominently, indicating that the outlet is registered with the council. Checking for this certification is an easy but effective way to ensure that you are buying from a trusted source.

4. Be Wary of Extremely Low Prices
If a drug is priced significantly lower than the average market price, it is essential to be cautious:
• Compare Prices: Counterfeit drugs are often sold at a fraction of the price of authentic medications. If the price seems too good to be true, it probably is. Compare prices across several pharmacies if you’re unsure.
• Question Suspicious Discounts: Some vendors may offer large discounts or promotional offers to sell fake drugs quickly. Always ask for reasons behind unusually low prices, especially if it’s not part of a brand-authorized promotion.

5. Examine the Drug’s Physical Appearance
Counterfeit drugs are not only packaged poorly; they often have visual or physical inconsistencies:
• Observe Shape, Color, and Texture: A genuine drug will have a consistent appearance each time you buy it. Any deviation in color, shape, or texture can indicate a counterfeit. For instance, faded colors, broken pills, or unusual spots on tablets can be a sign of poor manufacturing standards.
• Check for Unusual Smells or Tastes: Certain drugs, especially tablets and syrups, may have a distinctive taste or smell. If you notice a strange odor or an unusual taste that wasn’t present in previous purchases of the same medication, be cautious and report it to the pharmacy.

6. Watch for Unusual Reactions
If you experience any unusual side effects or a lack of improvement in your condition, consider the possibility that the drug may be counterfeit:
• Monitor Side Effects: Common symptoms after taking a counterfeit drug can include nausea, dizziness, headaches, or worsening of the initial condition. These effects can vary but are usually distinct from typical side effects of authentic drugs.
• Consult a Healthcare Professional: If you suspect an unusual reaction, consult a healthcare provider immediately. A professional assessment can help identify whether the drug is genuine or counterfeit and provide guidance on next steps.

7. Leverage NAFDAC’s Track-and-Trace Technology
NAFDAC, the regulatory health body overseeing drug quality in Nigeria, has invested in track-and-trace systems:
• Use NAFDAC’s Drug Authentication Service (DAS): This service involves the use of track-and-trace labels or codes on drug packaging, allowing consumers to verify authenticity.
• Report Suspicious Products to NAFDAC: If you come across a product that seems counterfeit, report it to NAFDAC. Their contact numbers, website, and email are accessible, and they encourage public reporting to help monitor and regulate the market. All Complaints or conflicts should be forwarded through the following address; nafdac@nafdac.gov.ng, complaints@nafdac.gov.ng, or the nearest NAFDAC state offices

8. Avoid Drugs from Unauthorized Online Sources
Online marketplaces can be a hotbed for counterfeit drugs, as peddlers take advantage of limited regulation and direct-to-consumer sales:
• Buy from Verified Online Pharmacies: If buying online, use verified e-pharmacies that are registered and authorized to operate by the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria.
• Check for Proper Contact Information: Legitimate online pharmacies will have verifiable contact information and a physical address. Avoid any website that does not provide this, as they may be selling counterfeit products.

9. Be Cautious with Imported Drugs
With a significant portion of Nigeria's counterfeit drugs coming from countries like India, China, and Pakistan, it is wise to be cautious when purchasing large quantities of imported drugs:
• Ask for Importation Details: Certified pharmacies should have records of drug importation, showing the source and legality of the products. This includes the import permit issued by NAFDAC.
• Confirm Batch Numbers and Registration: Registered imports will have specific batch numbers and registration with NAFDAC, so ask for these details, especially for high-value drugs like antibiotics or inhalers in high quantities for health facilities.

10. Educate Yourself and Raise Awareness
Ultimately, awareness is one of the most powerful tools in the fight against counterfeit drugs. Educating yourself and those around you can help prevent future risks:
• Stay Informed About Commonly Counterfeited Drugs: Certain drugs, like antimalarials, antibiotics, and pain relievers, are more frequently counterfeited. Knowing this can help you stay vigilant.
• Share Information with Family and Friends: The more people who know about counterfeit detection, the harder it becomes for counterfeiters to operate. Educating your community creates a ripple effect, fostering collective vigilance.

Conclusion
The proliferation of counterfeit drugs in Nigeria is a serious threat to public health, but with the right steps, individuals can protect themselves. From inspecting packaging to using mobile verification services, buying from certified pharmacies, and reporting suspicious drugs, every effort counts. By staying informed and vigilant, consumers can play an active role in safeguarding their health and helping combat the counterfeit drug market in Nigeria.

According to the World Health Organization, health authorities in Nigeria declared a cholera outbreak in Lagos on June 15, 2024, with 436 suspected cases reported. Within six days, the number of suspected cases exceeded 500, including 43 confirmed cases, with a 5.4% case fatality rate among suspected cases.

Recent reports indicate the outbreak's spread, with the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control recording 53 cholera-related deaths and 1,528 suspected cases across 31 states and 107 local government areas as of June 24, 2024, marking a 3.5% case fatality rate since the beginning of the year.

Globally, researchers estimate annual cholera cases range from 1.3 to 4.0 million, resulting in 21,000 to 143,000 deaths, primarily affecting individuals with mild or no symptoms who can be effectively treated with oral rehydration solutions.

With cases reported in crowded areas and prisons, educating Nigerians on cholera prevention has become crucial. Speaking at a recent health-promoting event, Dr. Oche Otorkpa, a public health expert and Executive Director of Public Health Nigeria, emphasized the importance of promoting hygienic practices at all times. He outlined five essential practices to prevent contracting cholera:

1. Practice Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and clean water, especially before handling food, after using the toilet, and after caring for cholera patients. Use hand sanitizers if soap and water are unavailable.

2. Ensure Safe Water and Food: Drink only safe water that has been boiled, treated, or chlorinated. Avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood, and thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables before eating. He emphasized that these are no times for indiscriminate purchase of snacks and foods from unhygienic street vendors.

3. Maintain Sanitary Conditions: Properly dispose of human waste to prevent water source contamination. Use latrines or toilets and avoid open defecation. Always keep living and cooking areas clean.

4. Promote Community Awareness: Educate family and community members about cholera symptoms, such as severe diarrhea and vomiting, and encourage prompt medical care if symptoms occur.

By following these basic guidelines, outlined by Dr. Otorkpa individuals and communities can significantly reduce their risk of contracting cholera and help health authorities control outbreaks within their communities.

A recent review published in the journal Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology by the Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology and the Korea Society for Environmental Analysis has revealed serious health impacts from microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs).

The study, which examined over 80 case reports, found that MNPs primarily enter the human body through eating and breathing. These findings highlight the urgent need to tackle the widespread presence of these tiny plastic particles in our environment due to their significant health risks.

Previous studies have shown that a person can inhale up to 22 million microplastics and nanoplastics every year. In addition to its detrimental effects on the male and female reproductive systems, the study also revealed that these particles can harm the digestive system, causing oxidative stress, inflammation, gut bacteria imbalances, and metabolic disorders. Specific cases linked MNP exposure to stomach injuries and liver problems, indicating that MNPs can seriously damage important organs over time. MNPs found in food and water make them a hidden danger that can gradually affect digestive health.

The respiratory system is also at risk from MNPs. The research discovered that breathing in these particles can worsen conditions like asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, especially in workplaces where plastic production is common. This underscores the dangers faced by workers in these industries and the need for stricter rules and protective measures to safeguard public health.

In addition to digestive and respiratory issues, the study linked MNP exposure to other health problems, including nervous system disorders, reproductive issues, bone health interference, kidney problems, and heart disease. These findings show that MNPs have a broad impact on human health, calling for immediate action to reduce exposure. Since 99% of plastics come from fossil fuel chemicals, there are also associated short- and long-term health hazards. Monitoring MNP levels in the environment, controlling plastic production and disposal, and raising public awareness are crucial steps to protect human health from these widespread pollutants.

Recently the African Union held a high level session on addressing substance use and related mental health disorders among youth, women and children. The number of people who use drugs on the continent has risen exponentially with a corresponding increase in the number of people with drug use disorders and comorbidities including young people. This is a result of growing market for drugs including those produced locally, in addition to Africa being a major transit area for trafficked drugs of which significant amount remains on the local market. A total of 60 million individuals representing 8.4% of the population aged 15 to 64 years were estimated to have used illicit drugs in Africa in 2018 by the World Drug Report. As a result of its projected population growth, Africa is likely to be particularly vulnerable to an increase in the number of people who use drugs by 2030. The estimated drug use prevalence is projected to increase by 40% in 2030 due to the exponential demographic factors experienced by the continent.

This threatens the health, socio-economic wellbeing and security of people on the continent and impedes continental transformation espoused in AU Agenda 2063 - the Africa We Want. The challenge transcends all the five geographical regions of Africa (Central, East, North, West and South) with an increasing number of countries experiencing a melt-down and unable to cope with the high demand for treatment of drug dependency, a multi-factorial health disorder that affects the brain and causes the course of a chronic, relapsing disease.

Determined to address the problem with long-term strategic interventions, the 4th Ordinary Session of the AU Specialised Technical Committee on Health, Population and Drug Control, in June 2022 adopted the Cairo Declaration on addressing drug use and SUDs among youth, children and women. Through the declaration, African Ministers of Health, population and drug control called for an urgent summit/high level session dedicated towards addressing drug use and its health-related consequences among especially youth, children and women for the continent to harness the demographic dividend.
However, despite these policies on drug abuse, there continues to be widespread abuse of certain substances in certain regions of Africa. Here is an overview of 10 most abused substances in various parts of the continent:

1. Cannabis: Cannabis is one of the most widely abused substances in Africa, with a long history of recreational use. Its cultivation and consumption are prevalent in many regions, and the plant's psychoactive properties make it a popular choice for both medicinal and recreational purposes. The legality of cannabis varies across the continent, with some countries adopting more permissive stances, while others maintain strict regulations. The prevalence of cannabis abuse underscores the need for nuanced policies that balance public health concerns with the cultural and medicinal significance of the plant.

2. Tobacco: Smoking tobacco is a pervasive form of substance use in Africa, contributing to a significant public health challenge. While tobacco is not classified as a drug in the traditional sense, its abuse is associated with various health issues, including respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems. The tobacco industry's marketing strategies, coupled with a lack of comprehensive anti-smoking measures, contribute to the high prevalence of tobacco use. Efforts to address tobacco abuse in Africa often involve a combination of regulatory measures, public awareness campaigns, and healthcare initiatives to reduce the health impact of smoking.

3. Alcohol: Alcohol abuse is widespread across Africa, presenting challenges related to excessive drinking and its repercussions on both health and social well-being. Cultural factors, economic conditions, and lax regulatory environments contribute to the high rates of alcohol consumption. Excessive alcohol use is associated with a range of health issues, including liver diseases, accidents, and social problems such as violence and family disruption. Public health campaigns, regulatory measures, and community-based interventions are crucial components of efforts to mitigate the negative consequences of alcohol abuse.

4. Khat (Catha edulis): Khat, a stimulant plant native to East Africa, is chewed for its stimulant effects. While it is legal in some countries, others have banned its use due to concerns about its impact on health. Khat chewing is deeply rooted in certain cultural practices, and debates about its legalization often involve considerations of tradition, public health, and social consequences. The stimulant properties of khat can lead to increased energy and alertness but may also contribute to health issues such as cardiovascular problems. Managing the use of khat requires a balanced approach that respects cultural traditions while addressing potential health risks.

5. Prescription Drugs: The misuse of prescription medications, particularly opioid painkillers and benzodiazepines, is a growing concern in some African countries. Access to these medications, coupled with inadequate regulation and monitoring, contributes to their misuse. Opioid abuse, in particular, poses significant health risks, including addiction and overdose. Addressing prescription drug abuse requires a multifaceted approach, including improved regulation of pharmaceuticals, enhanced prescription monitoring programs, and increased awareness among healthcare professionals and the public.

6. Heroin: While heroin abuse is not as widespread in Africa as in some other regions, pockets of addiction exist, often linked to drug trafficking routes. Heroin abuse poses serious health risks, including the potential for overdose and the transmission of infectious diseases through shared needles. Efforts to combat heroin abuse involve law enforcement measures to disrupt trafficking networks, as well as public health interventions such as addiction treatment and harm reduction programs.

7. Cocaine: Cocaine abuse is relatively less common compared to other substances in Africa but is present in some urban areas, often associated with higher socioeconomic groups. The stimulant properties of cocaine can lead to addiction and various health issues. Efforts to address cocaine abuse involve a combination of law enforcement initiatives, public awareness campaigns, and addiction treatment programs.

8. Methamphetamine: Methamphetamine abuse has been reported in various African countries especially Nigeria, with concerns about its impact on public health. The stimulant properties of methamphetamine can lead to addiction, mental health issues, and cardiovascular problems. Addressing methamphetamine abuse requires a comprehensive approach, including regulation of precursor chemicals, law enforcement efforts, and treatment options for individuals struggling with addiction.

9. Solvents and Inhalants: The abuse of solvents and inhalants, such as glue and gasoline, is a problem in some areas of Africa, particularly among vulnerable populations like street children. Inhalant abuse can lead to serious health consequences, including neurological damage and respiratory issues. Addressing this issue requires a combination of outreach programs, education on the dangers of inhalant abuse, and support services for at-risk populations.

10. Ecstasy (MDMA): In certain urban settings and among specific subcultures, the recreational use of ecstasy (MDMA) has been reported. Ecstasy is a synthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Its use is associated with potential health risks, including dehydration, hyperthermia, and adverse psychological effects. Efforts to address ecstasy abuse involve public awareness campaigns, regulatory measures, and support services for individuals struggling with substance abuse.

Understanding the complexities of substance abuse in Africa is essential for developing targeted interventions that consider cultural, economic, and social factors. Efforts to address these issues should involve collaboration between governments, healthcare professionals, communities, and international organizations to create comprehensive and culturally sensitive strategies.

The global healthcare landscape is undergoing a transformation with far-reaching implications for doctors and aspiring medical professionals worldwide. The World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) recently granted recognition to the National Medical Commission (NMC) of India for a period of ten years. This recognition holds the key to a wealth of opportunities for Indian medical graduates, allowing them to pursue postgraduate training and practice medicine in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

While this development marks a significant stride for Indian healthcare, it raises questions about its impact on countries like Nigeria, which have long seen their doctors seek overseas opportunities for career advancement.

The Significance of WFME Recognition
The recognition bestowed upon the NMC by WFME is more than just a symbolic gesture; it is a stamp of approval from a globally renowned body, endorsing the quality of medical education provided by Indian institutions. This recognition has several profound implications for Indian medical graduates and the global healthcare ecosystem.

Global Career Opportunities for Indian Graduates: The most immediate and apparent effect of WFME recognition is that it unlocks doors for Indian medical graduates to practice in countries that demand WFME-accredited qualifications. This development enhances the global mobility of Indian medical professionals and promotes the exchange of medical knowledge and practices across borders.
Elevation of Indian Medical Institutions: All 706 existing medical colleges in India will benefit from WFME accreditation. Moreover, any new medical colleges established in the next decade will automatically receive WFME accreditation. This elevates the reputation of Indian medical education and makes India an even more attractive destination for prospective medical students from around the world.
Quality Healthcare Enhancement: As Indian medical graduates venture into countries with stringent medical education standards, it could potentially lead to an overall improvement in the quality of healthcare services. This benefits both medical professionals who gain invaluable international experience and the patients who receive care from them.

Nigerian Doctors and the Waiting Game
While the recognition of Indian medical graduates is undoubtedly a significant achievement for India, it triggers the "update" buttons for countries like Nigeria. Nigeria has historically seen its doctors leave the country in pursuit of advanced education and better career opportunities. Many of these doctors have chosen to receive medical education in countries such as India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada.

Nigeria has long been a significant contributor to the international healthcare workforce. Nigerian doctors and medical professionals have left their home country in search of better education, career prospects, and improved living conditions abroad. The Nigerian diaspora, particularly in the medical field, has become a vital source of foreign exchange remittances to the country. These remittances play a substantial role in Nigeria's economy and the lives of its citizens.

Nigeria has historically faced challenges in retaining its healthcare professionals. The allure of advanced medical education, superior facilities, better working conditions, and higher earning potential has driven many Nigerian doctors to seek opportunities in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and more. This migration of medical talent has created a substantial Nigerian medical diaspora across the globe.

Following the online spat between Singer Olamide and Dr. Sina over the abuse of nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas. The NDLEA began a nationwide crackdown on 'laughing gas' users.

Here are important facts you should know about Nitrous Oxide:

What is Nitrous oxide?

Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or N2O, is a colorless gas that has both medical and non-medical uses. In a medical context, nitrous oxide is often used as a dental anesthetic or as an analgesic during childbirth. However, when used recreationally and in excessive amounts, it can lead to abuse and potential health risks.

What is Nitrous oxide abuse?

Nitrous oxide abuse refers to the non-medical, recreational use of the gas for its euphoric and dissociative effects. It is commonly inhaled from small canisters, known as "whippets" or "laughing gas bulbs," These small canisters filled with nitrous oxide are typically used in culinary settings to charge whipped cream dispensers. However,  they have gained popularity as a recreational substance due to the euphoric and dissociative effects of inhaling nitrous oxide gas.

The immediate effects of nitrous oxide abuse include feelings of euphoria, dizziness, lightheadedness, and distortions in perception. Users may also experience laughter or giggling, hence the name "laughing gas." The effects usually last for a few minutes and dissipate quickly after inhalation stops. Nitrous oxide abuse is often seen in social settings, such as parties or music festivals. 

Dangers Of Nitrous Oxide Abuse

Nitrous oxide abuse can be dangerous, particularly when used in excessive amounts or in combination with other substances. Some potential risks and negative consequences associated with nitrous oxide abuse include: Dangers Of Nitrous Oxide Abuse

Oxygen Deprivation: One of the most significant dangers of nitrous oxide abuse is oxygen deprivation. When nitrous oxide is inhaled, it displaces oxygen in the lungs, potentially leading to a lack of oxygen reaching the brain and other vital organs. Oxygen deprivation can cause dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness, and in severe cases, it can result in brain damage or death.
Asphyxiation: Nitrous oxide is typically inhaled from small canisters, and improper use or misuse can lead to asphyxiation. If the gas is inhaled directly from the canister or in an enclosed space without proper ventilation, it can deplete the oxygen levels in the air, leading to suffocation.
Physical Injury: Handling nitrous oxide canisters improperly can pose risks of physical injury. The gas is often stored under high pressure, and if mishandled or discharged incorrectly, it can cause frostbite or burns to the skin, especially on the face, fingers, or other body parts in close proximity to the release point.
Accidents and Impaired Judgment: Nitrous oxide abuse can impair coordination, judgment, and cognitive function. Engaging in activities such as driving or operating machinery while under the influence of nitrous oxide significantly increases the risk of accidents and injuries to oneself and others.
Interactions with Other Substances: Combining nitrous oxide with other substances, especially depressants like alcohol or opioids, can have dangerous effects. The combined depressant effects can lead to severe respiratory depression, unconsciousness, and overdose.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Chronic nitrous oxide abuse can interfere with the body's ability to utilize vitamin B12. A prolonged deficiency of vitamin B12 can result in nerve damage, numbness, tingling sensations, weakness, and anemia.
Psychological and Cognitive Effects: Long-term abuse of nitrous oxide can have detrimental effects on mental health and cognitive function. It can lead to memory loss, confusion, mood swings, anxiety, and depression.
Gastrointestinal Issues: Nitrous oxide abuse can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, leading to nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and digestive problems.
Addiction and Dependence: Nitrous oxide abuse can lead to psychological dependence, where individuals feel a strong compulsion to use the gas repeatedly. This can disrupt daily life, relationships, and overall well-being.
Legal Consequences: The NDLEA has declared the non-medical use of nitrous oxide is illegal. Engaging in nitrous oxide abuse can result in legal repercussions, including fines and criminal charges.

It's important to remember that nitrous oxide has legitimate medical uses, but when misused or abused, it can have serious health and safety risks. If you or someone you know is struggling with nitrous oxide abuse, seeking professional help and support is crucial for overcoming the addiction and addressing any related health issues.

What Celebrities Can Do To Stop Nitrous Oxide Abuse

Celebrities including Olamide can play a significant role in raising awareness and combating nitrous oxide abuse by utilizing their platform and influence. Here are some actions they can take:

Public Awareness Campaigns: Celebrities can collaborate with organizations that focus on substance abuse prevention and education to launch public awareness campaigns specifically targeting nitrous oxide abuse. Through social media, interviews, public service announcements, and other media channels, they can spread information about the dangers of nitrous oxide abuse, its potential consequences, and resources available for those seeking help.
Advocacy for Policy Changes: Celebrities can use their influence to advocate for stricter regulations and policies surrounding the sale, distribution, and use of nitrous oxide. They can support efforts to make it harder for individuals to access nitrous oxide for non-medical purposes, ensuring that it is used responsibly and within appropriate settings.
Collaborations with Health Professionals: Celebrities can partner with healthcare professionals, addiction specialists, and mental health organizations to raise awareness about the risks of nitrous oxide abuse and to promote available resources for prevention and treatment. These collaborations can include public discussions, expert interviews, and educational events aimed at informing the public about the dangers and supporting those in need.
Sharing Personal Stories and Experiences: Celebrities who have dealt with substance abuse issues or have overcome addiction can share their personal stories to inspire others and provide hope. By opening up about their own struggles and recovery journeys, they can reduce the stigma associated with addiction and encourage individuals to seek help and support.
Fundraising and Support for Treatment Centers: Celebrities can use their platform to organize fundraisers and support treatment centers, rehabilitation programs, and organizations that specialize in addiction recovery. By contributing their time, resources, and influence, they can help expand access to treatment and support services for individuals struggling with nitrous oxide abuse.
Setting a Positive Example: Celebrities can be role models by practicing responsible behavior and avoiding the promotion or endorsement of nitrous oxide abuse or any other substance misuse. They can demonstrate healthy lifestyle choices and encourage their fans and followers to prioritize their well-being.
Collaboration with Entertainment Industry: Celebrities in the entertainment industry can collaborate with event organizers, music festivals, and venues to implement stricter regulations and policies regarding the use of nitrous oxide on their premises. This can include increased security measures, educational initiatives, and monitoring to discourage and prevent nitrous oxide abuse at such events.

It's important to note that celebrities alone cannot solve the problem of nitrous oxide abuse, but their involvement can significantly raise awareness, encourage dialogue, and contribute to a broader societal effort to address substance abuse issues.

Canada has joined the United States which recently enacted a law to allow foreign-trained doctors to bypass the residency training program as the shortage of health workers in the country bites harder. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of. Nova Scotia one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada has created a short path to enable Nigeria and other foreign doctors to practice medicine in the country. This latest decision by the college underscores the importance of doctors in a society.

It could be recalled that many Nigerian doctors who migrated to Canada were hitherto unable to practice in Canada like their colleagues in the UK due to stringent licensing procedures and the nonrecognition of their fellowships. The situation has forced many Medical Consultants and licensed pharmacists from Nigeria into cab driving and other menial jobs while waiting to be certified.

According to a statement released by the College, the procedures and eligibility criteria are as follows:

Family Medicine Specialists

For internationally trained family medicine specialists, the Nova Scotia Practice Ready Assessment Program (NSPRAP) ensures that international medical graduates (IMGs) who wish to practice family medicine in Nova Scotia possess the appropriate clinical skills and knowledge to provide quality patient care.

The Nova Scotia Practice Ready Assessment Program (NSPRAP) is for family medicine specialists who:

have completed postgraduate training in family medicine outside Canada;

do not yet meet Nova Scotia’s licensing requirements; and meet the eligibility criteria for the PRA in Family Medicine.


Eligibility

You must meet the requirements for all license applications to practice medicine in Nova Scotia.

You must be a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada (LMCC) or Qualify for an Acceptable Alternative to the LMCC

You must have at least 2 years of postgraduate training toward recognition as a general practitioner or family medicine specialist.

You must have completed at least 8 weeks of training in all of the following fields:
• family medicine or general practice;
• internal medicine;
• surgery;
• paediatrics;
• psychiatry; and
• obstetrics and gynecology.

Please note: The registrar may accept 8-16 weeks of extra training in family medicine instead of training in psychiatry, obstetrics, and gynecology.
The College will consider Emergency Medicine rotations as part of the 24 months of postgraduate training.

You must have practiced independently for at least 2 years in a family or general practice AND for at least 450 hours within 3 years of applying for the NSPRAP

You must have fewer than two prior failed attempts in Canadian practice-ready assessment programs.

How to Apply

Step 1: You submit your credentials to be verified

Step 2: We review your application

Step 3: Your application is screened by the NSPRAP

Step 4: You submit an application for a Clinical Assessment license

Step 5: You undergo a clinical field assessment

Step 6: You receive your license to practice

Other Specialists

You may be eligible for a Practice Ready Assessment for Specialists (PRA Specialists) if you meet the criteria and have been endorsed by Nova Scotia Health.

The PRA Specialists is for specialists who:

have specialty training and certification from a jurisdiction other than the 29 accepted by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) (for more information, see the RCPSC Specialty Training Requirements to compare your postgraduate training to the Canadian standard); and meet the screening criteria for Practice Readiness Assessment (PRA) for Specialists.

Please note: A PRA is not conducted in subspecialty disciplines.

Eligibility

You must meet the requirements for all license applications to practice medicine in Nova Scotia.

You must be a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada (LMCC) or Qualify for an Acceptable Alternative to the LMCC

You must provide a record of postgraduate training that is substantially equivalent to Canadian training and has been satisfactorily completed. Refer to the RCPSC Specialty Training Requirements.

You must have specialty certification from an international jurisdiction, equivalent to a primary specialty as defined by the RCPSC.

You must have a minimum of 3 years of independent practice in the discipline.

You must demonstrate evidence of currency of practice in the primary specialty, defined as at least 450 hours within the last 3 years

You must have fewer than two prior failed attempts in Canadian practice-ready assessment programs.

How to Apply

Step 1: You are endorsed by Nova Scotia Health or IWK Health Centre

Step 2: You submit your credentials to be verified

Step 3: We review your application

Step 4: You submit an application for Clinical Assessment license

Step 5: You undergo a clinical field assessment

Step 6: You receive your license to practice

Nigeria Doctors with an interest in practicing in Canada can get further details here:https://cpsns.ns.ca/registration-licensing/future-practice/practice-ready-assessment/

In related news, the Canadian Pharmacists Association (CphA) has also declared a national shortage of pharmacists in Canada. Small communities across Alberta are struggling to recruit pharmacists for vacant positions and according a county Mayor Paul Reutov, they are having a hard time finding several categories of physicians and many types of pharmacists. He said the community needs 13 physicians to meet AHS coverage standards, and there are currently five doctors working.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. STDs can affect both men and women, and they can have serious health consequences if left untreated.

Globally, the number of people affected by STDs is quite significant. According to the World Health Organization , more than 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide, the majority of which are asymptomatic. These infections (STIs) occurred mostly among individuals aged 15-49 years. This includes infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis. These figures do not include viral infections like HPV or herpes.

Nigeria has reported a high burden of sexually transmitted infections. According to the National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) in Nigeria, in 2019, there were approximately 1.9 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections in the country. This figure includes both curable STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, as well as viral infections like HIV.

There are many different types of STDs, each with its own set of symptoms, transmission methods, and treatments. Some common examples of STDs include:

Chlamydia: A bacterial infection that can affect both men and women. It can cause genital pain, discharge, and inflammation, but it often has no symptoms.
Gonorrhea: Another bacterial infection that can cause similar symptoms to chlamydia. It can also lead to complications if left untreated.
Syphilis: A bacterial infection that progresses in stages and can cause a variety of symptoms, including sores, rashes, and systemic illness if not treated.
Human papillomavirus (HPV): A viral infection that is very common and can lead to genital warts and certain types of cancers, including cervical, anal, and throat cancer.
Herpes: A viral infection that causes recurrent outbreaks of painful blisters. It can be caused by two types of herpes simplex viruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A viral infection that attacks the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

Hepatitis B and C: Viral infections that primarily affect the liver. They can be transmitted sexually, through sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth.

Early Signs of Sexually Transmitted Diseases You Should Not Ignore

Recognizing the early signs of STDs is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment. Many STDs may initially present with mild or even no symptoms, making it essential to be aware of potential signs and seek medical attention if you suspect you may have been exposed these are not the fictitious blue waffle disease or HIV that take months for symptoms to manifest. In this section, we will discuss some common early signs of STDs that you should not ignore.

Unusual Discharge: Abnormal genital discharge can be a sign of several STDs. For instance, a yellowish or greenish discharge from the vagina or penis could indicate a bacterial infection like gonorrhea or trichomoniasis. Women may also experience a frothy discharge with a strong odor, which could be a symptom of trichomoniasis.
Pain or Burning Sensation: Pain or a burning sensation during urination can be a sign of an STD. It is commonly associated with infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. Both men and women may experience discomfort or pain while passing urine when infected with these bacteria.
Genital Sores or Bumps: The presence of sores, blisters, or ulcers in the genital area is often a symptom of certain STDs, including herpes and syphilis. These sores may be painful, itchy, or tender. It's important to note that not all STDs cause visible sores, and some infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea may not produce any external signs.
Genital Itching or Irritation: Persistent itching or irritation in the genital area can be a symptom of various STDs. It may be caused by the presence of pubic lice (crabs), scabies, or a fungal infection like candidiasis. These parasites or fungi can be transmitted through sexual contact and cause discomfort.
Abdominal Pain or Pelvic Discomfort: Some STDs, particularly pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), can lead to abdominal pain or discomfort. PID is often caused by untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea and can result in severe complications if left unaddressed. Women experiencing persistent pelvic pain or discomfort should seek medical attention promptly.
Rashes or Skin Lesions: Certain STDs can manifest as rashes or skin lesions on the genitals or other areas of the body. Syphilis, for instance, can cause a painless, round, and firm sore called a chancre. These sores often go unnoticed as they are painless and may heal on their own. However, the infection progresses if left untreated, potentially causing severe health issues.
 
Conclusion

Recognizing the early signs of sexually transmitted diseases is crucial for prompt diagnosis and treatment. If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above or suspect you may have been exposed to an STD, it is vital to seek medical attention. Remember, many STDs can be effectively treated with medications, and early intervention can help prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission to others. Practicing safe sex, getting regular STD testing, and open communication with your healthcare provider are key to maintaining sexual health.

The Food and administration in the United States has warned consumers of the presence of undeclared ingredients in Pink Pussy Cat Pills, a dietary supplement that claims to enhance sexual arousal and improved orgasm in women.

The Food and Drug Administration advised consumers not to purchase or use the product promoted and sold for sexual enhancement on various websites, and in some retail stores.

FDA laboratory analysis confirmed that Pink Pussycat pills contains sildenafil, the active ingredient in the FDA Approved prescription drug Viagra, used to treat erectile dysfunction in men.

FDA’s approval of Viagra is restricted to use under the supervision of a licensed health care professional. This undeclared ingredient may interact with nitrates found in some prescription drugs, such as nitroglycerin, and may lower blood pressure to dangerous levels. People with diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or heart disease often take nitrates.

It could be recalled that NAFDAC also issued a recall alert in May for the pink pill. In its own statement the agency also advised consumers to stop the purchase and use of product. According to the NAFDAC:

"Members of the public in possession of the implicated products are implored to stop the sale or use and handover products to the nearest NAFDAC office.

Patients should contact their physician or healthcare provider if they have experienced any problems that may be related to using any of the implicated product.

NAFDAC encourages healthcare professionals, consumers and patients to report adverse events related to the use of the products to the nearest NAFDAC office, NAFDAC PRASCOR (20543 TOLLS FREE from all networks) or via pharmacovigilance@nafdac.gov.ng, E- reporting platforms available on the NAFDAC website or via the Med- safety application available for download on android and IOS stores"

Nigeria is a known dumping ground for all manner of unregulated products and most notification to inform the public of harmful products marketed as dietary supplements or conventional foods with hidden drug ingredients and chemicals are often ignored by consumers until it has cause irreversible damage.

Products like the pink pill are typically promoted for sexual enhancement, weight loss, or body building and are often represented as being “all natural.

Regulatory agencies are stretched and unable to test and identify all products marketed as dietary supplements that have potentially harmful hidden ingredients. Consumers should exercise caution before purchasing any product in the above categories.

A new law in the United States is set to allow Nigerian-trained medical doctors, or doctors from any specific country, to bypass US residency requirements. In the United States, medical residency is an essential part of the training process for international medical graduates (IMGs) who wish to practice medicine in the country. IMGs, including doctors trained in Nigeria or any other foreign country, typically need to complete a residency program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) or the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) in order to obtain a medical license and practice independently.

Pediatric nephrologist Bryan Carmody, MD, recalls working alongside an extremely experienced neonatologist during his residency. She had managed a neonatal intensive care unit in her home country of Lithuania, but because she wanted to practice in the United States, it took years of repeat training before she was eligible for a medical license.

"She was very accomplished, and she was wonderful to have as a co-resident at the time," Carmody said told Medscape Medical News.

The neonatologist now practices at a US academic medical center, but to obtain that position, she had to complete 3 years of pediatric residency and 3 years of fellowship in the US, Carmody said.

Such training for international medical graduates (IMGs) is a routine part of obtaining a US medical license, but a new Tennessee law bypasses these requirements and creates a quicker pathway for IMGs to secure medical licenses in the US.

The American Medical Association (AMA) took similar measures at its recent annual meeting, making it easier for IMGs to gain licensure. Because the pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine disrupted the process by which some IMGs had their licenses verified, the AMA is now encouraging state licensing boards and other credentialing institutions to accept certification from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates as verification, rather than requiring documents directly from international medical schools.

When it comes to Tennessee's new law, signed by Gov. Bill Lee in April, experienced IMGs who have received medical training abroad can skip US residency requirements and obtain a temporary license to practice medicine in Tennessee if they meet certain qualifications.

International doctors must demonstrate competency, as determined by the state medical board. In addition, they must have completed a 3-year postgraduate training program in the graduate's licensing country or otherwise have practiced as a medical professional in which they performed the duties of a physician for at least 3 of the past 5 years outside the US, according to the new law.

To be approved, IMGs must also have received an employment offer from a Tennessee healthcare provider that has a residency program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.

If physicians remain in good standing for 2 years, the board will grant them a full and unrestricted license to practice in Tennessee.

"The new legislation opens up a lot of doors for international medical graduates and is also a lifeline for a lot of underserved areas in Tennessee," said Asim Ansari, MD, a Canadian who attended medical school in the Caribbean and is an advocate for IMGs.

Ansari is participating in a child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship at KU Medical Center in Kansas City until he can apply for the sixth time to a residency program. "This could possibly be a model that other states may want to implement in a few years."

What's Behind the Law?

A predicted physician shortage in Tennessee drove the legislation, said Rep. Sabi "Doc" Kumar, MD, vice chair for the Tennessee House Health Committee and a co-sponsor of the legislation. Legislators hope the law will mitigate that shortage and boost the number of physicians practicing in underserved areas of the state, Kumar said.

"Considering that 1 in 4 physicians in the US are international medical graduates, it was important for us to be able to attract those physicians to Tennessee," he said.

The Tennessee Board of Medical Examiners will develop administrative rules for the law, which may take up to a year, Kumar said. He expects the program to be available to IMGs beginning in mid-2024.

Upon completion of the program, IMGs will be able to practice general medicine in Tennessee, not a specialty. Requirements for specialty certification would have to be met through the specialties' respective boards.

Carmody, who blogs about medical education, including the new legislation, told Medscape the law will greatly benefit experienced IMGs, who often are bypassed as residency candidates because they graduated years ago. Hospitals also win because they can fill positions that otherwise might sit vacant, he said.

Family physician Sahil Bawa, MD, an IMG from India who recently matched into his specialty, said the Tennessee legislation will help fellow IMGs find US medical jobs.

"It's very difficult for IMGs to get into residency in the US," he said. "I've seen people with medical degrees from other countries drive Uber or do odd jobs to sustain themselves here. I've known a few people who have left and gone back to their home country because they were not accepted into a residency."

Who Benefits Most?

Bawa noted that the legislation would not have helped him, as he needed a visa to practice in the US and the law does not include the sponsoring of visas. The legislation requires IMGs to show evidence of citizenship or evidence that they are legally entitled to live or work in the US.

US citizen IMGs who haven't completed a residency or who practiced in another country also are left out of the law, Carmody said.

"This law is designed to take the most accomplished cream of the crop international medical graduates with the most experience and the most sophisticated skill set and send them to Tennessee. I think that's the intent," he said. "But many international medical graduates are US citizens who don't have the opportunity to practice in countries other than United States or do residencies. A lot of these people are sitting on the sidelines, unable to secure residency positions. I'm sure they would be desperate for a program like this."

Questions Remain

"Just because the doctor can get a [temporary] license without the training doesn't mean employers are going to be interested in sponsoring those doctors," said Adam Cohen, an immigration attorney who practices in Memphis. "What is the inclination of these employers to hire these physicians who have undergone training outside the US? And will there be skepticism on the part of employers about the competence of these doctors?"

"Hospital systems will be able to hire experienced practitioners for a very low cost," Ansari said. "So now you have these additional bodies who can do the work of a physician, but you don't have to pay them as much as a physician for 2 years. And because some are desperate to work, they will take lower pay as long as they have a pathway to full licensure in Tennessee. What are the protections for these physicians? Who will cover their insurance? Who will be responsible for them, the attendees? And will the attendees be willing to put their license on the line for them?"

In addition, Carmody questions what, if anything, will encourage IMGs to work in underserved areas in Tennessee after their 2 years are up and whether there will be any incentives to guide them. He wonders, too, whether the physicians will be stuck practicing in Tennessee following completion of the program.

"Will these physicians only be able to work in Tennessee?" he asked. "I think that's probably going to be the case, because they'll be licensed in Tennessee, but to go to another state, they would be missing the required residency training. So it might be these folks are stuck in Tennessee unless other states develop reciprocal arrangements."

Other states would have to decide whether to recognize the Tennessee license acquired through this pathway, Kumar said.

He explained that the sponsoring sites would be responsible for providing work-hour restrictions and liability protections. There are currently no incentives in the legislation for IMGs to practice in rural, underserved areas, but the hospitals and communities there generally offer incentives when recruiting, Kumar said.

"The law definitely has the potential to be helpful," Cohen said, "because there's an ability to place providers in the state without having to go through the bottleneck of limited residency slots. If other states see a positive effect on Tennessee or are exploring ways to alleviate their own shortages, it's possible [they] might follow suit."

Kumar agrees that other states will be watching Tennessee to weigh the law's success.

"I think the law will have to prove itself and show that Tennessee has benefited from it and that the results have been good," he said. "We are providing a pioneering way for attracting medical graduates and making it easier for them to obtain a license. I would think other states would want to do that."

Nigerian doctors have made substantial contributions to the global healthcare industry and are highly regarded for their skills and expertise. Many Nigerian physicians have pursued opportunities abroad due to factors such as professional advancement, access to advanced medical technologies, research opportunities, or better economic prospects.

sangresan:


This idiiot will just dump stupid write-ups on Nairaland.

KingsCity:
I do not waste my time to read anything written by Otor Okpa

I know he would be saying people should vote for Atiku, someone whose former boss Obasanjo said is a thief . He wasn’t even president and what he stole can feed all Nigerians for generations

I know Otor Kpakima is stewpid and even without reading the rubbish he wrote I can tell he didn’t consider CHARACTER and INTEGRITY

VOTE PETER OBI PLEASE

A chieftain of the Peoples Democratic Party in Oyo State, Chief Jumoke Akinjide, has berated the presidential candidate of the All Peoples Congress, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, accusing the 70-year-old of being selfish and insensitive to the plight of Nigerians.

The former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory said Tinubu is only interested in his mandate and not the suffering of Nigerians.

Akinjide said this on Saturday when she was featured on a Lagelu FM 96.7 programme, ‘Bose n lo’, anchored by Temitayo Oyeladun and monitored online by the PUNCH.

While commenting on Tinubu’s visit to Governor Seyi Makinde of Oyo, Akinjide said the visit is a sign that the APC presidential candidate has abandoned the governorship candidate of his party in the state, Sen. Teslim Folarin.

She said, “Tinubu is a National leader of the APC but didn’t complain about the suffering of Nigerians in almost eight years (of the President, Major General Muhammadu Buhari (retd.)’s regime) but he’s only complaining now because his party’s policies are threatening his ambition.

“Tinubu came to Ibadan and visited Governor Seyi Makinde, heaping praises on him and acknowledging the achievement of the party (PDP) in the state. He got to Mapo Hall and just handed the flag to the party standard-bearer without a word of campaign for himself or the gubernatorial candidate of the party.”

Akinjide said that was a sign Tinubu has subtly abandoned the candidate of his party and supported the candidate of the PDP.

She also lamented Tinubu’s snub of the Olubadan-in-Council, who waited all day in expectation of welcoming him.

“They (Tinubu and other APC chieftains) came to the state, went to the governor, to Mapo, then went to meet with some Obas, here in Ibadan and went straight to the airport without visiting His Imperial Majesty, the Olubadan of Ibadan. That’s very bad. Even Presidents won’t do that” Akinjide lamented.

Responding to Akinjide’s allegations, a former deputy governor of the state, Engr Rauf Olaniyan, who also featured on the Lagelu FM programme, said the allegations are flimsy and that the ruling party in the state is more fragmented.

“If they deceive you don’t deceive yourself. Have you ever seen Akinjide follow Seyi to any campaign ground,” Olaniyan asked.

In response to allegations that Tinubu didn’t say a word at Mapo Hall, Olaniyan said, “Tinubu would have cried in appreciation of the reception he received in Oyo State if he made to speak. What more would you want him to say? The crowd was reassuring enough beyond words. Asiwaju had nothing more to say.” Olaniyan was the deputy governor to Engr Seyi Makinde but was impeached by the Oyo State House of Assembly.

samfrancis1:
Yes o.. as na sport and football be Nigeria problem now.. God punish all mumus

KikBuhari2Daura:


Stop displaying your foolishness
Read what you wrote up there and am sure you support a football club in the EPL too

oluwaseyi0:
Atiku threads is always extremely dry

I actually pity the man

No critics, no supporter, nothing nothing

successmatters:
Wike will ensure Atiku loses south south