Estate Management Project Topic. source: www.projectng.com
1

Property Rating As A Source Of Local Government Revenue In Imo State (a Case Study Of Oru-west Local Government Imo State)

2

Landlord And Tenant Relationship, Its Effects On Property Values

3

Investment In Agricultural Property As A Catalyst In Orumba North L.g.a Of Anambra State

4

The Evaluation Of The Role Of Government In Solving Housing Problem In Awka-south Lga Of Anambra State

5

Effect Of Population Growth On Land Resources Development A Case Study In Aba Urban

6

The Place Of Traditional Modes Of Communication In The Era Of Modern / New Communication Technology (a Study Of Awka South Local Government Area Of Anambra State)

7

Examination Of Problem And Prospect Of Valuation Of Assets Of Public Bolts In Enugu State (a Case Study Of Nigeria Rail Way Corporation)

8

An Examination Of The Problem And Prospects Of The Administration Of Ground Rent In Enugu State Case Study Of Ministry Of Land

9

An Examination Of Problems And Prospect Of Valuation Of Assets Of Pubic Bodies In Enugu State

10

Solid Waste Management In Ogbete Main Market, Enugu

11

An Evaluation Of Property Rating Practice In Nigeriaan Evaluation Of Property Rating Practice In Nigeria

12

Rural Management As A Strategy For Reducing Rural – Urban Migration In Nigeria

13

The Effects Of Slum On Rental Property Values

14

A Comparative Analysis Of Rental Variation In Residential And Commercial Properties In Nigeria (a Case Study Of Ogui New Layout Enugu)

15

The Land Use Act Of 1978: Appraisal, Problems And Prospects

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Management Of Commercial Properties In Nigeria

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A Comparative Analysis Of Rental Variation In Residential And Commercial Properties In Nigeria

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An Examination Of The Contribution Of Real Property Related Services To Gross Domestic Product In Nigeria 1999-2010.

19

Rural Management As A Strategy For Reducing Rural – Urban Migration In Nigeria (a Case Study Of Ishiely Local Government Area Of Ebonyi State)

20

Problem Of Compulsory Acquisition And Compensation Under The Land Use Act Of 1978 (a Case Study Of Akure Airport)

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The Problem Of Solid Waste Management In Enugu Metropolis A Case Study In Institute Of Management And Technology (i.m.t) Campus Iii Enugu

22

An Evaluation Of Property Rating Practice In Nigeria (a Case Study Of Enugu North Local Government Area)

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Abstract Training And Development Is A Necessary Factor In The Attainment Of Organizational Objectives Of Any Organization. In Every Organization Exists Some Form Training And Development Programme. The Manpower Has To Be Tr

24

An Assessment Of The Role Of Estate Surveyors An D Valuers In Project Management (case Study Of Wilcon Shopping Mall)

25

Management Of Commercial Properties In Nigeria (a Case Study At Awka Metropolis)

26

Analysis Of The Impact Of Parks And Open Spaces On Residential Property Values (a Case Study Of Independence Layout, Enugu)

Estate Management Project Topic

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Sociology Project Topic. source: www.projectng.com
1

Family Planning Methods In Rural Communities Of Enugu State A Study Of Aji In Igbo-eze North L.g.a

2

Ethnic Affiliation And Resource Challenges In Nigeria A Study Of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area Of Enugu State

3

The Problems Of Youth Unemployment And Rural Crime In Ngor Okpala Local Government Area Of Imo State (2)

4

The Influence Of Reward Administration On Total Quality Management Implementation A Study Of Caritas University Amorji-nike

5

The Influence Of Environment On The Accademic Performance Of Students

6

The Effect Of Drug Abuse Among Nigeria University Undegraduates

7

The Determinance Of Induced Abortion Among Undergraduate Students

8

The Contributions Of Women Organisationsin Community Development In Nigeria

9

Socio Economic And Cultural Factors Militating Against Community Development In Ideato Local Government Area Of Imo State.

10

Knowledge And Attitude Of Undergraduate Students Towards Homosexuality

11

Effectiveness Of Inventory Management In A Manufacturing Company

12

Culture And Women Subjection

13

Childlessness And Socio Cultural Impact On Married Couples

14

Causes And Effects Of Commercial Sex Work Among Akwa Ibom Girls

15

The Nature And Consequences Of Juvenile Delinquency In Nigeria A Study Of

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Women Empowerment And Community Development

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Women Empowermentand Community Development A Study Of Bwari Local Government Area, F.c.t, Nigeria

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The Influence Of Reward Administration On Total Quality Management Implementation: A Study Of Caritas University, Amorji-nike Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria

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The Determinance Of Induced Abortion Among Undergraduate Students: A Study Of University Of Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria

20

The Contributions Of Women Organisations In Community Development In Nigeria.case Study: Mbaise Local Government Area Of Imo State.

21

Socio-economic And Cultural Factors Militating Against Community Development In Ideato Local Government Area Of Imo State.

22

The Nature And Consequences Of Juvenile Delinquency In Nigeria: A Study Of Enugu North Lga, Enugu State

23

Effectiveness Of Inventory Management In A Manufacturing Company (a Case Study Of Ama Greenfield Breweries Plc, Enugu, Nigeria)

24

Childlessness And Socio-cultural Impact On Married Couples A Case Study Of Idah Community In Kogi State

25

Causes And Effects Of Commercial Sex Work Among Akwa Ibom Girls (a Study Of Youths In Uyo Local Government Area)

26

Socio-economic Impact Of Crisis And Militancy On Tourism Destination In South-west Nigeria

27

The Problems Of Youth Unemployment And Rural Crime In Ngor Okpala Local Government Area Of Imo State

Sociology Project Topic
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Design And Implementation Of An Electronic Patient Management System . (a Case Study Of Shonahan Hospital, Nsukka Enugu).
source: www.projectng.com

ABSTRACT
This project title is written to help hospitals especially SHONAHAN HOSPITAL, NSUKKA, Enugu in the areas they encounter problems in keeping their attendance scheme for patient and the solution given to tackle problem such as transforming the existing manual attendance scheme for patients system in which the existing problems involved at the time was laziness of the Doctors to work, misplacement of files, excessive loitering around of patient for their files and loitering of paper in the office.
This software reports on our pilot evaluation of AN ELECTRONIC PATIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM and their Doctors. The aim is to improve the quality of care to patient and the information about them, as indicated by an improvement in the effectiveness and efficiency of care and in an increase in patient’s satisfaction.
This study makes clear that a thorough exploration of users needs before building the system, using qualitative research methods may be crucial because it can prevent data mismatch and maximize the chance that the eventual management system meets its most important aim: to enhance patient’s empowerment and improve the quality of care services.
In order to handle this, I decided to introduce a new an electronic patient management system for patients. The project dwells more on Computer duty schedule. This is implemented with Visual Basic programming 6.0 language and Microsoft Access for effective information keeping.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
An Electronic Patient Management System is any tool used to assist in the delivery of clinical care from point of care initiation to completion. Tools include computer based attendance scheme for patient, payment processing software and information
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technology systems, blood group and genotype to avoid test result mismatch of data.Electronic based attendance scheme for Patients is used by hospital to create process and record their attendance scheme for patient’s information. This system is used to calculate the nurse punctuate to work. It’s an effective tool in the hands of the hospital management.
Duty is a term that conveys a sense of moral commitment to someone or something. The moral commitment is the sort that results in action, and it is not a matter of passive feelings or mere recognition. When someone recognizes a duty, that person commits himself/herself to the cause involved without considering the self-interesting courses of actions that may have been relevant previously. This is not to suggest that living a life of duty precludes one from the best sort of life, but duty does involve some sacrifice of immediate self-interest.Cicero is an early philosopher who acknowledged this possibility. He discusses duty in his work “On Duty”. He suggests that duties can come from four different sources:
1. It is a result of being human
2. It is a result of one’s personality place in life (your family, country, and job)
3. One’s own moral expectations for you can generate duties
From the root idea of obligation to serve or give something in return, involved in the conception of duty, have sprung various derivative uses of the word; thus it is
15
used of the services performed by a minister of a church, by a soldier, or by any employee or servant.Nurses today have a broad scope of responsibility as health care providers that require them, under some circumstance, to exercise independent professional judgment. When nurses exercise their judgment negligently, they may be held liable because courts hold them to a correspondingly higher level of accountability.Nurses have been held liable for their failure to monitor and/or promptly respond to patients by informing physicians of significant changes in patient’s condition. Under these types of circumstance, nurses have an affirmative duty to exercise their professional judgment to ensure that all adequate steps are taken to treat patients appropriately.
Usage of Information Technology (IT) remained comparatively very less in Health sectors that other sector despite having more potential. Health Institution, which is an important sector, should encourage IT usage resulting better productivity, effectiveness, efficiency and economics leading to better health care of all. This paper tells a success of implementation of ICT (Information Communication Technology) in monitoring of medicine in health institution. System work on low-end resources and E-mail (Electronic mail) based data transfer from District Head Quarter to State Head Quarter.Implementation of Med-Centre in all the district of Enugu result in checking on pilferage (the act of stealing amounts or small articles) for medicine, increase in availability of medicine at Government institution,
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increase in attendance of patients/doctor in health institution, optimal utilization of medicine and data capturing at source, resulting in availability of error-free data at Head Quarter.
Electronic Patient Management System is a certified automated payment processing software. It is used by hospitals to input, process and display their patient information. This system is used to manage and maintain electronic medical records, patient information, prescriptions, lab reports etc. It is an effective tool in the hand of the hospital management. Shonahan Hospital,Nsukka, Enugu which is the case study, has patients whose fees are to be collected after treatment.
Shonahan Hospital, Nsukka, Enugu is one of the biggest and well equipped hospitals in Nigeria. It has nine (9) training schools/programmers in the hospital.From the studies carried out by the researcher, the hospital’s initial means of recording was manual from automated system to computerized system which lacked some features such as patients and nurses records.
The Hospital is a very important part of our society and it is imperative for healthcare providers to do their jobs in an efficient and effective manner. Each day hundreds of thousands of patients enter healthcare facilities challenging the administration to run the show smoothly. The employees have to manage and integrate clinical, financial and operational information that grows with the
17
practice.Information technology has made a significant impact on the healthcare sector. The past decade has witnessed the foray of numerous information systems and their resultant products into the hospital scenario. The number of investments in computers and types of hospital systems has increased. This is because paper medical records are cumbersome, bulky to use and difficult to manage. On the other hand digital records are much easier to handle and improve the workflow efficiency by integrating various tasks. The ultimate objective therefore, is to build a network of interdependent centers such as the clinical laboratory, radiology department, pharmacy, and so on in order to effectively meet the needs arising within the hospital. Despite the fact that these individual centers are autonomous, they are interdependent in terms of delivering services and to ensure effectiveness of providing care. All this can be achieved through hospital information systems that have formed the cornerstone of today’s modern hospital.
A patient is any person who receives medical attention, care or treatment. The person is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician or any other medical professional whereas an outpatient is a patient who Read More

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Final year Business Administration project topic and Research materials
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Micro finance Bank As A Catalyst For Rural Development In Enugu State. source. www.projectng.com
Abstract

system in Nigeria , intensive campaigns were organized nationwide urging community to form community Development Association or where they already exist6 in form of town union or patriotic association to register them in their local government.This research work examined the availability of tangible collateral have any position effect on the level of loans disbursement in the community. The awareness campaign organized by Microfinance bank have improved the banking habits of the people of the area. Whether loans granted to rural dweller by Microfinance bank have any positive effect on the unemployment level of the community. Whether Microfinance bank can accept self-recognition as alternative security to collateral in granting loans to the inhabitants of rural areas. Whether the incidence of loan repayment default by rural dweller have any significant effect on the level of loans of Microfinance bank. These are the areas that the researcher concentrated while carrying out this research work. The first chapter is the introductory part of the research work. This chapter also contains the background of the study, statement of problems, research Question etc. Data for the study was sourced from two main sources which include Primary and Secondary sources of data collection. Primary data: Questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information from the respondents. Secondary data : Journals, magazine and other relevant materials relating to the area of my investigation will be review. Extensive literature review was carried out on direct literature and indirect literature on books, journals and past works. The research instrument used in this study includes oral interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire is structural as to contain both close and open ended question. Simple tables, pie-charts and percentages was used in treatment of data while chi-square was used in the research work. Based on the findings, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were also made in the last chapter of this work which is the fifth chapter.

INTRODUCTION


1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Long before the inception of Microfinance banking system in Nigeria , intensive campaigns were organized nationwide urging community to form community Development Association [CDA] or where they already exist6 in form of town union or patriotic association to register them in their local government. This was to create an avenue for which they could more effect t lively participate in rural development programmes at grassroots .Development association was found and registered as at 31st December 1992.

It is pertinent to mention that government had before this time established some development agency intended to providing grassroots’ development. These include National Directorate for Employment [NDE] Better life programmed of Rural Dweller [BLPRD] Rural Banking ,people’s Bank and Directorate of food , road and Rural infrastructure [DEFRRI] whose primary task was to a identify , involve and support viable local community organization in the mobilization of the rural population for sustained rural development activities bearing in the mind the need of promoting greater participation and economic self- reliance on rural development “

On the basis of this and other functions defined in the Decree 4 of the 1987, as stressed by mabogunje, the directorate fell into three broad areas as

1. Community organization and social mobilization

2. Infrastructural Development

3. Promotion of productive activities.

The idea of Microfinance banking was made known to the public during January 1st 1990 budget speech by the president and commander of chief the Armed forces, General Ibrahhim Alamosa Babangida, in that speech he clearly spelt out what the government has in mind as follows.

The adjustment subsidy levels of domestic price of petroleum product have been estimated millions is 1990 fiscal year.

Government decided that the sum be put back into strengthening its programme of grass-root economic development.

Accordingly, the sun of N453 million will accrue to special account with the central bank to strengthening the people’s bank.

Maboguje defined Microfinance bank as a self sustaining financial institution, owned and managed by providing credit, deposit banking and other financial services to its members largely on the basis of their self recognition and credit worthiness”.

Based on the foregoing, microfinance banks are primarily set up to promote productive activities in the rural areas. Specifically, they ar5e meant to facilitate the programmes of the directorate of food, road rural infrastructure by providing easy access to credit for rural producers.

National Network of Microfinance banks are intended to greatly strengthen the massive programmes of government in rural development. To day’s over 1,110 Microfinance banks are found to have been established throughout the country with Alheri community Microfinance bank , Tudun Wada in Kadauna State as the first to be commissioned on 31st December, 1990.

The shift of emphasis to rural development is a matter of necessity at this present state of our development. It is important to state here that over 75% o the country’s resources endowment abounds in the rural areas. Again, part of our experiences in rural development has clearly shown of rural that effort at expanding economic base of scarcity of, and restricting access to loan able fund.

In addressing this problem, pervious government in their economic policies had relied exclusive on development banking and rural branch banking of the orthodox banks. However, it was observed that the sophisticated mode of operation of the conventional bank, their legalistic insistence on collateral had rendered them incapable of dealing with the unsophisticated rural dweller and lower strata of our society.

Jags and Nkom stressed that the introduction of Microfinance bank was itself motivated b y the failure of previous attempts at extending credit to the rural producer. It is therefore, in firm belief and commitment to rural development that every Nigerian who is engaged in productive activities must have access to loan able fund regardless of Read More


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The Contribution Of Agricultural Insurance To The Nigerian Economy. www.projectng.com
Abstract
Source: https://projectng.com/topic/in4423/contribution-agricultural-insurance-nigerian-economy

The agricultural sector, as importance as it is exposed to extremely high degree of disk arising out of natural factors like weather conditions. Uncertainties, regarding the quality and quality of the crop/livestock output due to natural hazards, are one of the basic risks that are constantly faced by every farmer. But majority of farmers are subsistence in natures and are seldom able to bear such risk especially when large loss involved. The information for the study was collected using primary and secondary methods of data collection. For the primary data collection, questionnaires, personal observations and oral interviews were used while existing literature relevant to the topic was consulted for the secondary data. The researcher used chi-square statistical model to analyze the data. At the end of the research work the researcher find out the following: that Agricultural insurance scheme has helped the farmers to get agricultural loans easily from the farmers to get agricultural loans easily from the financial institution by the use of her policy document, which banks accept as enough collateral security from farmers. Based on the findings the researcher made the following recommendations: Government provision of befitting accommodation for the NAIC that pilot the scheme. Since the scheme to established and 100% owned by the federal government, the government should assist in providing, benefiting accommodation for the office because of its importance to the Nigeria farmers, Government should assist the Nigeria Agricultural Insurance Corporation in the publicity of the scheme especially at the grassroots. This will encourage the farmers to go and take loan and invest it in agriculture without fear of uncertainlees, Before a farmer is qualified for a loan in agricultural bank/Commercial Banks, there is a minimum saving required by the bank to qualify you certain amount of loan. Guideline: Bank should be well acquainted with the modalities of the scheme so to educate their loaners in their local branches on the operations of the scheme.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The principle feature, which distinguishes agriculture from other production sectors, is its great dependence on nature which itself is beyond man’s control. The agricultural sector, as importance as it is exposed to extremely high degree of disk arising out of natural factors like weather conditions. Uncertainties, regarding the quality and quality of the crop/livestock output due to natural hazards, are one of the basic risks that are constantly faced by every farmer. But majority of farmers are subsistence in natures and are seldom able to bear such risk especially when large loss involved. The decline in the supply of products in turn creates a shortage of inputs in other sectors of the economy; thus the entire economy is open to the serious consequences of agricultural risks of which the farmers, are most direct and primary victims. Most of these events that result in these losses are beyond the control or prevention by individuals or society as a whole.

It is therefore, important that devices be employed for minimizing the adverse economic effect of these natural hazards in agriculture. Not only lives and well being of individuals but also the economic viability of the entire nation may be at state.

Agricultural insurance is therefore the most important available device for minimizing the adverse effects of natural hazards. Agricultural Insurance Scheme is a collective system or scheme for reducing economic uncertainties through the basic techniques of risk pooling whereas the frequency of the severity of crop losses of individual farmers cannot be predicted, the predictability and severity of losses frequency is substantially increased when similar exposure of large number of farmers are pooled.

However, there are measures established to increase agricultural production and from income like the Agricultural Development Project (ADP), operation feed the Nation (OFN), the Green Revolution, the Nigeria Agricultural and Co-operative Bank and various River Basin Authorities in deferred states. These measures have not been with success because of the huge losses of agricultural production caused by natural disaster/hazards which has been the major constrains in increasing food production in Nigeria economy. Agricultural insurance therefore offers production to farmers (Insured) from the effect of these natural disaster and ensure payment of appropriate compensation sufficient to keep the formers in the business after suffering a loss. It minimizes and eliminates the need for emergency assistance provided by government during the period of agricultural disaster.

Agricultural Insurance Scheme is therefore; aimed at encouraging banks to be more liberal in extending agricultural credits to farmers for increased food production since their loans are under agricultural insurance policy cover. Most importantly, the scheme includes research and development which generates innovations that reduce risks of diseases, pets and yield losses in agricultural production and give protection to farmers. It provides financial support and increases the growth of agricultural credit from lending institutions and farmers. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to ensure their farm projects with Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC), so as to have Read More




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THE PROBLEMS OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND RURAL CRIME IN NGOR OKPALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE. source: www.projectng.com

ABSTRACT

The research project was carried out in Ngor Okpala L.G.A of Imo State on the problem of youth unemployment and rural crime. The research is aimed at providing vivid and extensive insight on a wide range of the fundamental aspects of youth unemployment and rural crime. In this light very decisive steps were taken to analyse as possible all manner of issues enshrined in the study and understanding of the problems of unemployment and rural crimes in the lives of Ngor Okpala youth. In carrying out this study survey research design was used. Four research questions and hypothesis were formulated. The sample of 150 males and females was selected by probability random sampling techniques. The instruments for the study where the interview method and questionnaire containing nineteen open question, which were validated by the supervisor, the mothers were the respondents. The analysis of data was by use of frequency tables, percentages and chi-square. The major findings of the study were:

Youth unemployment and armed robbery are related.

There is a relationship between youth unemployment and drug abuse.

The unemployment situation is the brain behind burglary in Ngor Okpala

Rural unemployment leads to youth gambling.

The government should provide job opportunities and also ensure an equitable distribution of resources. The gap between the rich and the poor can be narrowed by creating employment opportunities for the citizens, provision of cheap food and shelter and ensuring that education is no longer a privilege but a right in these rural areas.

2) Achieving industrialization by establishing many industries in rural areas of Ngor Okpala, this will create more employment opportunities and reduce the high rate of rural crime.

3) Social amenities should be provided to rural areas especially in this area of study (the people of Ngor Okpala) because this is also a way of creating jobs and it will make many school leavers in the area to accept to work and reside in their rural homes without thinking about committing crimes.

4) There are empty lands in Ngor Okpala, what the government needs to do is to use them to encourage labour-oriented industries, production in the industries that will be established in order to achieve industrialization in our societies should be made labour-intensive instead of total use of machines. By so doing it will create an avenue for the rural youth to get employment and the rate of crime will be reduced.

5) Restructuring our educational system, pre-vocational courses like mechanics, electronics, woodwork, metal work, etc should be taught; these will make our educational products to be job-creators instead of job-seekers.

6) The government should ensure that there is equal distribution of wealth, political participation, economic activities and resources because there is a saying that “what is good for the goose is also good for the gander”. They should ensure that development is a multifaceted thing and not a one sided phenomena, the rural areas should be recognized to avoid crimes.

7) Most rural areas especially Ngor Okpala is traditionally based on agriculture and they take agriculture as their source of economy. So, the government should make agriculture more attractive. This can be done by developing agriculture and those in it should earn more wages, salaries so that it can attract the youth and at least create rooms for more jobs and the high rate of rural crime will be a thing of the past in Ngor Okpala LGA of Imo State.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM

The problem of youth unemployment and rural crime has over the years become an Area of interest and great concern to most nations of the world. It is the intention of this nations to completely eliminate or at least minimize youth unemployment and rural crime in their various nations.

The menace of youth unemployment in Nigeria could be said to a recent occurrence because in the pre-colonial days great value and dignity was attached to labour as a means of acquiring wealth but now the end justifies the means. Even if unemployment existed it was not the intractable problem it is today.

According to Balogun (2010:82), he opined that of Nigerian’s 150 million population 40 million are unemployed. As 45% of the population is between the ages of 15 to 40 years this means unemployment mainly affect the youth. The Nigeria ruling class is incapable of solving this problem, only the working class can take on the task of eradicating youth unemployment and rural crime

Balogun (2010), argued that it is estimated that over 3 trillion naira has been spent since 2003 just to combat youth unemployment and rural crime. The question is where has this money gone and why does the menace still persist to solve the problem, the government buy a few thousand pepper grinding machines or five thousand bikes and distributes these to hungry youths numbering millions. These methods gives rise to massive corruption and provide room for political patronage. This methods also has been used for close to 10 years now and what has it been able to achieve or deliver?

With the extent of human and national resources Nigeria possesses, she ought not to know any poverty, let alone this extent of youth unemployment and rural crime.

According to Chigunta (2002:89) these large-scale unemployment among youths is encouraging the development of street youths in Nigeria. the street youths, denied of legitimate means of livelihood, grow up in a culture that encourages criminal behavior in rural and urban areas where they engages in various activities such as petty trading, casual work, stealing, pick pocketing prostitution, touting and other illegal activities.

Ngor Okpala is a local government area of Imo state Nigeria, its head quarters are in the town of Umuneke Ngor. It has an area of 56Ikm and a population of 159,932 at the 2006 census. Ngor-Okpala is a notable place in Imo state because of her locational position. Ngor Okpala is the largest local government in Imo state and one of the largest in Nigeria.

Ngor is the fastest developing local government in Imo state. Ngor Okpala is blessed with natural mineral resources which has not been tapped. This prominent status of Ngor Okpala as a state local government Areas and its consequent of population explosion and the problems of youth unemployment and rural crime makes it unique for this study.


1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Youth unemployment and rural crime has been a threatening menace in Ngor Okpala as a whole, thus it has became necessary to give full attention as regards how to curb this ugly trend. With over 40 million Nigeria youth effectively unemployed in a population of 150 million, no doubt Nigeria has one of the highest youth unemployment in the figure of the world despite her economic potential. This situation clearly reveals its social essence when we consider it against the fact that Nigeria has 45% of her population between the ages of 15-45 years and due to the extremely low life expectancy of 45 years.

However, Nigerian youth are the hardest hit by this menace of employment. With this figures in mind, it does not need the wisdom of Solomon to clearly understand why there is so much crime, spates of kidnapping, youth unrest and most significantly an extremely unstable social economic structure that has hitherto been bedeviling Nigeria with particular reference to Ngor Okpala.

It is one of the major social problems facing all societies in Ngor Okpala. It creates and perpetuates poverty and frustration and even aids uneven distribution of national wealth.

Moreso, it also contributes to low productivity and lack of economic growth it gradually contribute to increase in the level of crime and other anti-social behaviour in the communities and societies especially in Ngor Okpala local government of Imo State. As a result of unemployment the youth went into different rural crimes like robbing cars on roads leading to different villages in the local government.

Nevertheless, in my community Umuhu in Ngor Okpala local government there are recent cases of unemployed youths who engage in crimes like drug abuse and intake of marijuana, and this motivates them to unleash havoc on innocent villagers . Also, they go ahead to steal domestic animals and disrupt rural market in disguised theft. There are also reported cases of these individuals raping young innocent girls and also committing incest taboo and other abominable acts.

Consequently, the above is against the culture of the people of Umuhu community and Ngor Okpala local government of Imo State. This menace known as youth unemployment and rural crime is potentially dangerous as it sends disturbing signal to all segment of Ngor Okpala local government area of Imo State Read More

THE IMPACT OF REMUNERATION ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE AMONG NIGERIAN WORKERS (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION, ELEME REFINERY ) source: www.projectng.com

ABSTRACT

The researcher have summarized the contents of this project work which is aimed at finding out the impact of remuneration on workers performance among Nigeria workers Nigerian National petroleum corporation as a case study.

Chapter one comprises of the introduction of the study, background, statement of problems, objectives, research questions, statement of hypothesis, significance, scope, limitation and definition of terms.

Chapter twp comprises of the literature review and other related topics. Chapter three is the research methodology and how the researcher intended to carry out the study and the questionnaire. Furthermore, chapter four of this study centers on the analysis and discussion of data derived from respondents on the questionnaires which were meant to disclose facts about the subject matter.

Finally, chapter five, which comprises of the summary, conclusion and recommendations to ensure effective workers performance and equitable remuneration in Nigerian national petroleum corporation, Eleme Refinery.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The national labour congress made an observation that is still valid. The board observes that “there is no single factor in the whole field of labour relations that does more to break down morale, create individual dissatisfaction, encourage absenteeism, decrease labour turnover, and hamper production than obviously, unjust inequalities in the group within same plant” wage and salary differentials are mark of social status in almost every organization. If they do not correspond to the relative significance of jobs, as employees view them, the employee’s sense of justice is outraged hence “ cognitive dissonance” according psychologists would be the order of the day. Ezeali and Esiagu (2009:112). According to Edward E. Lawler 111,(2008) ,the more important pay or remuneration is, the more power it has to motivate behaviour. Increasing the importance of pay will therefore increase it’s power to motivate. An underpaid staff is les creative and will be of great waste than assets to the employer”. It has been observed that many instance of industrial unrest and strike actions witnessed in Nigeria and many other parts of the world today are due to the perceived inequity in remuneration of workers.

The Nigerian national petroleum corporation, NNPC, was established on April 1, 1977, under the statutory instrument decree No. 33 of same year by a merger of Nigerian national oil corporation, NNOC, with its operational functions and the Federal ministry of mines and power with its regulatory responsibilities.the decree established NNPC, a public organization that would, on behalf of government,adequately manage all government interests in the Nigerian oil industry. The formation was an offshoot of different development in the country’s oil industry. The evolution of the corporation, no doubt was after the first commercial oil find was made in 1956 by shell in Olobiri in present day Bayelsa state.

This was after about half a century of exploration activities in the south western Nigerian where the explorers made numerous bitumen seepage finds.

The success of shell in Niger Delta attracted other companies. Since then, the Nigerian oil industry has gone through rapid expansion not withstanding the disruptive effects of the civil war between 1967 and 1970 and of course, the recent community problems which have grounded several operations. Between 1978 and 1989, NNPC constructed refineries in Warri, Kaduna and Port- Harcourt and took over the 35,000 barrels shell Refinery established in Port- Harcourt in 1965. in addition, the corporation constructed several kilometers of pipeline, pump stations and depots for distribution of petroleum products throughout the country and pioneered exploration activities in the Chad basin around Maiduguri. NNPC employs over 16,000 people nation wide and 700 in port-Harcourt refinery Eleme.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Remuneration is an important instrument that can insert into the workers, the strong effect to bring out their best in order to attain organizational objectives using Nigeria national petroleum corporation as a case study. Remuneration is concerned with the wage and salary administration for various jobs within particular organization in other words remuneration as a form of compensation is the rewards that individuals receive from organizations in exchange for their labour.

(Obikezie and Obi, 2004)To the employer, the most important obligation he owes his employees is their remuneration. Though, there are some non- financial rewards like praise, recognition and self esteem which workers equally value, the most essential compensation is financial compensation which can either be direct or indirect.

Direct compensation is the financial payment made at the time work is performed examples of direct compensation are; wages, salaries, over time pay, commission and bonuses. Wages are usually distinguished from salaries and refer to direct compensation received by a worker paid according to hourly rates. A worker paid on monthly, semi- monthly or weekly basic received a salary. Workers receiving a salary receiver their pay according to the specific number of hour they work. Beside, wages and salaries workers are also remunerated for their efforts by certain benefits, such benefits are paid during vacation days and holdings.

Indirect compensation are; health care, insurance and pensions.

Before remuneration can make an employee to work very well, it must have to be interms of the effort the job needs in other words a motivating remuneration is the one that is equitable to workers contribution towards the achievement of NNPC port- Harcourt objective.

Therefore, a fair remuneration programme is one that is responsive to this managerial and economic objective and ensures acquisition and maintenance of a regular adequate supply of labour for workers not to feel cheated for a remuneration scheme to satisfy or favour these workers, it must embrace the following:

- Periodic review of organization’s wages and salary structure to be in tune with the change nature of the environment.

- Control of differential rate of pay and evaluation of individual and group performance for equitable compensation, through such schemes as incentive payments, merit rating group bonus, overtime payment etc.

The term “workers performance” is very wide it is wide in the sense that it involves diverse aspects of administration and management, such aspect as office environment, office communication, and motivation etc.

Office environment as factor of workers performance affect the performance of workers. Workers today are more educated than before, they are likely to raise questions about their environment of work, since management is in itself a dynamic process; it has to support and address itself to the provision of good environment of work for workers to increased productivity.

Some of the internal conditions suitable for office environment include:-

- CLEANLINESS: If the office environment is clean it will encourage good health of workers and extension of life and conditions of equipment

- AVOIDANCE OF OVER CROWING: This permits free movement of both workers and materials as well as enhances effective operational process.

- TEMPERATURE: Workers and certain machines are successful in cool or air conditioner offices than in hot and noisy areas.

- VENTILATION: Good ventilation is relevant and necessary for effective office work adequate number of windows that can allow enough into the office is preferred.

- SANITARY CONVENIENCE: Workers at work need toilets, wash hand basins, water towel, soap etc. for their convenience.

- LIGHT: The offices should be adequately bright to assist workers especially during clouding periods and peak periods when they have to stay for into the evening.

- OFFICE PREMISES: Consideration should be given to banks, post offices, restaurants, markets, customers etc.

If all the above conditions is well provided for the workers, definitely their performance will be improved by a certain percentage. Besides the condition of offices the organization should also be responsible in provision of the residential apartment of workers because unhealthy or poor residence Scan make workers to be unhealthy. Likewise a worker can only be able to put up his or her best when healthy.

Therefore, management should care for their workers residential environment.

Communication is also an important tool that is needed by workers for effective and efficient performance of their job in an organization. It is an inevitable tool that links employers and employees in an organization and it is the foundation upon which organization and administration must be build.

Motivation is another tool for workers performance. Motivation affects workers much that is why some workers perform better than other in an organization, as a result of that individuals are motivated by different factors. Based on the above, management should have at their finger tips that they have diverse and unpredictable groups of workers to motivate. This diversity may result in different behavioural patterns which in most cases relate to needs and goals. Some of the factors of motivation are training and development, salaries and wages, benefits, welfare services, understanding between workers and management staff. Workers will prefer to work in an organization where the above motivating factors Read more.



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Combating Corruption In Nigeria. source: www.projectng.com
ABSTRACT

Writing on a project topic like ‘combating corruption in Nigeria; case study of the EFCC has presented numerous challenges, bearing in mind that not very many people are aware of the scope of responsibility being handled by the ant -graft body.

The journey takes one through in the first instance the creating of an overview of the fact that corruption really has Nigerian in its stragle hold, the recognition of the harm the corruption endemie has wrought on the Nigerian psyche and the need for fighting this human created cancer.

The need for the creation of an anti-graft body becomes very apparent when one look at the presidents set by other matters of corruption (huge as it were) swept under the carpet for lack of gats to deal with same.

The response of Nigerian as to whether the aims, objectives for the setting up of the EFCC have been met is also dealt with therein

How much can the EFCC achieve, and the question of whether Nigeria can in the end say ‘Uhuru is tackled therein.

INTRODUCTION

Nigeria became an independent nation on the 1st of October 1960.

A country richly endowed with monumental geographical and diverse natural resources ranging from crude oil to gas (natural), coal al, et.

Nigeria possesses potential market ability for rapid economic development.

However, inspite of these obvious resources and its advantage, Nigeria remains a poor and underdeveloped country.

Scholars have achieved and advanced several reasons to explain this parlous and depleting state.

One of the major and prominent factors advanced is corruption

Corruption has been a major problem in Nigeria since independence.

Perhaps, it may be that we even inherited ‘the problem’ from our colonial masters.

Numerous state institutions have become dysfunctional because of large-scale corrupt practices.

Projects are routinely abandoned, and no one is brought to book, public goods and resources are diverted to private ends.

Corruption endangers the good governance and the democracy we see today.

Corruption was cited as one of the more prominent reasons for Nigeria’s first military coup by the coupists of January 15, 1966 military putsch.

Massive corruption and resource brigandage also were sited as reasons for the military takes over by the regime of Buharil Tunde Idiagbon on December 31st 1983.

This is in-spite of the fact that even the military elite cannot be called saints on the one side.

Due to the pervasive nature of corruption in Nigeria, Nigeria’s former President Olusegun Obasanjo in his inaugural speech on May 29 1999 affirmed that corruption, the single greatest bane of our society today would be tackled head- on, at all levels.

No society can achieve its full potentials if it allows corruption to become a full blown cancer as its has become in our nation.

According to the World Bank (1997:5), “corruption thrives when economic policies are poorly designed, education levels or standards are low, civil society participation is weak, public sector management is poor, and accountability of public institutions are weak”.

Corruption has become the order of the day in our public institution, and because Government business is nobody’s business, the country continues to suffer (Nzemeke and Erhagbe: 2002:131).

Corruption has been cited as the major reason why developmental prescription, aids and policies imposed on Nigeria by international financial organizations have inexplicably failed.

Thus, corruption is indeed, to the society and the polity what HW/AIDS is to the human body

While manifestation of the “acquired immune deficiency syndrome” caused by a bio-virus, corruption is an expression of the “Deficiency of integrity syndrome” caused by a socio-virus (corruption).

‘As HW/AIDS breaks down our immune system thereby making it susceptible to ills and sicknesses, so also corruption breaks down the law and order, structure of the economy, thereby making it easy for the nation to be infested with all sorts of deficiencies and crimes.

Sam Adesua (1987: 8-9) noted that “in Nigeria, …corruption is a well – organized and well entrenched social malady bestriding the nation, but which tends to have the tacit approval of almost every Nigerian in the social ladders”.

This is an opposite description of the corruption status in the Nigerian nation.

Corruption is no doubt pervasive in the country.

It permeates all strata of both public and private life.

It is not peculiar to any regime or government, in the country.

Honesty seems to have taken flight, and corruption has in the meanwhile tremendously gained ground and become very rampant.

According to Familoni (2005:51), becoming corrupt in Nigeria is almost avoidable, as morality is lax because to survive, people have to make money.

The 1996 study of corruption by Transparency International (TI) and Goettingen University ranked Nigeria as the most corrupt nation, among the fifty-four (54) counties listed in the study with Pakistan as the second most corrupt country.

Also in the 1998 transparency international corruption perception index (CPI), the image of Nigeria dipped further as she was ranked Read More..

THE QUEST FOR POLITICAL POWER THROUGH VIOLENCE source: www.projectng.com
INTRODUCTION

Man is a being driven by an insatiable quest for dynamism. He has since the evolution of societies been preoccupied with how to effect changes in the society to maximize his well-being, man therefore, has never at any point abdicated the pressing responsibility of searching for, or evolving models of governance that would make for a better understanding and organization of the society, and one of the reasons for this conviction is to foster a blissful life for humanity devoid of rancor, violence, crisis and conflict. Thomas Hobbes insists that men decided to live under a civil society for their self-preservation and contented life such that the unfortunate and miserable situation of anarchy and conflicts would be ameliorated if not completely eliminated. The philosopher also points out that the fear of uncertainty and insecurity of lives and property prompted the formation of civil society. Jean-Jacques Rousseau also talks of preservation whereby the human race must necessarily change its nature of existence if it must continue to live and avoid violence. It is against this backdrop of social progress that Hannah Arendt points out that the glorification of violence is not restricted to small minority and eternity.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In Nigeria basically violence has taken the central field in the democracy which involves the untimely death of wanton of her citizens in the pursuit of political power. We imbibe the ideas of Georges Sorel in his Reflections on Violence, he believed that power had to be shifted from the deteriorated middle class to the working class, and that power must be acquired through only a general strike that, to be effective, must be violence[1]. Political conflict is an endemic feature of most of the world’s political systems. This is particularly true of the developing countries, including Nigeria, where political conflict, crises and even violence, became essential characteristics of the political process, especially after independence. It was perhaps Nigeria’s pride that she achieved her independence with a minimum of social disturbance and violence. Nigeria stumbled from crisis to crisis and near disintegration, as the country witnessed a marked increase in the bitterness of party, ethnic and region.

Consequently, Violence or the threat of violence is a universal phenomenon. Writing in the same vein, Charles Tilly remarks that Collective violence has flowed regularly from the political process… Men seeking to size, hold, or realign power the lever of power have continually engaged in collective violence as part of their struggle. Nigeria affords a good case for both the theoretical and empirical study of political violence. We believe that the sources and dynamics of violence in Nigeria are fundamentally comparable to those of civil violence in the other parts of the world. Nigeria rioters share with their counterparts throughout the world certain psychological characteristics; most of them feel frustrated in their pursuit of their political and economic goals and in seeking redress for grievances. In Nigeria, those who had power had no respect for the establish channels of political action, that is, the rules of the game, and political power in this country through violence leads to economic prowess and marginalization of citizens. As Arendt posited that: Power and violence are opposites, where the one rules absolutely, the order is absent. Violence appears where the power is in jeopardy, but left to its cause it ends in power’s disappearance[2]. Political violence has become a central part of political competition across much of Nigeria and it takes forms from assassination to armed clashes between gangs employed by rival politicians. This violence is most often carried out by gangs whose members are openly recruited and paid by politicians and party leaders to attack their sponsors’ rivals, intimidate members of the public, rig elections, and protect their patrons from similar attacks[3].

The 2011 general election marked another ugly milestone of political violence in the political history and culture in Nigeria. Comparatively, it is rather difficult to determine which the most violence afflicted general elections were since the return to civil rule in mid-1999.The 1999 general election was violent prone; so also was the 2003 and 2007 general elections and what was also apparent was that each general election took place under different dimension and circumstances with progression of record of casualties. The continually deteriorating economic conditions also continue to throw up new dynamics and nuances alter the pattern of political violence.

Hannah Arendt as a child experienced war and violence during her life as she wrote: these reflections were provoked by the events and debates of the last few century, which has become indeed, as Lenin predicted, a century of wars and resolutions, hence a century of that violence...[4] This currently believed to be their common denominator. There is, however, another factor in the present situation which, though predicted by nobody, is of at least equal importance. The technical development of implements of violence has now reached the point where no political goal should conceivably correspond to their destructive potential or justify their annual use in armed conflict. Hence, warfare since times immemorial the final merciless arbiter in international disputes has lost much of its effectiveness Read More

Impact Of Population Growth On The Nigeria Economy sources:www.projectng.com
ABSTRACT

It is said that the population of any country constitute the most vital component of is resource base, as time potentials for development. Population growth can be positive or gainful to any economy if managed well. For instance China is noted to be most populous country in the world but its population has been managed very well and it has helped boost their economy by increasing the level of productivity and providing cheap labour, thus having a positive impact on the economy and making them one of the best economies of the world. But if the population of any country is not well managed it will result to increase in unemployment level, crime rate, poverty and will bring sufferings to many homes. Methodologically, economic, statistical and econometric methods were used and it was observed the unemployment rate have a negative relationship with economic growth. Recommendation made include instituting Family Planning Programmes.Finally, this work help us to understand that population growth is a two track incident in the sense that it can be advantageous or disadvantageous.

INTRODUCTION

The consequences of population growth on the economic development of less developed countries are not the same because the condition prevailing in these countries are quite different from those of developed economy. Therefore the body of literature on population growth in Nigeria has always emphasized either the negative or the positive effect.

Therefore in every discussion, it is conventional to start with a definition of terms used in such discussion. However, population can be seen by a demographer as a change in the size of the population. But when this change occurs in such a way that it reduces the size of population, the demographer refers it as a negative growth but when it adds to the size of population he regards it as a positive one. What we get from this concept is that population growth can be positive or negative depending on whether there is an increase or decrease in the size of a given population. Population whether positive or negative is derived from three demographic variables such as birth, death and migration rates

Udabah (1999:62) Threw more light on this by adding that birth and death rates in underdeveloped country are quite different from that of developed countries. Births rate in underdeveloped are generally highly why those of developed countries are low. On the other hand, death rates are higher in underdeveloped nations. The higher rate of population growth is therefore a major characteristic of underdeveloped nations and is partly responsible for the low rates of economic development.

Moreover, the population of any country constitutes the most vital component of its resource base. This aspect is based mostly on its size, growth rate, spatial distribution, demographic structure and quality in terms of level of education, fitness and social welfare. Population statistics are indispensable impute into the planning process in any area. To government issuing programmes for instance in the efforts of government in the developing countries to feed the people and also provide quality services for them are being frustrated by rapid population growth. This growth is attributable on the one hand to improvement in human survival associated with the application of modern medical science to health matters, better sanitation and immunization of children which have caused the death rate to decrease.

On the other hand, so many socio-cultural issues have complimented the growth of population in Nigeria positively (Lee and Miler 1990, Rennne 1995, Ainsword et al 1996).

Consequently, the world population has been increasing and the last two decades have been demographically unprecedented as it rose from 4.2 billion people in 1985 to 6.4 billion in 2006. Much of this occurred in the developing nations as their population grew from 3.7 billion to 5.1 billion as against that of developed nation which grew from 1.1 billion to 1.2 billion over the same period (United Nation 2001 billion).

Nigerian’s population is one of the fastest growing population in the world and Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, ranked the tenths as obtained from two major sources, viz the 1991 census and the Population Reference Bureau World Population Data Sheet.

Obviously, the population of Nigeria is large which makes it a “giant” relative to the other Africa countries. The large population of Nigeria implies a large market for goods and services as well as large pool of human resources for development. However, the impact of population on development depends not only on the absolute size but also on its quality. The major function responsible for the rapid increase in the population of the country is the relatively high fertility level as portrayed by a total fertility rate of about 6.0 life - birth per woman in the 1990’s

Having seen from theoretical and empirical view that the population growth is an impediment to the economic growth and development especially under developing countries. It is then important to answer this question, how detrimental is population growth to the economic growth? To answer these we look into the interactions between population growth and any of the economic variable such as , population growth, unemployment, savings ,interest, and inflation etc. So in this research work, our demonstration of the impact of population on economic growth will be based on the study of Read More

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ONLINE STUDENT CLEARANCE SYSTEM Sources: www.projectng.com

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Clearance is a status granted individuals, typically members of Military, University graduates and Employees of Government and their contractors, allowing them access to classified information, a clearance by itself is normally not sufficient to gain access. The organization must determine that the clearance individual has a “need to know” the information. Clearance is the process of determining and negotiating any permission that are needed to melu de use of someone else’s intellectual property in creative project. Part of that process include Determining the owner(s) of the intellectual property. Contacting the owners and negotiating on agreement. Administering written contracts Handling other issue related to the use and licensing of intellectual property.
No one is supposed to be granted access to classified information solely because of rank of position, but once a clearance is obtained access to certain information or gain of freedom will be granted.
The advantage of e-learning are many, as people of all ages and backgrounds become increasingly reliant on the internet for information, online learning become more convenient and efficient here, the need for an online clearance system. The skills needed to access and comprehend information online are becoming common place, and the flexibility of wireless computing means that any coffee shop, airport or bedroom can
11
become a classroom online courses, registration, clearance have few, if any scheduling restrictions, well-integrated learning resources and competitive degree option, with an online clearance system. The changing online college landscape now includes online clearance system, traditional undergraduate and general studies programs. However career learning is still the most popular online training option.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Caritas University, Amorji-Nike Enugu is a private university approved by the Federal Government of Nigeria on Dec. 16 2004. It was officially opened on Jan. 21 2005 by the Federal Ministry of Education, Pro. Fabian Osuji. It is the second catholic university founded by Rev. Fr. Prof. EMP Edeh Cssp. The school is managed by the congregation of sisters of Jesus the savior, a religious congregation of nuns founded by him. The school operates the faculty system and presently has four faculties: Natural Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Management and Social Sciences.
In university like Caritas, there is need for automated method of keeping data, more so a greater need for an online clearance system. This would a long way in alleviating the various problems and stress involved in the manual method of clearance. Moreover, the issue of delayed youth service as a result of mobility to complete the tedious manual process of clearance would be curtailed.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The process of clearing students of a named institution CARITAS UNIVERSITY after graduation requires that the students must be cleared in their various departments and information units. Among which are: Sister’s Clearance Bursary Clearance Male Dean clearance Security Clearance Student Union Fee Departmental Due
Furthermore, for a graduating student to carry out his/her clearance from all these departments it normally takes a lot of time and a lot of processes and delay in clearing the student for youth service as well as collection of statement of results. Hence, it became imperative for computer software based online clearance system to eliminate the shortcoming of the Read More


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The Impact Of Agricultural Development On Nigeria Economic Growth, 1980– 2007 Source: www.projectng.com
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Agriculture is concerned with the husbandry of crops and animals for food and other purposes. It is the foundation upon which the development of stable human communities, such as rural and urban communities has depended on in many parts of the world. The study of economic history provides us with ample evidence that an agricultural revolution is a fundamental pre-condition for economic development. The agricultural sector has the potentials to be the industrial and economic springboard from which a country’s development can take off. Indeed, more often than not, agricultural activities are usually concentrated in the less developed rural areas where there is a critical need for rural transformation, redistribution, poverty alleviation and socio-economic development.

The agricultural sector has the potentials to shape the landscape, provide environmental benefits such as conservation, guarantee sustainable management of renewable natural resources, preserve biodiversity and contribute to the viability of rural areas. Through its spheres of activities at both the macro and micro levels, the agricultural sector is strategically positioned to have a high multiplier and linkage effect on any nation’s quest for socio economic and industrial development.

The growth of the agricultural sector in Nigeria was not smooth.

Anyanwu (1967) held that during the colonial period between 1861 – 1960, attention was given to agricultural research and extension services. Among the activities that was done, the first was the establishment of a research station in Lagos by Sir Claude McDonald in 1893. Landmarks of 10.4 km was acquired by the British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA) in 1899 for experimental purposes strictly for cotton and was named Moor Plantation in Ibadan.

In 1912, the Department of Agriculture was established in each of the then Southern and Northern Nigeria, but the activities of the department were virtually suspended between 1912 and 1921 as a result of the First World War and its aftermath. The period 1929 and 1945 was a difficult one for the agricultural sector of Nigeria. This was the period of great depression when the world prices on commodities fluctuated. This affected the agricultural sector negatively because the volume of agricultural produce increased but the value did not increase proportionately.

The period 1945 – 1954 marked the period of export boom, because countries were just recovering from the Second World War and countries that needed to develop their destroyed industrial sector were many. They depended on primary product for the beginning stage of industrialization. They needed to revitalize their industrial sector by demanding primary goods. Prices of primary products rose higher again because there were speculations that there would be a Third World War due to the outbreak of the Korean War. However, after this period, there came another period of price instability. This made the reliance on agriculture and its products to fall, leading to the establishment of a market board. This board bought these products from the local farmers and sold them overseas.

In spite of all the periods, Nigeria made a great revenue from agriculture. In the pre-Independence era, the agricultural sector contributed most to the GDP of Nigeria. Helleiner (1966) said that in 1929, export production amounted to 57% of Nigeria’s revenue and in that 57%, agriculture made up about 80% of the export. On attainment of political independence in 1960, the trend was still very much the same, the Nigerian economy could reasonably be described as an agricultural economy, because agriculture served as the engine of growth of the overall economy (Ogen, 2003: 231-234), from the stand point of occupational distribution and contribution to the GDP. Nigeria was the world’s second largest producer of cocoa, largest exporter of palm oil. Nigeria was also a leading exporter of other major commodities such as cotton, groundnut, rubber and hides and skins (Alkali, 1997: 15-16). Between 1964 – 1965, agriculture accounted for 55% of GDP and employed 70% of the adult workforce (Matton, 1981). In 1970, agricultural export crops like cocoa, groundnut, cotton, rubber, palm oil, palm kernel, etc. accounted for an average of between 65% - 75% of Nigeria foreign exchange earnings and provided the most important source of revenue for the Federal as well as State governments through export products and sale taxes (Ekundare 1973), despite the reliance of Nigerian peasant farmers on traditional tools and indigenous faming methods, these farmers produced 70% of Nigeria’s exports and 95% of its food needs (Lawal, 1997: 195).

However, the 1967 – 1970 Civil War in Nigeria coincided with the ‘Oil Boom’ era, which resulted in extensive exploration and export of petroleum and its products. This led Nigeria to neglect its strong agriculture in favour of an unhealthy dependence on oil (United States Department of State, 2005). Ever since then, Nigeria has been witnessing extreme poverty and insufficiency of basic food items. The agricultural sector contributions now account for less than 5% of Nigeria’s GDP (Olagbaju and Fashola, 1996: 263). It is against this back drop that we set out to research on the impact of agricultural development on Nigeria economic growth.

As noted earlier, the neglect of the agricultural sector and the dependence of Nigeria on a mono-cultural crude oil based economy had not augured well for the well-being of the Nigerian economy. In a bid to address this drift, the Nigerian government as from 1975 became directly involved in the commercial production of food and cash crops.

Several large scale agricultural projects specializing in the production of grains, livestock, dairies and animal feeds, to mention but a few, were established (Fasipe, 1990: 129-130). Sugar factories were also established at Numan, Lafiagi and sunti (Lawal, 1997: 196).

The Nigerian Agricultural and Co-operative Bank (NACB) was established in 1973 as part of government’s effort to invest oil wealth into the agricultural sector through the provision of credit facilities to support agriculture and agro-allied businesses (Olagunju, 2000: 90). By 1995 the bank had granted the sum of $3,179.6 million as loan to the Private Sector.

- The River Basin Development Authorities (RBDA) were conceived in 1963 and were to cater for the development of land and mineral resources potentials of Nigeria.

- Operation Feed The Nation (OFN) was commissioned in the 1970s with the main objectives of:

1) Mobilizing the nation towards self sufficiency and self reliance in food.

2) Encouraging the sector of population which relies on buying food to growing its own food.

3) Encouraging general pride in agriculture through the realization that a nation which cannot feed itself, cannot be proud etc.

The OFN which was launched in 1976 to generate public awareness of the importance of agriculture to national development, and mobilize both rural and urban dwellers to participate in agriculture, be it in conventional crop farms, fish farms, backyard gardens or poultry did not realize the objectives of reducing or eliminating food imports and achieving self-sufficiency so in 1980 it was replaced with the Green Revolution Programme.

- The Green Revolution; This was a more deliberate and calculated approach to the food production problem. The programme was followed by the mounting of food strategies mission for Nigeria by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, which estimated the level of food production needed to achieve self-sufficiency. Much of the recommendations of the programme, such as the expansion of the Integrated Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) to cover all States of the Federation, support for artisanal fishers and aquaculture and the establishment of grain storage facilities, among others, are still being implemented.

- The Directorate of Food, Roads And Rural Infrastructure (DFRI): This was established by the Federal Military Government in 1986 and was intended to bring development to the rural areas where over 70% of the population reside and work principally as farmers. The mandate given to DFRI is as follows:

1) To improve the quality of life and standard of living of the people in the rural areas.

2) To use the enormous resources of the rural areas to lay a solid foundation for the security, socio-economic growth and development activities of the rural areas to those of the Local Government Areas; the States and the Federal Government.

3) To ensure a deeply rooted and self-sustaining development process based on effectively mobilized mass participation.

In spite of all these efforts, it is heartrending to note that as from the mid 70s, Nigeria became a net importer of various agricultural products. In 1982 alone, Nigeria imported 153,000mt tons of palm oil at the cost of 92 million USD and 55,000mt tons of cotton valued at 92 million USD (Alkali, 1997:10). Between 1973 and 1980, a total of 7.07million tons of wheat, 1.62 million tons of rice and 431,000 tons of maize were imported.

Thus from N47.8 million in the 60s, the cost of food imports in Nigeria rose to N88.2 million in 1970 and N1,027.0 million in 1988 (Alkali, 1997:19-21). Since the 1990s till the ban of rice importation, Nigeria has been spending an average of 60 million USD on the importation of rice annually. In 1994, the agricultural sector performed below the projected 7.2 per cent of budgetary output. (Lawal, 1997:197-198).

Beginning from year 2000, Nigeria import expenditure on both food and live animals rose to N113,489.8 million in the year 2000 from N103,489.8 in 1999. The cost of importation continued in its upward trend, in 2002 it was N144,297.6, N201,648.3 in 2003, then N178,747.4 in 2004, N193,259.1 in 2005 and N235,440.0, N271,679.7 and N355,287.0 from 2006 to 2008 respectively. (National Bureau of Statistics, and CBN Statistical Bulletin Golden Jubilee Edition, 2008).

Between 1995 and 1998, the Government further embarked on the reformation of lending policies of the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS) for easier access to agricultural credit. It also established the Calabar Export Processing Zone (EPZ) and initiated the Enugu, Kaduna, Jos and Lagos EPZs with each specializing in specified food and export crops.

In fact, the National Rolling Plan for 1996 – 1998 assumed that by the year 2000, Nigeria would have been able to feed its population, develop the capacity to process agricultural raw materials both for local industries and for export and significantly increase the contributions of the agricultural sector to the GDP (Lawal, 1997:193). These objectives have turned out to be a mirage mainly because of official corruption.

In order to get out of this, the Nigerian Government need to actively promote the establishment of the kind of agro-based industries that are capable of processing Nigeria’s agricultural raw materials in a most efficient manner. Thus the emphasis should be on the local processing of raw crops for local industries as well as for exports. This will create more employment opportunities and additional income will be generated. The provision of agricultural subsidies for fertilizer, farm implements and equipment would also boost agricultural production. In addition, there is the need to protect the agricultural sector from foreign imports and competition. It is also necessary to provide replanting grants to cash crops farmers so that they can replace their old trees with newer varieties.

It has been observed that in spite of the fact that these newer varieties are higher yielding and relatively easy to maintain with a shorter maturation period, most farmers are reluctant to do away with their old, plantations because of the high cost of replanting new ones. (Ogen, 2004:135). It is equally important to provide special welfare schemes for farmers that will form part of a social policy to alleviate rural poverty and the redistribution of income in favour of the rural poor. Government should also strive to promote greater efficiency in the rural areas by extending equal social benefits, establishing national schemes for agrarian reforms and improving the quality of life in areas that are quite remote so as to alter the movement of people from rural communities to urban areas. Furthermore, the resuscitation and development of the critically ailing Nigeria Sugar Industry and its bye-products, especially ethyl alcohol (ethanol) which Read More

Economics Project Topics and Research Materials in Nigeria. Sources: www.projectng.com

Here are the list of recent Economics Project Topics for final year student, Select any of the topic to download the complete Project
He Impact Of Fiscal Policy On The Nigeria Economy

Unemployment And Inflation In Nigeria

The Role Of The Agricultural Sector As An Accelerator To Nigeria Economy

The Role Of Microfinance Bank Credit On Agricultural Development In Nigeria (1980-2010)

The Role Of Stock Market In The Growth Of Nigerian Economy (1980 – 2010)

The Impact Of Value Added Tax On Nigerian Economic Growth (1994-2010)

The Impact Of Unemployment On Economic Growth In Nigeria (1982-2010)

The Impact Of Salary Increase On Inflation In Nigeria

The Impact Of Transportation On The Nigerian Economy (1980 – 2010)

The Impact Of Population Growth On The Nigerian Economy (1980-2010)

The Impact Of Privatization And Commercialization Of Public Enterprises On Economic Growth Of Nigeria

The Impact Of Petroleum Subsidy On The Consumption Of Petroleum Products In Nigeria

The Impact Of Oil Revenue On The Economic Growth In Nigeria (1980-2010)

The Impact Of Monetary Policy On Nigeria Economy (1980 2010)

The Impact Of Minimum Wage Fluctuation On Growth Of Nigerian Economy

The Impact Of Microfinance On Entreneurship Development In Nigeria

The Impact Of Labour Market Crisis On Developing Economics The Nigeria Experience (1980-2010)

The Impact Of Indutrialization On Nigeria Economic Development

The Impact Of Industrialization On Nigeria’s Economic Development

The Impact Of Industrial Output On The Economy Of Nigeria (1980-2010)

The Impact Of Globalization On The Industrial Growth Of Nigeria (1980 - 2010)

The Impact Of Government Expenditure On Economic Growth In Nigeria (1980-2010)

The Impact Of Globalization On Industrial Growth Of Nigeria (1985-2011)

The Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment On Economic Growth In Nigeria

The Impact Of Financial Sector Development On Economic Growth In Nigeria (1987-2011

The Impact Of Capital Market On The Economic Growth Of Nigeria

The Impact Of External Debt On Nigeria Economy (1985-2011)

The Impact Of Capital Market On The Economic Development In Nigeria (1985-2011)

The Growth Of Nigerian Economy And Unemployment (1980-2010)

The Effect Of Urbanization And Unemployment On The Nigerian Economy

The Effect Of Unemployment On Economic

The Effect Of External Devt On The Nigeria Economic Growth (1989-2010)

The Determinant Of Savings In Nigeria (1985-2011)

The Contributions Of Insurance Industry To Gross Domestic Product (gdp) In Nigeria (1985 – 2010)

The Contribution Of Bank Of Industry (boi) To Industrial Development In Nigeria (1980-2010)

The Analysis Of The Impact Of Unemployment And Inflation On Balance Of Payment In Nigeria (1980-2010)

The Role Of The Nigerian Stock Exchange On Capital Formation (1980-2011)

Recapitalization Policy And The Banks Performance In Nigeria (1985 - 2010)

Real Exchange Rate And Non Oil Export In Nigeria (1980-2010)

Poverty And The Nigerian Economy

Population Growth And Economic Development In Nigeria (1981-2011)

Inequality And Taxation In Nigeria (1980-2010) A Project

Impact Of Non Oil Export On Nigerian Economy (1986-2010)

The Impact Of Female Labour Force On The Economic Growth Of Nigeria (1980-2010)

Impact Of Government Expenditure On Nigerian Economic Growth (1981 – 2010)

Foreign Direct Investment And Its Impact On The Development Of Nigerian Economy

Exchange Rate Fluctuation And Export Performance In Nigeria (1961-2011)

Determinants Of Investment In Nigeria (1985-2011)

Budget Deficit And Current Account Balance In Nigeria (1986- 2010)

An Evaluation Of The Impact Of Napep On Entrepreneurship Development In Nigeria

An Empirical Analysis Of The Impact Of Private Sector On The Economic Growth And Development Of Nigeria (1980-2010)

A Comparaa Comparative Study Of Expenditure Control Methods In Government And Privately Owned Hospitalstive Study Of Expenditure Control Methods In Government And Privately Owned Hospi

An Investigation Of The Contributions Of Microfinance Banking Institution To Capital Formation In Nigeria (1992-2010)

An Evaluation Of The Impact Of Napep On Entrepreneurship Development In Nigeria (a Case Study Of Imo State)

An Empirical Analysis Of The Impact Of Private Sector On The Economic Growth And Development Of Nigeria (1980–2010)

A Comparative Study Of Expenditure Control Methods In Government And Privately Owned Hospitals. (a Study Of University Of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu And Toronto Hospital Onitsha)

The Role Of Commercial Banks To The Industrial Development Sector In Nigeria A Case Study United Bank For Africa (uba) (1980-2007)

The Impact Of Agricultural Development On Nigeria Economic Growth, 1980– 2007

Determinants Of Investment In Nigeria (1977 - 2007)

Impact Of Population Growth On The Nigeria Economy (1980 -2006)

National Savings And Economic Growth In Nigeria (1970-2007)

Globalization And Its Impact On Economic Growth Of The Nigerian Economy (1986 - 2008)

The Determinants Of Balance Of Payment In Nigeria (1983 – 2007)

The Impact Of Exchange Rate Variations On Aggregate Demand In Nigera (1979 -2008)

Determinants Of Savings In Nigeria (1980 – 2007)

Impact Of Public Agriculture Expenditure On Agricultural Output And Economic Growth: (1978-2007)

The Oil Sector Vis-À-vis The Agricultural Sector; The Nigerian Experience (1981-2007).

The Relative Impact Of Oil And Non-oil Exports On Economic Growth In Nigeria: 1983-2007

Problems And Prospects Of Small And Medium Enterprises In Nigeria. A Case Study Of Enugu East Senatorial Zone.

An Econometric Anaylsis Of The Effects Of Monetary Policy On Nigerian Economy

The Problem Of Government Budgeting Implementation In Developing Countries (a Case Study Of Nigeria) 1986-2006

The Impact Of Stock Market Performance On The Growth Of Nigerian Economy

Trade Openness And Output Growth In Nigeria: An Econometric Analysis (1970-2007)

Accessing The Effectiveness Of The 2016 Budget As A Road Map For Correction, Diversification And Industrialization Of Nigeria Economy Asst

The Problems And Effect Of Old Age In Udi Local Government Area, Enugu State

Problems And Prospects Of Small And Medium Enterprises In Nigeria. A Case Study Of Nnewi North L.g.a Anambra State.
ABSTRACT

The major purpose of this study is to determine factors influencing small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. To determines the extent finance house strick condition have affected the development of small and medium enterprise in Nigeria and also assess the extent poor financing has affected small and medium business operations. This study will help small and medium enterprise to assess and appraise their role in solving the problems of unemployment in Nigeria. It will guide the compliance with government monetary policy. It will also equally server as a guideline to researchers who may wish to decide with this study in the future. The following findings were made is the course of analyzing the data. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of small and medium ventures for past few years. The nature and dimension of small and medium enterprise in Nnewi North made profit of about N5000 daily. The following recommendations are made in the belief that they will promote and stabilize small and medium enterprise of implemented. To overcome the problem of financial constraints, the government should re-introduce the small business credit scheme to that beneficiaries can use them to run the small and medium enterprise
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