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BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEMS

Battery Storage Case Study

OVERVIEW
A Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) stores electric voltage energy inside of specially developed batteries. The energy is generated by solar panels, wind farms, and other green technologies. The stored energy can then be used later to power any
thing from residential homes to electric vehicles.

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are a sub-set of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs). An ESS typically contains several primary components, including the battery/power, monitoring and control systems, and a power conversion system. The
development of ESSs has opened the doors to the integration of renewable energy. Solar and wind farms can use ESSs to store electric charge as well as optimize energy efficiency.

A fire outbreak in a BESS is far more extreme than the usual fire risk posed by batteries because of the size, complexity, energy, and density of the systems and the Lithium-ion (rechargeable) battery chemistry involved. These factors contribute to significant fire risks in battery farms, electric vehicles, electric vehicle charging stations, and more.

Possible fire hazards for battery storage include mechanical
abuse (crushed, punctured, submerged), thermal abuse (over-
heating) or electrical abuse (short-circuit, overcharge, rapid discharge). Aside from physical or electrical factors, overheating can also be triggered by external high temperature. The greatest concern for fire outbreak or even explosion is when overheating results in a process called thermal runaway. Thermal runaway is
a reaction within the battery causing internal temperature and pressure to rise at a quicker rate then can be dissipated.

During a short circuit inside the battery, flammable electrolyte gases will begin to discharge rapidly. Then the battery separator breaks down. From there, the battery undergoes a violent temperature rise which may lead to risk fire. Once one battery cell enters thermal runaway, it generates enough heat to cause adjacent battery cells to also enter thermal runaway. This produces a fire that repeatedly flares up as each battery separator ruptures in turn.

One of the most concerning issues surrounding a BESS fire is that it cannot be treated like a “normal” fire due to its burn characteristics and toxic byproduct. Should an outbreak occur, specific extinguishing interventions will be required to contain the fire. Thus, early-detection and prevention is best for this application.

The FyreLine Analogue Heat Detector
The FyreLine Analogue Heat Detector is a rugged, easy-to-install detection system, consisting of a control module and detection cable, that is designed to interface with a standard fire alarm panel or addressable monitor module.

Heat sensing cables are capable of detecting heat anywhere along their length and designed for use in a vast range of applications and environments from tunnels, cable trays, racking to sensing changes in temperature within escalators and other applications where many risks of fire are hidden from view. Linear heat detection is highly cost-effective and can be easily installed with, or in place of, conventional heat detectors where traditional style detection may be difficult to install or maintain or is too expensive.

FyreLine Analogue Heat Detectors automatically compensate for changes in ambient temperature to maintain the accuracy of the alarm temperature and offer up to 500 metres of continuous detection per control module. This flexibility makes FyreLine Analogue Heat detectors extremely flexible for use in a wide range of applications.

How Does Linear Heat Detection Work?
When the temperature around the cable reaches pre-alarm temperature the control module triggers a warning, giving the user time to investigate and take any necessary action. The control module will only trigger full alarm when the temperature reaches a specified alarm point.

After an alarm is triggered the system can simply be reset with little disruption. FyreLine Analogue Linear Heat Detection cable is ‘self-restorable’ so does not need to be replaced unless it has become severely damaged.

Fire Alarm System Integration
The analogue linear heat detection control module can be connected directly to a single zone of a conventional fire alarm control panel, or, easily interfaced to an addressable loop using an addressable zone/switch monitor.

Sensing Cable Construction
FyreLine Analogue Linear Heat Detection cable is constructed using a pair of copper conductors coated in a temperature sensitive polymer whose resistance changes as a function of temperature. A calibration resistance (white) and average ambient temperature sensor (red) core are twisted with the two original conductors. A foil shield, outer sheath and optional protective coating is extruded over the twisted cores.

Wiring Configurations
Conventional Fire Alarm Systems
FyreLine Analogue Linear Heat Detection Cable should be connected to a conventional fire alarm control panel via the initiating device circuit.

In the circumstance that the area to be protected is some distance away, leader cable may be used between the FyreLine control module and the fire alarm control panel.

Addressable Fire Alarm Systems
When using FyreLine Analogue Linear Heat Detection in conjunction with an addressable fire alarm system it should be connected onto the addressable loop using a switch or zone monitor. An external power supply is needed for the FyreLine control module.

Cable Tray Temperature Monitoring

Power plants and industrial buildings often have miles of cable trays that carry power, data, and communication cables. Accumulation of heat from overloading, short circuiting, and aging cable often presents a fire hazard that can ultimately lead to lengthy downtime and even a large monetary loss.

Cable trays are often stacked underground, above the ceiling, or through the walls. As a result, the trays often take tight turns and are frequently placed in contorted positions. Over time old trays need to be removed and new trays added. Therefore, any temperature monitoring system associated with the trays must be durable and flexible to accommodate these conditions.

Senkox HSD™ Linear Hot Spot Detectors provide an ideal solution for the temperature monitoring of cable trays.

The Senkox HSD™ Linear Heat Sensors are installed on top of power cables in the cable tray. HSD sensors are mounted in a sinusoidal wave configuration along the tray to maximize coverage. The HSD sensors can then detect the real-time temperature, location and size of any emerging hot spots.


Technical Advantages
Intrinsically safe sensors, can be installed in the hazardous location.
Continuous linear sensor provides superior coverage.
Sensors withstand high temperature, can be restored after alarm.
Rugged Sensors, resistance to bending.
Sensors are easy installation and replacement.
Simply system layout.
Detect the real-time temperature of the hot spot.
Detect the position, size of the hot spot.

Senkox HSD™ Linear Hot Spot Detectors

Senkox HSD™ Linear Hot Spot Detectors are advanced multi-functional detectors that provide early detection of fire or conditions of overheating to protected areas or equipment.

Senkox HSD™ Linear Hot Spot Detectors can detect the real-time temperature, position and size of hot spots along the Senkox HSD™ Linear Heat Sensor cable. They can also provide the rate of temperature increase, and the temperature difference between hot spots and the ambient temperature. The detectors have various types of output interfaces, such as relay outputs, analog output (4~20 mA or 0~5V), and serial communication port (RS485 or RS232, Modbus/RTU protocol).

The detector consists of two major components: An HSD™ Linear Heat Sensor cable and an HSD™ DAQ Module.

System Features
Innovative HSD™ Linear Hot Spot Detection technology provides early detection of overheating
Linear sensing technology provides line coverage with superior sensitivity.
Real-time temperature measurement of temperatures ranging from -40°C to 600°C.
Detect early overheating temperature from -40°C to 80°C.
Rapid heat response time.
Rate of temperature change (ROTC) detection.

Enhanced alarm feature
Pre-alarm and alarm set point are software adjustable from -40°C to 600°C.
Full supervision for trouble alarms, include short and open circuit.
Rate of temperature change (ROTC) alarm.

Rugged and re-usable Linear Heat Sensor
Innovation sensor materials and process provide stable function and uniform sensitivity.
Sensors withstand high abrasion, high temperature and high pressure.
No damage to sensors after alarm, re-usable.

Enhanced, comprehensive hot spot detection solution
Real-time hot spot temperatures.
Hot spot position(s).
Hot spot size(s).
Rate of temperature change.
Temperature difference between hot spot and ambient temperature.

Easy installation and maintenance
Intrinsically safe.
Simple system layout, plug and play installation.
Modular system structure, easy to maintenance and replace.
Can be used as field alarm system.
Can be connected to user existing DCS or monitoring system.

System Structure
The Senkox HSD™ Linear Heat Sensor continuously detects hot spots along the sensor cable. The hot spot signals generated from the Senkox HSD™ Linear Heat Sensor cables are acquired and processed by the DAQ Module. The processed data is output through the analog output channels (4-20 mA or 0-5V) or the serial communication port (RS485 or RS232, Modbus/RTU protocol) to the user DCS system or fire alarm system.

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Deployment

Fuel Storage Temperature Monitoring System

Petroleum storage tanks and cryogenic product storage facilities (liquid natural gas, LPG, ethylene, ammonia, etc.) require sensitive temperature monitoring systems to give ample warning of elevated temperatures prior to combustion. By providing an advanced notice of rising temperatures, appropriate steps can be taken to prevent a disaster from happening. Senkox TDS-FS Temperature Monitoring System is the ideal solution to fill this role. The TDS-FS system is composed of multiple Senkox HSD Linear Hot Spot Detectors and accessories; the HSD Linear Hot Spot Detector includes HSD linear heat sensors and DAQ modules.

The flexibility of the Senkox HSD Linear Heat Sensor cables, allows it to be mounted around the tank. The system provides real-time temperature monitoring and also detects the precise location of hot spots. As a result, safety personnel have real-time data of the thermal conditions of the storage tanks. This feature provides advanced warning and extra time for working personnel to deal with cases of overheating. It also clearly identifies the hot spot location.

Floating roof tanks are vulnerable to elevated temperatures due to the highly abrasive environment and presence of flammable gases. HSD Linear Hot Spot Detectors are most likely to occur near the secondary seal of a floating roof tank, as these are the areas that suffer most from high abrasion and the presence of flammable gases. The HSD sensors are installed along the secondary seal of the floating roof tank to provide real-time data regarding temperature changes.

Spherical storage tanks are commonly located in areas of high fire risk. HSD sensors are installed on the surface of the sphere, allowing continuous temperature monitoring. Detection of any hot spots will trigger location specific sprinkler systems.

Technical Advantages
Sensors are intrinsically safe, and can be installed in hazardous locations.
Continuous and flexible linear sensor provides superior coverage in tight spaces.
Continuous temperature monitoring and rapid response to changes in temperature.
Sensors are able to withstand high temperature and can be reused repeatedly.
Simple system layout with easy installation, low maintenance.
Detects the hot spot temperature in real-time.
Details the position and size of any hot spot.
Provides rate of temperature change (ROTC).


Specification
Sensor HSD Linear heat sensor
Sensor Type TLA, TLB, TLF, TPLA
Working Temperature -40 to 260 degrees C (Sensor)
Environmental
(Control Panel) Operating temperature range: -20 to 70 degrees C Relative humidity: 0 to 95%, non-condensing
Protection Degree Sensor: IP68; Control Panel: IP65.
Sensor Channels Up to 24
Communication Interface RS 485 Port, Modbus/RTU Protocol
Power Supply 12 to 35V DC, 10W max
Hazardous Location Sensor: Class I, Division 1
Control Panel: Class I, Division 2

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Fuel Storage Temperature Monitoring System

Petroleum storage tanks and cryogenic product storage facilities (liquid natural gas, LPG, ethylene, ammonia, etc.) require sensitive temperature monitoring systems to give ample warning of elevated temperatures prior to combustion. By providing an advanced notice of rising temperatures, appropriate steps can be taken to prevent a disaster from happening. Senkox TDS-FS Temperature Monitoring System is the ideal solution to fill this role. The TDS-FS system is composed of multiple Senkox HSD Linear Hot Spot Detectors and accessories; the HSD Linear Hot Spot Detector includes HSD linear heat sensors and DAQ modules.

The flexibility of the Senkox HSD Linear Heat Sensor cables, allows it to be mounted around the tank. The system provides real-time temperature monitoring and also detects the precise location of hot spots. As a result, safety personnel have real-time data of the thermal conditions of the storage tanks. This feature provides advanced warning and extra time for working personnel to deal with cases of overheating. It also clearly identifies the hot spot location.

Floating roof tanks are vulnerable to elevated temperatures due to the highly abrasive environment and presence of flammable gases. HSD Linear Hot Spot Detectors are most likely to occur near the secondary seal of a floating roof tank, as these are the areas that suffer most from high abrasion and the presence of flammable gases. The HSD sensors are installed along the secondary seal of the floating roof tank to provide real-time data regarding temperature changes.

Spherical storage tanks are commonly located in areas of high fire risk. HSD sensors are installed on the surface of the sphere, allowing continuous temperature monitoring. Detection of any hot spots will trigger location specific sprinkler systems.

Technical Advantages
Sensors are intrinsically safe, and can be installed in hazardous locations.
Continuous and flexible linear sensor provides superior coverage in tight spaces.
Continuous temperature monitoring and rapid response to changes in temperature.
Sensors are able to withstand high temperature and can be reused repeatedly.
Simple system layout with easy installation, low maintenance.
Detects the hot spot temperature in real-time.
Details the position and size of any hot spot.
Provides rate of temperature change (ROTC).


Specification
Sensor HSD Linear heat sensor
Sensor Type TLA, TLB, TLF, TPLA
Working Temperature -40 to 260 degrees C (Sensor)
Environmental
(Control Panel) Operating temperature range: -20 to 70 degrees C Relative humidity: 0 to 95%, non-condensing
Protection Degree Sensor: IP68; Control Panel: IP65.
Sensor Channels Up to 24
Communication Interface RS 485 Port, Modbus/RTU Protocol
Power Supply 12 to 35V DC, 10W max
Hazardous Location Sensor: Class I, Division 1
Control Panel: Class I, Division 2

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