₦airaland Forum

chinese8107:
air bag is standard equipted for most cars except some trucks or tractors in China.. ESC is optional, However if the customer in a paticular contry don't ask for or the law is not strictly enforced to have,it may not have,I don't know about South Africa law but some asian countries don't have such restriction.country like maymar even handmade vheicles can be allowed driven on road some WWII vheicles is stil in serves without air bag & ESC .

it's just simply a business strategy for car maker allowing customer to have options.if a customer don't drive in highway or snow or muddy road,ESC may not be a must.the same as air bag,if the customer dare to drive an assembling car he may not ask for an air bag

pic: this kind of WWII JEEP is still avilable for sale in many countries.

He's Kenyan.

MikeCZA:
He's Kenyan.

what are telling us,in south africa your SUV are death traps with no air bag & ESC Systems and even no seat belt is allowed. that's your standard !?

africaken254:
what are telling us,in south africa your SUV are death traps with no air bag & ESC Systems and even no seat belt is allowed. that's your standard !?

You talking about Souh Africa man.

MikeCZA:
You talking about Souh Africa man.

if you dont want to have a civilised conversation with us savages in africa ,you can as well find another western forum which suits your more evolved pure people

Nemesis please can you identify the naval strike missile being tested here.

Chinese J-20

africaken254:
if you dont want to have a civilised conversation with us savages in africa ,you can as well find another western forum which suits your more evolved pure people

You are talking about South Africa mate.

Don't bring up race into this please. But if we have such low standards with our cars then the situation up North is worse.

MikeCZA:
You are talking about South Africa mate.

Don't bring up race into this please. But if we have such low standards with our cars then the situation up North is worse.

if you took the time to read the article you wont be dragging this issue to nowhere,the article stated SUV,SUV,SUV,SUV not jeeps,not tractors,not bicycles,not planes but SUV,SUV,SUV.Now when ever you start a discourse with chinese8107 ,he/she will drag the issue into never things that you were never ever talking about.the article clearly stated that SUV have issues with having a higher centre of gravity putting them more at risk of rolling over thus why a SUV having an electronic stability control is essential

jakeporeshenko:
Nemesis please can you identify the naval strike missile being tested here.

naval strike missile (NSM)

africaken254:
if you took the time to read the article you wont be dragging this issue to nowhere,the article stated SUV,SUV,SUV,SUV not jeeps,not tractors,not bicycles,not planes but SUV,SUV,SUV.Now when ever you start a discourse with chinese8107 ,he/she will drag the issue into never things that you were never ever talking about.the article clearly stated that SUV have issues with having a higher centre of gravity putting them more at risk of rolling over thus why a SUV having an electronic stability control is essential

having ESC or not depends on the buyer,if a buyer lives in areas with narrow and bad road condition and traffic jams everyday,he can only drive with average speed below 40km/h, an ESC system most likely doesn't work,this is typical in many Asian countries.

Taiwan made MALE UAV

 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-slJVOnZzl0&feature=youtu.be

chinese8107:
.

There you go Type 052D destoryer China has at leat 13 units

type 052c was suffering from cooling problems (for the radars integrated to the ship fuselage), later they went to the Ukrainians and bought the necessary tech and now we have the Type 052D

jakeporeshenko:
Nemesis please can you identify the naval strike missile being tested here.

aa africaken254 said it is NSM a 5 gen AShM.
it is equipped with a IIR based seeker and the missile is claimed to be a stealthy one , weights only 400kg . it is made by Norway.

i think if it is equipped to naval helicopters then i would be very very deadly in AShM role.

worth mentioning is the void-sensing Programmable Intelligent Multi-Purpose Fuze to detonate the 125kg warhead.

all in all a very capable missile.

India seems to have signed a 5 billion dollar agreement for S400 SAM.

details r sketchy and will not be made official.

but what i know it will be a "hybrid" S400+ SAM system incorporating S500 technology together with Israeli radars like ULTRA C6 and ULTRA C22 including BMS.

all work done on it and with the related TOT associated with S400+ SAM will make way into the in development/testing Indian ABM/BMD and will complementing each other in the future.

what is funny is the US has also offered India the ER-THAAD .

lets see.

africaken254:
4 active,6 complete e.t.c ,don't assume your dealing with morons !

13 planned

LCH digital camo

S-400 basically makes use of four different types of missiles

1.40N6E (supersonic speed) (HE frag warhead)
2.9M96E2 (supersonic speed) (HE frag warhead)
3.48N6E3 (supersonic speed) (HE frag warhead)
4.48N6E2 (supersonic speed) (HE frag warhead)

S-500 in addition to above includes

1.40N6M (supersonic speed) (?)
2.77N6-N (hypersonic speed) (HIT TO KILL interceptors)
3.77N6-N1 (hypersonic speed) (HIT TO KILL interceptors)


the 77N6-N and the 77N6-N1 hypersonic missiles will be equipped with on-board nose-mounted, Ka-band millimeter-wave active phased-array radar seekers and their real-time discrimination algorithms required for fire-control and guidance of hit-to-kill interceptors.

from here onwards plz take everything with a pinch of salt and dont blame me i warned u. it might happen or might not happen depending on the present and future negotiations which r a continuous process...... it is based on feelers and not confirmed

the Israelis and the Russians have proposed a hybrid S-400 system aka S-450MKI . it is hybrid because

1.integration of Israeli long range radars.
a. ULTRA family Radar (C-6 and C-22)

ULTRA family of AESA UHF radars is made by IAI and represents a formidable capability of Early Warning and long range search and tracking of low observable Air Breathing Targets (ABTs), and ballistic missiles. The radars offer an advantage of low RCS targets detection at long ranges, operation under all weather conditions, and in the presence of dense electromagnetic environments.

The ULTRA radars use a modular, common UHF-band cluster architecture capable of wide angle electronic scan in both elevation and azimuth. The basic cluster can be modularly scaled to 6 and up to a 22 cluster configuration which offers extended detection ranges and tracking accuracies. Other cluster configurations are possible to meet specific customer's requirements.

The ULTRA-C1 (single cluster configuration) is a lightweight mobile system designed to provide an autonomous search and detection capability up to 500km for a typical fighter aircraft. The ULTRA-C6 (six clusters configuration) is designed for an Early Warning and long range of satellites, ballistic missiles and airborne targets at long ranges, while the ULTRA C-22 (22 clusters configuration) is a strategic system for ballistic missiles and space objects detection and tracking at very long ranges.

The ULTRA radars can be used as autonomous search radar, supporting all defence layers: Air Defence Surveillance for medium range, Early Warning system for long ranges, and a strategic system for very long ranges.

though i believe India might go for the TERRA dual band radar System which comprises the ULTRA UHF band radar and the new AESA ELM-2090S SPECTRA S-band radar.

The TERRA comprises of the ULTRA UHF band radar (ELM-2090U) and the new ELM-2090S SPECTRA S-band very-long-range search and track radar. TERRA's enhanced performance is achieved through automatic handover and redundancy between the ULTRA and SPECTRA radars, combined with improved target load sharing, Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) and severe-weather resilience.

it is designed for early-warning, detection and accurate tracking of very long range targets such as ballistic missiles, satellites and air-breathing targets.

The new SPECTRA Active Electronic Scanned Array (AESA) radar which can also perform as a standalone system, is a transportable ground-based or shipborne radar system designed to autonomously detect and simultaneously track multiple tactical ballistic missiles. The SPECTRA provides high-accuracy target tracking, and real-time launch point and impact point estimations. The high-power GaN AESA technology implemented in the radar includes thousands of transmit/receive modules that provide high efficiency, reliability and graceful degradation.

2.addition of the 77N6-N and 77N6-N1 hypersonic missiles from the S-500 to the Indian version of the S-400 together with the necessary elements required to support the said missiles.

3.integration with existing and future SAMs Barak-8, Akash-mk1, Barak-8 ER, Akash-mk2, Spyder, QR-SAM, Maitri SR-SAM, PAD and AAD (2000 km class targets), AD-1 and AD-2 (5000 km class targets), a unnamed 250km range SAM ( in R & D phase ) etc. together with Swordfish long range radar tracking radar, THALES-built Master-A fire control radar and citron tree BM/C3I systems from Israeli TADIRAN electronic systems Ltd. (same is used in Arrow ABM )

etc

Swordfish is an acknowledged derivative of the Israeli Green Pine long range radar, which is the critical component of that country's Arrow missile defense system. However, it differs from the Israeli system as it employs Indian Transmit Receive modules, signal processing, computers and power supplies. It is also more powerful than the base Green Pine system and was developed to meet India's specific BMD needs.The Swordfish LRTR currently has a range of 600 km -800 km range and can spot objects as small as a cricket ball (3-inches in diameter), which the DRDO is in the process of upgrading it to 1,500 km .

https://i.imgur.com/rc79vFQ.png

early prototype during taxi trials .

Indian UAV development is crap

https://i.imgur.com/MlJdlSa.jpg

final prototype should end up like this

and again Indian UAV R and D is crap

Vietnamese ZSU-23-4

one already dead

now plz traverse the gun a little to the right.......

aim steady....we don't want collateral damage

1.. 2... 3... fire........................... for effect

one shell one kill........................................

ADAM is down for good...............................

EVE is now all alone for me to rescue............

here i come dear......................................

nemesis2u:
S-400 basically makes use of four different types of missiles

1.40N6E (supersonic speed) (HE frag warhead)
2.9M96E2 (supersonic speed) (HE frag warhead)
3.48N6E3 (supersonic speed) (HE frag warhead)
4.48N6E2 (supersonic speed) (HE frag warhead)

S-500 in addition to above includes

1.40N6M (supersonic speed) (?)
2.77N6-N (hypersonic speed) (HIT TO KILL interceptors)
3.77N6-N1 (hypersonic speed) (HIT TO KILL interceptors)


the 77N6-N and the 77N6-N1 hypersonic missiles will be equipped with on-board nose-mounted, Ka-band millimeter-wave active phased-array radar seekers and their real-time discrimination algorithms required for fire-control and guidance of hit-to-kill interceptors.

from here onwards plz take everything with a pinch of salt and dont blame me i warned u. it might happen or might not happen depending on the present and future negotiations which r a continuous process...... it is based on feelers and not confirmed

the Israelis and the Russians have proposed a hybrid S-400 system aka S-450MKI . it is hybrid because

1.integration of Israeli long range radars.
a. ULTRA family Radar (C-6 and C-22)

ULTRA family of AESA UHF radars is made by IAI and represents a formidable capability of Early Warning and long range search and tracking of low observable Air Breathing Targets (ABTs), and ballistic missiles. The radars offer an advantage of low RCS targets detection at long ranges, operation under all weather conditions, and in the presence of dense electromagnetic environments.

The ULTRA radars use a modular, common UHF-band cluster architecture capable of wide angle electronic scan in both elevation and azimuth. The basic cluster can be modularly scaled to 6 and up to a 22 cluster configuration which offers extended detection ranges and tracking accuracies. Other cluster configurations are possible to meet specific customer's requirements.

The ULTRA-C1 (single cluster configuration) is a lightweight mobile system designed to provide an autonomous search and detection capability up to 500km for a typical fighter aircraft. The ULTRA-C6 (six clusters configuration) is designed for an Early Warning and long range of satellites, ballistic missiles and airborne targets at long ranges, while the ULTRA C-22 (22 clusters configuration) is a strategic system for ballistic missiles and space objects detection and tracking at very long ranges.

The ULTRA radars can be used as autonomous search radar, supporting all defence layers: Air Defence Surveillance for medium range, Early Warning system for long ranges, and a strategic system for very long ranges.

though i believe India might go for the TERRA dual band radar System which comprises the ULTRA UHF band radar and the new AESA ELM-2090S SPECTRA S-band radar.

The TERRA comprises of the ULTRA UHF band radar (ELM-2090U) and the new ELM-2090S SPECTRA S-band very-long-range search and track radar. TERRA's enhanced performance is achieved through automatic handover and redundancy between the ULTRA and SPECTRA radars, combined with improved target load sharing, Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) and severe-weather resilience.

it is designed for early-warning, detection and accurate tracking of very long range targets such as ballistic missiles, satellites and air-breathing targets.

The new SPECTRA Active Electronic Scanned Array (AESA) radar which can also perform as a standalone system, is a transportable ground-based or shipborne radar system designed to autonomously detect and simultaneously track multiple tactical ballistic missiles. The SPECTRA provides high-accuracy target tracking, and real-time launch point and impact point estimations. The high-power GaN AESA technology implemented in the radar includes thousands of transmit/receive modules that provide high efficiency, reliability and graceful degradation.

2.addition of the 77N6-N and 77N6-N1 hypersonic missiles from the S-500 to the Indian version of the S-400 together with the necessary elements required to support the said missiles.

3.integration with existing and future SAMs Barak-8, Akash-mk1, Barak-8 ER, Akash-mk2, Spyder, QR-SAM, Maitri SR-SAM, PAD and AAD (2000 km class targets), AD-1 and AD-2 (5000 km class targets), a unnamed 250km range SAM ( in R & D phase ) etc. together with Swordfish long range radar tracking radar, THALES-built Master-A fire control radar and citron tree BM/C3I systems from Israeli TADIRAN electronic systems Ltd. (same is used in Arrow ABM )

etc

Swordfish is an acknowledged derivative of the Israeli Green Pine long range radar, which is the critical component of that country's Arrow missile defense system. However, it differs from the Israeli system as it employs Indian Transmit Receive modules, signal processing, computers and power supplies. It is also more powerful than the base Green Pine system and was developed to meet India's specific BMD needs.The Swordfish LRTR currently has a range of 600 km -800 km range and can spot objects as small as a cricket ball (3-inches in diameter), which the DRDO is in the process of upgrading it to 1,500 km .

Does India really need that Akash SAM system?

Indigenous capability?

nemesis2u:
https://i.imgur.com/MlJdlSa.jpg

final prototype should end up like this

and again Indian UAV R and D is crap

One will get into service.

MikeCZA:
Does India really need that Akash SAM system?

Indigenous capability?

when the Akash program was started, India's air defense network was essentially divided into two parts - the Air Defense Ground Environment System (ADGES) and the Base Air Defense Zones (BADZ).

The ADGES network was responsible for overall airspace management and detection of intruders. The ADGES also controlled and coordinated the air defenses for large area targets.

The Base Air Defense Zones, as the name implies, was tasked with the defense of high value targets - air bases, nuclear installations and key military installations. The BADZ was a scaled down ADGES network, limited to an arc of 100km. The BADZ was a far more concentrated air defense environment than the ADGES and provides the only gap-free air defense cover in most sectors.

so you can see the the parameters of the Akash was in line with the then requirements. it was a little late to arrive but it dont matter because it was the first SAM developed indigenous and therefor delay was inevitable.

akash can target aircraft up to 30 km away, at altitude as low as 30 meters to as high as 18 to 20 km.

It has a speed of 2.5 mach is propelled by an Integrated Ramjet Rocket Engine. The use of a ramjet propulsion system enables sustained speeds without deceleration throughout its flight. a good number of other SAM missiles like Patriot simply coasts towards its targets. the Akash ramjet engine provides thrust for the missile throughout its flight (he engine is 'on' throughout the flight).

Each Akash battery consists of
1.four self-propelled Launchers (3 Akash SAMs each),
2.a Battery Level Radar - the Rajendra, and
3.a Command post (Battery Control Centre).

Two batteries are deployed as a Squadron (Air Force), while up to four form an Akash Group (Army configuration).

In both configurations, an extra Group Control Centre (GCC) is added, which acts as the Command and Control HQ of the Squadron or Group.

Based on a single mobile platform, GCC establishes links with Battery Control Centres and conducts air defense operations in coordination with air defense set up in a zone of operations. For early warning, the GCC relies on the Central Acquisition Radar. However, individual batteries can also be deployed with the cheaper, 2-D BSR (Battery Surveillance Radar) with a range of over 100 km.

Akash has an advanced automated functioning capability. The 3D CAR automatically starts tracking targets at a distance of around 150 km providing early warning to the system and operators. The target track information is transferred to GCC. GCC automatically classifies the target. BSR starts tracking targets around a range of 100 km. This data is transferred to GCC. The GCC performs multi-radar tracking and carries out track correlation and data fusion. Target position information is sent to the BLR which uses this information to acquire the targets.

The BCC which can engage a target(s) from the selected list at the earliest point of time is assigned the target in real time by the GCC. The availability of missiles and the health of the missiles are also taken into consideration during this process. Fresh targets are assigned as and when intercepts with assigned targets are completed. A single shot kill probability of 88% has been achieved by the system taking into consideration various parameters of the sensors, guidance command, missile capabilities and kill zone computations.

There are a number of possibilities for deploying Akash weapon system in autonomous mode and in group mode for neutralizing the threat profiles with defined multi-target engagement scenarios.

In the Group mode we can have number of configurations to defend vulnerable areas depending upon nature and expected threat pattern, characteristics of threat. Similarly, multiple batteries in autonomous mode can be deployed to defend vulnerable areas/points.

In a Group formation, the four Batteries can be deployed in various geometric formations, as suited to the vulnerable area being protected and the extent desired to be sanitized from enemy air threat.

1.In a box deployment pattern, an Akash group can defend an area of 62 km x 62 km.

2.In a linear array configuration, it covers an area of 98 km x 44 km.

3.Trapezoidal configuration gives defense to the largest area as compared to any other pattern of deployment covering an area of size 5000 square km.

Each Akash battery can engage up to four targets simultaneously. Each battery has four launchers with three missiles each, with each Rajendra able to guide eight missiles in total, with a maximum of two missiles per target. Up to a maximum of four targets can be engaged simultaneously by a typical battery with a single Rajendra if one (or two) missile is allotted per target. A single Akash missile has an 88% Probability of kill. Two missiles can be fired, five seconds apart, to raise the Probability of Kill to 98.5%.

Communications between the various vehicles are a combination of wireless and wired links. The entire system is designed to be set up quickly and to be highly mobile for high survivability.

The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.

Both the Army and Air Force launchers have three ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers can slew in both elevation and azimuth.

The Army Self-Propelled Launcher (ASPL) is 360 degrees slewable and its arc in elevation is from 6 to 60 degrees.

The Akash Air Force Launcher (AAFL) is 360 degree slewable, in elevation it can fire from 8 to 75 degrees in all directions depending on the mode of deployment. Akash Air force launcher features an All electro servo drive system for fully automated and remote operation.

To enable the Akash group to perform self-sufficient in the combat zone, a number of supporting specialist vehicles have been designed and developed. They are mobile and field-worthy. Their design is based on the role and task to be performed and the vehicles are accordingly allocated to the Group HQ, the Batteries, Assembly Line Area and the Field maintenance workshop.
Some of the vehicles are:
the Missile Transportation Vehicle (MTV),
the Transportation and Loading Vehicle (TLV),
the Mobile Station for Missile Checkout (MSMC) Vehicle,
the Air Compressor Vehicle (ACV), the Power Supply vehicles (GPSV, BPSV),
the Engineering Support,
Maintenance and Repair vehicles (GEM, BEM) and a few others.

These specialist vehicles assemble and prepare missiles, deliver them to Batteries, carry maintenance spares and fuel, and provide logistical engineering support. Their allocation provides for flexibility and self-sufficiency to the whole Akash Group.

RADARS OF AKASH SAM

1.Rajendra is a passive electronically scanned array radar. It is a multifunction radar, capable of surveillance, tracking and engaging low radar cross section targets. It is the heart of the Akash surface-to-air missile system and is the primary fire control sensor for an Akash battery.

Rajendra is a slewable passive phased array radar used for 3-D target detection, multi target tracking and multiple missile guidance under extreme hostile EW environment. It makes use of a passive phased array to search a volume of space, distinguish between hostile and friendly targets, automatically track up to 64 targets and command one of several launchers to engage up to 4 targets simultaneously. Initially designed as a standalone system, Rajendra is now equipped with the ability to integrate with a network of sensors, including long and medium-range surveillance radars of foreign and indigenous origin.

Rajendra's multi-element antenna arrangement folds flat when the vehicle is in motion. The Radar consists of a surveillance antenna array with 4000 phase control modules (PCM's) operating in the G/H-Band (4-8 GHz), engagement antenna array with 1000 PCM's operating in the I/J-Band (8-20 GHz), a 16-element IFF array and steering units. A powerful high-end computer computes phases for all the elements of the array. Rajendra controls the beam positioning sequence through beam requests for each track at adaptive data rates and performs multifunctional roles like search –confirm –track -interrogate targets, assign and lock on launchers, and launch/acquire/ track/guide missiles. The RDP supplies track data to remote group control centre. Rajendra features a Dual channel radar receiver and a C band transmitter, although the complete transmitting and receiving features and bands are unknown.

Rajendra radar uses phase shifters integrated in large numbers for electronic beam steering. This allows Rajendra radar to simultaneously track multiple aircraft and also guide multiple missiles towards these targets. The phased array radar rotates 360 degrees on a rotating turnstile at a moderate speed. This allows it to perform 360 degree surveillance. The phased array itself has 45 degree scan limits to either side, giving a total scan coverage of 90 degrees, if the radar array is static.

The major functions of the Rajendra are:
1.Surveillance of the assigned volume of space
2.Acquisition of aircraft targets either independently or handed over from group control centre via the 3-D CAR or from the battery surveillance radar
3.Tracking of targets (64)
4.Tracking of assigned targets (up to 4 ) and missiles (up to 8 ) during engagement
5.Command guidance of missiles (up to 8 )
6.Integrated IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) functions

2.The central acquisition radar (3D-CAR) is a 3D radar for use with Akash SAM capable of tracking 150 targets.Central acquisition radar (CAR) is a medium-range high-resolution 3D surveillance radar. The radar employs a planar array antenna and provides simultaneous multi-beam coverage. It can handle 150 targets in track while scan mode.

features of 3D CAR radar (airforce , army and naval versions)

Medium-range 3D surveillance
1.S band operation
2.Surveillance range more than 180 km
3.Covers elevation of 18 km in height
4.High altitude deployability
5.Deployment in less than 20 minutes
6.150 Targets in TWS
7.Array of ECCM features
8.Integrated IFF
9.Capable of detecting low-altitude targets, and also supersonic aircraft flying at over Mach 3 speed
10.Frequency agility and jammer analysis


cost of akash missile is very low compared to similar missiles of its class.
total orders (army + airforce) is more than 5 billion dollars and nearly 1000 of these missiles have been produced till date and continuing.

also Akash Mk-II is in development longer range, better guidance system and fire control system, maybe a active seeker etc. details are not known.

pic 1 akash mk1 sam

pic 2 akash mk1 army version tactical control radar

pic 3 akash mk1 command and control consoles

pic 4 akash mk1 army version 3D-CAR

pic 1 akash mk1 army version rajendra radar

pic 2 akash mk1 airforce version 3D-CAR , power source and data center

pic 3 and 4 akash mk1 airforce version launcher

pic 1 IAF-specific Ashwini S-band MRSR

pic 2 akash mk1 missile system simulator

pic 3 Akash mk1 IAF-specific Deployment Pattern

pic 4 Akash mk1 missile IAF-specific checkout facility and squadron control center