₦airaland Forum

Power and Silence: When Censorship Speaks Louder Than Words – The Nigerian Experience

In every society, the freedom to speak truth to power is a hallmark of democracy. But what happens when that freedom is stifled—not with guns or chains, but with silence? In Nigeria, the story of censorship is not always one of loud crackdowns, but of quiet erasure, subtle suppression, and an ever-present fear that often speaks louder than words.

The Subtle Power of Censorship

Censorship in Nigeria takes many forms: the shutdown of news platforms, social media bans, intimidation of journalists, and the silencing of dissenting voices. These actions are often justified by vague references to “national security,” “fake news,” or “public morality.” But behind these justifications lies a system that seeks to control narratives, curtail criticism, and maintain political dominance.

When the Nigerian government banned Twitter in 2021, following the deletion of a controversial tweet by then-President Muhammadu Buhari, it sent a powerful message. That single act of censorship was not just about a social media post—it was about control. Millions of Nigerians, particularly youth, use Twitter for activism, news, and organizing. Silencing that space was akin to muting a generation.

Fear and Self-Censorship

Perhaps more dangerous than overt censorship is self-censorship—when journalists, writers, and citizens begin to silence themselves out of fear of reprisals. In Nigeria, where whistleblowers and activists have faced arrests, threats, or worse, many choose to stay silent. The fear of being labeled “unpatriotic,” “a threat to peace,” or even a “terrorist sympathizer” can be enough to discourage even the boldest voices.

In universities, researchers sometimes avoid sensitive political topics. In the media, editors may “kill” stories deemed too risky. On social media, users often avoid criticizing powerful politicians or institutions, knowing that digital surveillance is growing.

The Economic Weapon

Censorship also wields economic power. Media outlets that criticize the government may lose advertising revenue, face legal battles, or have their licenses threatened. Independent voices struggle to survive, while state-aligned broadcasters flourish. This creates an information imbalance, where only one side of the story is told—and often, it is the version that serves those in power.

Artists, Satirists, and the Language of Silence

In response, Nigerian artists, poets, filmmakers, and musicians have found creative ways to protest without words. Through metaphor, satire, and symbolism, they speak truths that can’t be said aloud. Films like October 1, songs like Fela Kuti’s “Zombie,” and protest art from the #EndSARS movement show that even in silence, resistance grows.

But even these forms of expression are increasingly under threat. Film censorship boards, music bans, and “morality” laws have been used to curtail artistic freedom, further shrinking the space for free expression.

The Role of the People

Yet, amid the silence, there is resilience. Nigerians have repeatedly pushed back against censorship—through street protests, underground publications, independent media, and digital activism. The 2020 #EndSARS protests are a powerful reminder that when the people speak collectively, even silence cannot hold.

Civil society groups, human rights organizations, and tech-savvy youths continue to challenge attempts to silence them. Through VPNs, alternative platforms, and legal action, Nigerians are finding new ways to break the silence.

Conclusion: The Loud Message of Silence

In Nigeria, censorship often wears a quiet mask. It does not always jail or kill—it sometimes simply erases. It deletes, delays, and distorts. But this silence, paradoxically, becomes its own form of power. It shapes what people think, believe, and fear.

And yet, within that silence, there is still sound—whispers of resistance, echoes of truth, and the unrelenting hope of a people who refuse to be muted.

When censorship speaks louder than words, it is up to the people to listen closely, speak boldly, and never stop telling their stories.


Prince Festus Oyom, A public affairs analyst and social commentator

The Crowd Mind: How Mass Movements Shape Political Realities

In the vast political landscape of Nigeria, the power of the collective has repeatedly shaped the nation's direction. From the streets of Lagos to the corners of social media, mass movements have become instruments of both resistance and reform. Understanding how the “crowd mind” functions—how people think, act, and feel collectively—sheds light on Nigeria’s turbulent but resilient democratic evolution.

The Psychology of the Crowd

The concept of the “crowd mind” originates from 19th-century social theorists like Gustave Le Bon, who argued that individuals in a crowd often surrender personal responsibility and rationality, becoming emotionally driven and suggestible. In Nigeria, this dynamic can be seen in how quickly social discontent can transform into national protests or how a viral message can ignite widespread unrest.

Historical Mass Movements in Nigeria

The Anti-SAP Protests of the 1980s

The Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) introduced under military rule sparked widespread opposition. With inflation, fuel price hikes, and job losses, Nigerians took to the streets in cities like Lagos and Ibadan. Though heavily suppressed, these protests marked a foundational moment for political resistance.

The June 12 Movement

Following the annulment of the 1993 election—widely believed to have been won by Moshood Abiola—Nigerians engaged in mass protests and civil disobedience. This movement unified citizens across ethnic and religious lines, showing how the crowd mind can galvanize national identity and demand democratic accountability.

The #EndSARS Movement: A Modern Revolution

The #EndSARS protests of 2020 were a powerful example of the modern crowd mind. Sparked by years of police brutality and state repression, the movement was largely decentralized, youth-led, and organized via social media. Protesters across Nigeria (and the diaspora) echoed a single demand: end the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS).

What made #EndSARS unique was its digital backbone. Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp acted as platforms of mobilization, fundraising, and advocacy. Celebrities, influencers, and activists became amplifiers of the collective will. The Lekki Toll Gate shootings on October 20, 2020, marked a tragic climax—but the movement left an indelible impact on Nigeria’s political consciousness.

The Double-Edged Sword of the Crowd

While mass movements can be forces for good, the crowd mind can also enable chaos, misinformation, and mob justice. In Nigeria, religious riots, xenophobic violence, and ethnic clashes often stem from emotionally charged crowds driven by rumor or fear. Politicians and interest groups can exploit these sentiments, turning collective passion into instruments of division.

The Role of Social Media

In today’s Nigeria, the digital crowd often precedes the physical one. Hashtags trend faster than policies are made. While this enhances civic engagement, it also comes with dangers: disinformation, cyber-bullying, and coordinated propaganda.

Yet, social media has democratized activism. A previously silenced youth demographic now has a voice. Campaigns for voter registration, civic education, and policy reform are thriving online.

Mass Movements and Electoral Politics

Crowd dynamics play a vital role in election seasons. Political rallies, especially in major cities, serve not just as campaign platforms but as psychological battlegrounds. The perception of crowd size and enthusiasm can influence undecided voters and shape media narratives.

In the 2023 elections, the rise of the “Obidient” movement—supporters of Peter Obi—reflected a youth-driven demand for change. Though the movement did not result in an electoral victory, it showcased the crowd mind’s ability to challenge long-standing political structures.

Moving Forward: Harnessing the Power of the Crowd

To shape Nigeria’s political realities positively, the power of mass movements must be harnessed constructively:

Civic education should accompany activism to ensure informed decision-making.

Youth engagement must be nurtured not only during protests but also through policymaking and governance.

Responsible media use, particularly on digital platforms, is critical to prevent misinformation-driven unrest.

Conclusion

Nigeria’s history is deeply intertwined with the spirit of mass movements. The crowd mind has toppled regimes, birthed new political narratives, and challenged corruption. But it can also mislead and destabilize if unchecked. As Nigeria continues to evolve, the challenge remains: to channel the energy of the collective into lasting institutional reform and democratic resilience.


Prince Festus Oyom, A public affairs analyst and social commentator

The Illusion of Freedom in a Control Society: The Case of Modern Nigerian Politics


Since its transition from military rule in 1999, Nigeria has embraced democratic structures—regular elections, multiparty politics, and formal civil liberties. However, beneath this surface lies a more complex and insidious structure of power. Drawing on Gilles Deleuze’s concept of the “control society,” this article argues that modern Nigerian politics is defined not by genuine freedom, but by a managed illusion of choice, surveillance, and economic dependency.

Theoretical Framework: From Disciplinary to Control Societies

French philosopher Gilles Deleuze (1992) proposed that contemporary societies have moved beyond Foucault’s disciplinary structures—schools, prisons, factories—towards more fluid systems of control. In a control society, individuals are no longer physically confined but are instead continuously modulated through networks, data, and technology.

This shift is key to understanding how power operates in Nigeria today: not primarily through overt repression, but through soft, decentralized, and digital mechanisms that allow the illusion of freedom to persist.

1. Electoral Democracy and the Illusion of Choice

Elections in Nigeria are widely publicized and participatory, with millions casting votes. However, the process is frequently compromised by:

Electoral fraud and vote buying (Ibeanu, 2007)

Political godfatherism and the imposition of candidates (Omotola, 2009)

Allegations of bias and inefficiency within the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) (Ibrahim & Ibeanu, 2009)

These challenges suggest that voters are often selecting between elite-controlled options, with little substantive ideological difference. Democracy functions more as ritual than reality, maintaining the appearance of public control while preserving elite dominance.

2. Digital Surveillance and Soft Repression

With the rise of technologies like:

National Identity Number (NIN)

Bank Verification Number (BVN)

SIM-NIN linkage

The Nigerian government has built a vast infrastructure for digital surveillance. While officially aimed at improving governance and security, this system has been used to monitor and silence critics. Laws such as the Cybercrimes Act of 2015 have been leveraged to arrest journalists and online commentators (Amnesty International, 2019).

Freedom of speech appears intact in theory, but in practice, many Nigerians practice self-censorship, fearing reprisal for dissenting views.

3. Economic Dependency as a Tool of Control

Over 60% of Nigerians live in multidimensional poverty (National Bureau of Statistics, 2022). Economic insecurity reduces political agency, as many citizens become dependent on patronage networks and short-term palliative programs like N-Power and TraderMoni.

Rather than empower individuals, these programs often reinforce loyalty to political patrons and limit collective mobilization. As Deleuze (1992) suggested, in a control society, “freedom” is exercised within pre-structured economic constraints, making true autonomy nearly impossible.

4. Media, Disinformation, and Emotional Distraction

Nigeria’s media landscape is lively but often compromised. State influence, elite ownership, and the strategic use of ethnic and religious propaganda shape public perception (Oso, 2012). In the digital sphere, misinformation thrives, while entertainment and celebrity culture dominate platforms like X formerly Twitter and TikTok.

This results in an emotionalized public sphere—where critical political discourse is drowned out by sensationalism. Citizens are “free” to express opinions, but meaningful engagement with power is often diverted or diffused.

5. Civil Society and the Limits of Resistance

The 2020 #EndSARS protests briefly disrupted Nigeria’s control matrix, demonstrating youth agency and digital mobilization. However, the state responded swiftly:

Freezing protester bank accounts

Seizing passports

Using state media to delegitimize the movement (Human Rights Watch, 2021)

Though civil society exists, it operates within narrow boundaries. Dissent is tolerated only when non-threatening. Activism becomes performative and contained, reinforcing the illusion of political space.

Conclusion

Modern Nigerian politics reflects the characteristics of a control society—subtle, data-driven, emotionally managed, and economically constrained. Citizens are not bound by chains, but by invisible structures that shape behavior, thought, and participation. The illusion of freedom—to vote, to speak, to hustle—masks a system in which real power remains distant and protected.

To achieve meaningful freedom, Nigeria must challenge not only authoritarian excesses but also the invisible architectures of control embedded in its political economy, digital governance, and media culture.


Prince Festus Oyom, A public affairs analyst and social commentator

Youth, Protest, and Power: The New Faces of Revolution in Nigeria

In recent years, Nigeria has witnessed a profound shift in the dynamics of activism and political engagement, driven by a new generation of young people who are no longer content to be passive observers of their future. From the streets of Lagos to the digital spaces of Twitter and Instagram, Nigerian youth are challenging corruption, injustice, and bad governance like never before. They are becoming the new faces of revolution.

The #EndSARS Movement: A Turning Point

The most visible expression of youth power in Nigeria was the #EndSARS protest of 2020. What began as an online campaign against police brutality, particularly the abuses of the now-disbanded Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), quickly grew into one of the largest youth-led protests in Nigerian history. For weeks, young Nigerians organized mass demonstrations, shared stories of police violence, and demanded accountability.

What made the #EndSARS movement revolutionary was not just its cause, but its structure. It was decentralized, leaderless, and driven largely by social media. The movement showed how young people could mobilize without traditional political affiliations or hierarchies. It also demonstrated their ability to coordinate logistics, raise funds, and amplify voices with unprecedented efficiency.

Digital Power and the Rise of Online Activism

Technology has become a key weapon in the hands of Nigerian youth. Platforms like Twitter have become tools for exposing injustice, organizing protests, and applying pressure on government institutions. Hashtags like #EndSARS, #OccupyNigeria, #SayNoToRape, and #RevolutionNow have helped create digital solidarity, both nationally and internationally.

Through these platforms, young Nigerians are not only resisting oppression—they are reshaping public discourse. They are demanding transparency, pushing for electoral reforms, and creating alternative media spaces to counter state propaganda and mainstream silence.

Barriers and Backlash

Despite their energy and innovation, Nigerian youth face significant challenges. Government crackdowns, arrests, internet shutdowns, and smear campaigns have tried to stifle their voices. After the #EndSARS protests, the government froze bank accounts of key organizers and labeled some activists as terrorists.

Yet, these measures have only revealed the growing fear among those in power—that this youth-led awakening might lead to a broader political revolution. Young Nigerians have shown resilience, adapting to repression with creativity and courage.

From Protest to Politics

Increasingly, young Nigerians are realizing that protest alone is not enough—they must also engage with the political process. More youth are running for office, joining civic organizations, and pushing for constitutional reform. The 2023 elections, while controversial, saw a significant increase in youth voter registration and participation.

Movements like Not Too Young to Run are challenging the traditional political class and advocating for the inclusion of younger voices in governance. Though the road remains long and uneven, the seeds of change have been planted.

The Future of Nigeria’s Revolution

Nigeria’s youth represent more than 60% of the population—a demographic reality that holds enormous political potential. Their power lies not just in protest, but in persistence. As they continue to demand change, innovate solutions, and challenge the status quo, they are redefining what revolution looks like in Africa’s most populous nation.

They are not the leaders of tomorrow. They are the revolutionaries of today.

Crowns and Crashes: The Cost of Political Squabbles

Throughout history, political squabbles have often played out like high-stakes dramas, with power struggles, betrayals, and shifting alliances. But behind the scenes of these palace intrigues lies a more sobering truth: the cost of such infighting is often paid not by the rulers themselves, but by the people, the economy, and the very fabric of society.

Power Struggles Through the Ages

In ancient Rome, imperial succession was rarely smooth. The lack of a clear system for transferring power led to repeated crises—civil wars, assassinations, and widespread instability. These power struggles drained the empire’s resources and undermined public trust, hastening its decline.

Centuries later, 17th-century England was torn apart by conflict between Royalists and Parliamentarians. The English Civil War not only toppled a monarchy but also devastated the economy and deeply divided society. Political squabbles in the court had metastasized into national calamity.

Even in pre-revolutionary France, aristocratic rivalries and the monarchy’s resistance to reform fueled unrest that eventually erupted into revolution. The price of elite stubbornness was mass upheaval and, ultimately, the guillotine.

Nigeria: Power, Patronage, and Paralysis

Nigeria offers a contemporary and ongoing illustration of how elite power struggles can stifle national progress. Since independence in 1960, Nigeria's political landscape has been shaped by cycles of military coups, contested elections, and intra-party rivalries. Behind much of this turmoil lies a fierce competition among elite factions for control of the country’s vast oil wealth and patronage networks.

The consequences have been far-reaching. For example, the power struggle within the ruling party during President Goodluck Jonathan’s tenure contributed to internal instability and distracted from the growing threat of Boko Haram in the northeast. Rather than uniting to confront terrorism, Nigeria’s political class was consumed by election battles and personal ambitions.

In more recent years, the friction between state and federal authorities, combined with conflicts among political godfathers, has created legislative deadlock, policy inconsistency, and economic uncertainty. Investor confidence has faltered, youth unemployment has soared, and corruption continues to siphon billions from public coffers.

The Economic Fallout

Markets are highly sensitive to political instability. In Nigeria, whenever political tension rises—especially around elections or high-profile defections—there are visible shocks: currency fluctuations, drops in foreign investment, and hesitancy from international partners.

The lack of policy continuity, often driven by political turnover and factional vendettas, undermines infrastructure projects, deters innovation, and weakens critical sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and healthcare.

Erosion of Trust and Institutions

For many Nigerians, repeated cycles of elite squabbles have fostered deep cynicism about governance. Voter turnout remains low, not out of apathy, but from a belief that elections change faces, not systems.

Institutions meant to serve the public—such as the police, judiciary, and civil service—are often caught in the crossfire of political interference, undermining their credibility and effectiveness. As faith in formal governance erodes, non-state actors—from ethnic militias to separatist movements—begin to fill the void.

Lessons and the Path Forward

Nigeria’s experience underscores the urgent need for political reforms that prioritize national interest over personal power. Electoral processes must be transparent and credible. Institutions must be insulated from partisan manipulation. Civil society, youth voices, and regional leaders must be given a seat at the table.

A stable Nigeria requires leaders who see governance not as a zero-sum game, but as a shared responsibility.

Conclusion
The lesson of history is clear: when crowns clash, countries crash. Whether in Rome, France, or modern Nigeria, the price of elite infighting is steep—measured in lost opportunities, stunted development, and human suffering. The time has come for Nigeria’s leaders to break this cycle, and for citizens to demand a politics that heals rather than harms.


Prince Festus Oyom, A public affairs analyst and social commentator

The High of Power: When Leadership Becomes Intoxication

Leadership is often seen as the pinnacle of achievement—a place of influence, prestige, and respect. But for many, leadership becomes more than a role. It becomes a rush. A high. Like an intoxicating substance, power can alter how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Over time, this rush can blur the lines between service and self-interest, leading to dangerous consequences for both the leader and those they lead.

The Psychological Effect of Power

Neuroscientific research shows that power impacts the brain in profound ways. Studies have found that powerful individuals show decreased activity in mirror neurons—those responsible for empathy and understanding others' emotions. This biological shift can make it harder for leaders to relate to the people around them, especially when feedback challenges their authority.

Moreover, the experience of being in control can create a dopamine-driven sense of reward. Leaders may begin to crave this feeling and take actions not for the good of their group or mission, but to maintain their position and the psychological rewards it brings. This marks the beginning of a dangerous transformation—when leadership shifts from responsibility to addiction.

The Power Paradox

In his book The Power Paradox, psychologist Dacher Keltner explains that the very traits that help people rise to power—empathy, collaboration, fairness—are often eroded once they attain it. This phenomenon leads to what he calls “power poisoning”: a condition in which people begin to feel above rules, beyond reproach, and immune to consequence.

Leaders intoxicated by power may stop listening, disregard dissent, and operate from a place of ego rather than ethics. The paradox is tragic: the more power one holds, the greater the opportunity to serve—yet many instead serve only themselves.

Historical and Modern-Day Lessons

History is filled with cautionary tales of power gone awry. From emperors and monarchs to CEOs and heads of state, countless leaders have fallen from grace after letting power cloud their judgment. Whether it’s the Roman emperor Nero, the fall of corporate giants like Enron, or political scandals in modern democracies, the pattern is familiar: success breeds hubris, and hubris leads to downfall.

In more contemporary settings, we’ve seen tech executives, celebrity influencers, and elected officials ignore ethical norms in the name of vision or growth. Their decisions, once inspiring, become reckless. Their leadership, once admired, becomes feared.

Warning Signs of Power Intoxication

There are common behaviors that indicate when a leader may be losing grip on reality due to power:

Isolation: Surrounding themselves only with loyalists who reinforce their views.

Infallibility Complex: Believing they are always right, regardless of evidence or consequence.

Rejection of Criticism: Dismissing feedback as disloyalty or personal attack.

Image Obsession: Prioritizing public perception over internal values or integrity.

Moral Compromise: Justifying unethical decisions in the name of success or stability.
These signs can quietly emerge and compound until the leader is entirely disconnected from the people and purpose they were meant to serve.

The Cost of Losing Control

The intoxication of power doesn’t just harm the leader—it damages entire systems. Companies collapse. Governments falter. Trust erodes. People suffer. The fallouts from unchecked leadership can take decades to repair and often leave permanent scars on collective memory.

At a personal level, leaders who succumb to the high of power often face public disgrace, internal regret, and the loss of once-strong relationships. The very thing they sought—admiration—turns into condemnation.

Sober Leadership: Staying Grounded in Power

True leadership is not about the self; it’s about service. The most effective and admired leaders are those who remain grounded despite their power. They seek counsel, remain open to criticism, and make decisions based on values, not ego.

Strategies for preventing power intoxication include:

Accountability Systems: Establishing checks and balances through boards, advisors, or trusted peers.

Ethical Training: Continuously engaging in learning that centers morality and impact.

Reflection Practices: Taking time to examine motives, actions, and consequences.

Servant Leadership Models: Prioritizing the needs of the team or community over personal ambition.

Conclusion
Leadership is a privilege, not a right. It demands humility, responsibility, and constant self-awareness. When leaders allow power to become a drug, they risk losing everything—not just for themselves, but for those they serve. The true mark of leadership isn’t how high one climbs, but how grounded they remain when they reach the top.

The Dangers of a One-Party System in Nigeria

Nigeria is a country marked by cultural, ethnic, and political diversity. As the most populous nation in Africa, its democracy thrives on plurality, open competition, and representation of various interests. However, the idea of a one-party system—where a single political party dominates governance to the exclusion of others—poses serious dangers to the country's democratic principles and development. While a one-party system may appear to offer political stability, especially in a multi-ethnic society, it undermines essential democratic values and creates significant risks for Nigeria’s governance and citizen welfare.

First and foremost, a one-party system erodes democratic processes. Democracy is built on the foundation of choice, competition, and checks and balances. When only one party is allowed to control the political space, elections become ceremonial rather than meaningful exercises in choice. The lack of credible opposition limits debate, stifles diverse viewpoints, and allows the ruling party to operate without fear of losing power. In Nigeria’s context, where democratic institutions are still maturing, this can quickly lead to authoritarian rule, as the ruling party consolidates power and suppresses political dissent.

Furthermore, a one-party system reduces accountability. In a healthy multiparty democracy, opposition parties play a crucial role in scrutinizing government policies and actions. They serve as watchdogs and present alternative solutions to national issues. Without this competition, the ruling party can become complacent, corrupt, and disconnected from the needs of the people. This lack of accountability can result in poor governance, mismanagement of public resources, and widespread disillusionment among citizens.

In addition, the suppression of dissent is a common feature in one-party systems. To maintain power, the dominant party may use state institutions to silence critics, manipulate the media, and intimidate political opponents. This creates an atmosphere of fear and repression, where civil liberties such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press are curtailed. For Nigeria, a country with a long history of military dictatorship and struggles for democratic freedoms, this would be a dangerous regression.

The danger is also felt in the marginalization of minority groups. Nigeria is a federation with over 250 ethnic groups, and its political system must be inclusive to reflect this diversity. A one-party system often favors certain regions, ethnicities, or religious groups, thereby deepening divisions and fueling conflict. When large segments of the population feel excluded from governance, it can lead to political instability, protests, or even violence.

Moreover, policy stagnation is another significant risk. In a one-party system, the lack of competition means fewer innovative ideas. There is no pressure on the ruling party to improve its policies or performance since there are no credible alternatives to challenge their dominance. This can lead to inefficiency, slow economic growth, and failure to address pressing national issues such as insecurity, unemployment, and education reform.

Lastly, political apathy tends to rise in a one-party system. Citizens who believe that their votes do not count or that change is impossible are less likely to participate in elections or engage in civic activities. This weakens democratic culture and leaves governance in the hands of a small elite, disconnected from the broader population.

In conclusion, while a one-party system may promise unity or efficiency, it poses serious threats to democracy in Nigeria. It undermines accountability, suppresses dissent, marginalizes minority voices, and leads to political stagnation. For Nigeria to progress and realize its full potential, it must continue to embrace a multiparty system that promotes competition, inclusiveness, and good governance. Only through robust political plurality can Nigeria ensure a democratic future that benefits all its citizens.

Governance in Nigeria: The Political Brouhaha

Nigeria, often referred to as the “Giant of Africa,” is a nation blessed with vast human and natural resources. However, despite its potential, governance in Nigeria has been repeatedly undermined by political instability and conflict—what can aptly be described as a political brouhaha. This term, denoting noisy chaos or uproar, encapsulates the nature of Nigeria’s political landscape, where self-interest, ethnic tensions, and systemic corruption often overshadow the principles of good governance.

Historical Background

Since gaining independence from Britain in 1960, Nigeria’s governance journey has been turbulent. The country has oscillated between military dictatorships and civilian rule, with multiple coups and a brutal civil war leaving deep scars on its political culture. The return to democratic rule in 1999 ushered in hope for a more stable and participatory system, but the reality has been far from ideal. Democratic institutions remain weak, and governance is frequently disrupted by fierce political rivalries and power struggles.

Ethno-Religious Influences

One of the most distinctive features of Nigerian politics is the prominence of ethnic and religious identities. With over 250 ethnic groups and major religious divisions between Christianity and Islam, politics is often reduced to a game of ethnic arithmetic rather than a contest of ideas and policies. This has led to a system where leaders are frequently chosen not for their competence or vision, but for their ability to represent specific identity groups. The result is a patronage-driven system that fuels division and undermines national unity.

Corruption and Power Play

Corruption is perhaps the most significant hindrance to good governance in Nigeria. Political positions are often viewed as avenues for personal enrichment rather than public service. This has bred a culture of impunity where public officials mismanage funds with little or no consequences. The competition for access to these “lucrative” offices results in bitter power struggles, party infighting, and frequent defections, especially between the two major parties—the All Progressives Congress (APC) and the People's Democratic Party (PDP).

Political officeholders often spend more time and resources consolidating power or plotting their next political move than on the responsibilities of their positions. This preoccupation with politics over governance has left many critical sectors—such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure—neglected and underfunded.

Elections and Legitimacy Crisis

Elections in Nigeria are supposed to be the cornerstone of democracy, yet they are frequently marred by violence, vote buying, rigging, and judicial controversies. Rather than being a tool for choosing leaders, elections have become high-stakes battles for control of state resources. This undermines the credibility of elected leaders and fosters public cynicism toward democratic institutions.

The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), despite some reforms, still struggles with logistical challenges and perceptions of bias. As long as electoral integrity remains in question, it will be difficult to build a political culture rooted in accountability and transparency.

Consequences for Governance

The continuous political wrangling has dire consequences for governance. Policymaking becomes inconsistent and reactive. Economic policies often lack continuity, and reforms are abandoned or reversed with every new administration. Insecurity—ranging from terrorism in the North-East to banditry and kidnapping in other parts of the country—has worsened due to poor coordination and leadership.

Furthermore, many citizens feel disconnected from the government and disillusioned by the democratic process. This lack of trust erodes social cohesion and hinders national development.

Path Forward

Despite the challenges, the future of governance in Nigeria does not have to remain bleak. Several steps can help restore order and effectiveness to the political system:

1. Institutional Reform: Strengthening institutions like INEC, the judiciary, and anti-corruption agencies is crucial. These bodies must be independent, well-funded, and empowered to carry out their duties without political interference.

2. Electoral Reform: Transparent and credible elections are vital. Implementing technological innovations, ensuring timely prosecution of electoral offenders, and improving voter education can help restore public confidence.

3. Promoting Meritocracy: Leadership at all levels should be based on competence and integrity rather than ethnic or religious affiliations. Civil service and public appointments should reflect this principle.

4. Civic Education and Participation: Nigerians must be encouraged to actively participate in governance, not just during elections but through sustained engagement with policymakers and holding them accountable.

5. Anti-Corruption Measures: A sincere fight against corruption must go beyond rhetoric. Whistleblower protections, asset recovery mechanisms, and transparent budgeting processes can help reduce graft.

Conclusion

The political brouhaha in Nigeria has been a significant impediment to progress, weakening governance and stalling development. However, with collective will and sustained reforms, Nigeria can move from a politics of noise and chaos to one of service, accountability, and true leadership. The time to act is now—before the promise of Nigeria is permanently lost in the din of political squabbles.

Abstract
Godfatherism remains a dominant and disruptive force in Nigeria's political and governance structures. It undermines democratic processes, fosters corruption, and perpetuates a system of loyalty over competence. This article examines the nature, operations, and effects of godfatherism in Nigeria, providing historical examples and offering policy recommendations to mitigate its influence. Strengthening democratic institutions and promoting political education are emphasized as crucial strategies for overcoming this phenomenon.

Introduction

Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has struggled with numerous political challenges, chief among them being the pervasive culture of godfatherism. The phenomenon has evolved into a significant impediment to democratic consolidation, characterized by the dominance of influential political elites who sponsor and control elected officials for personal gain. Understanding godfatherism’s nature, mechanisms, and impact is essential to reforming Nigeria’s political landscape.

Conceptualizing Godfatherism

Godfatherism, in the Nigerian context, refers to a political practice wherein a powerful individual (the "godfather" sponsors a political aspirant (the "godson" and exercises considerable control over the latter's political career. This relationship is inherently transactional: the godfather provides financial resources, political networks, and protection, while the godson reciprocates with loyalty, obedience, and often, diversion of state resources.

The godfather-godson dynamic distorts democratic ideals, transforming governance into a patron-client system where public interest is often subordinated to private gain.

Mechanisms of Godfatherism in Nigeria

The operational strategies of godfatherism include:

Candidate Imposition: Political godfathers manipulate party primaries, often handpicking candidates without regard for democratic processes.

Monetization of Politics: Elections are heavily monetized, and godfathers supply the necessary financial backing, expecting future dividends.

Electoral Malpractices: With influence over security agencies, electoral commissions, and even violent groups, godfathers can alter election outcomes.

Post-Election Dominance: Elected officials often govern under the heavy influence of their godfathers, who demand loyalty in political appointments, contracts, and policy decisions.

Suppression of Dissent: Godfathers suppress internal and external opposition to consolidate their control, sometimes leading to political violence and instability.

Historical Manifestations of Godfatherism

Several notable examples illustrate the entrenchment of godfatherism in Nigeria:

Lagos State: Bola Ahmed Tinubu, a former governor, has played a central role in determining the political leadership of the state since 2007, influencing successive gubernatorial elections.

Oyo State: The late Lamidi Adedibu, regarded as the "strongman of Ibadan politics," exerted substantial control over political affairs, culminating in a major conflict with Governor Rasheed Ladoja.

Anambra State: The political drama involving Chris Uba and Governor Chris Ngige in 2003 highlighted the dangerous extremes of godfatherism, including the attempted abduction of a sitting governor.

Kwara State: The Saraki dynasty, beginning with Olusola Saraki and later Bukola Saraki, exemplified political dynastic control, which was ultimately challenged and overthrown by the "Ó Tó Gé" (Enough is Enough) movement in 2019.

Effects of Godfatherism on Democratic Governance

Negative Effects

Democratic Subversion: Godfatherism replaces the electorate's decision-making power with elite manipulation.

Leadership Deficiency: Incompetent individuals often ascend to political office based solely on loyalty to their sponsors.

Corruption: Governance becomes a tool for satisfying the personal and financial demands of godfathers.

Political Instability: Fallout between godfathers and godsons frequently leads to crises, including impeachments and governance paralysis.

Positive Contributions (Rare Instances)

In rare cases, godfathers have provided political mentorship and stability, helping to navigate complex political transitions.

Nonetheless, the overwhelmingly negative consequences far outweigh the minimal benefits.

Strategies for Addressing Godfatherism

Electoral and Party Reforms

Promoting internal party democracy and strengthening the independence of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) are crucial to dismantling the influence of political godfathers.

Strengthening Democratic Institutions

Robust judiciary, effective anti-corruption agencies, and strong law enforcement institutions can act as counterweights to godfathers' influence.

Political Education

Civic education campaigns must emphasize the importance of voting based on issues and competence rather than loyalty to political patrons.

Promotion of Meritocracy

Institutionalizing merit-based appointments and leadership selection within political parties and public offices can erode the foundation of godfatherism.

Civil Society and Media Engagement

Active monitoring by civil society organizations and investigative journalism can expose undemocratic practices, increasing public awareness and pressure for reform.

Conclusion

Godfatherism continues to pose a formidable threat to Nigeria’s democratic development. Its corrosive effects on governance, leadership, and the rule of law demand urgent and sustained attention. By reforming political processes, strengthening democratic institutions, and cultivating an informed electorate, Nigeria can gradually dismantle the structures that enable godfatherism. The future of Nigerian democracy hinges not only on free elections but also on freeing political leadership from the stranglehold of powerful patrons.

Prince Festus Oyom, A public affairs analyst and social commentator

Governance in Nigeria: The Fairytale

Once upon a time, in a nation fondly called the “Giant of Africa,” there existed a government so full of promises, it could rival the plot twists of Nollywood blockbusters. Nigeria, a country bursting with talent, resources, and resilience, somehow keeps finding itself trapped in a cycle of grand narratives and underwhelming realities.

Every election season, the same magical script unfolds: candidates dressed in native attire, smiling widely, shaking hands with market women, kissing babies they’ll never see again, and proclaiming, “This time will be different.” Roads will be built. Light will be stable. Jobs will rain like manna. The economy will rise like a phoenix. Corruption will be vanquished.

And the people? We want to believe. We always do. After all, who doesn’t love a good fairytale?

But here’s the plot twist: Nigeria’s governance story rarely leaves the realm of fiction.

The Kingdom of Broken Promises

Once the ballots are counted and the oaths are taken, reality checks in—often unpaid. Budgets disappear into thin air, padded thicker than palace mattresses. The war on corruption becomes selective, a weapon wielded only against political enemies, never old friends. Appointments are made not on merit but on loyalty, region, or how well one can chant “Sai Baba” or “Emilokan.”

Power supply remains as stable as a soap bubble in a storm. Hospitals resemble scenes from survival dramas. Universities are caught in a time loop of strikes and stagnation. And while the people hustle for survival, the elite host lavish parties and fly private jets to commission boreholes.

A Royal Circle of Excuses

Government spokespeople have mastered the art of blame-shifting. “The last administration ruined everything.” “The global economy is tough.” “There’s insecurity everywhere.” “We inherited a mess.” These lines, recycled endlessly, are the lullabies sung to a weary population.

But here’s the thing: no fairytale lasts forever. Even Sleeping Beauty eventually wakes up.

When the People Begin to Stir

In recent years, young Nigerians have started to stir from the trance. Hashtags have become war drums—#EndSARS, #OccupyNigeria, #KeepTheChangeBae. From Twitter threads to street protests, citizens are calling out the characters in this national fairytale, exposing the plot holes and demanding a rewrite.

Still, the establishment clings to its old script, wielding security agencies like enchanted swords to silence dissent. The courts move at the speed of a tortoise with a limp. And media houses—some compromised, some courageous—try to keep the spotlight on the cracks.

A Fairytale With No Ending (Yet)

Nigeria’s governance remains a tale of squandered potential, of rulers who tell stories instead of making history. But fairytales, by nature, end. And their endings depend on who writes the final chapter.

The question now is: will Nigerians continue being characters in a story they didn’t author, or will they grab the pen and start rewriting the script?

Because at the end of the day, even in the most enchanted kingdoms, the people always outnumber the kings.

Since assuming office in May 2023, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s administration has faced growing criticism over the deepening economic and social hardship in Nigeria. Many Nigerians who once held onto hope that a new government would bring change are now grappling with a harsher reality. The gap between the administration's promises and the lived experiences of everyday citizens has become increasingly difficult to ignore. For many, this disparity reflects not just policy missteps—but a pattern of deception.

Broken Promises and Rising Discontent

President Tinubu's campaign was anchored on bold reforms: revitalizing the economy, strengthening security, attracting foreign investment, and improving the quality of life. However, nearly a year into his administration, the opposite seems to be happening. Nigeria is witnessing an alarming increase in poverty, unemployment, inflation, and public frustration.

One of the earliest—and most controversial—moves was the removal of fuel subsidies. While this decision was framed as a necessary step to free up funds for development, its implementation was sudden and poorly managed. Fuel prices tripled overnight, triggering a chain reaction: transportation costs soared, food prices skyrocketed, and small businesses began to fold under pressure.

A Collapsing Economy

The administration’s decision to float the naira, another policy touted as a long-term fix, instead led to currency instability and severe inflation. The naira has lost significant value against major currencies, making imports more expensive and pushing basic commodities beyond the reach of average Nigerians. The cost of living has surged, yet wages remain stagnant. Millions are now forced to make heartbreaking choices between feeding their families and accessing basic healthcare.

Despite promises of job creation, youth unemployment remains alarmingly high. With dwindling opportunities at home, a growing number of young Nigerians are seeking better futures abroad—a phenomenon widely referred to as the “Japa movement.” This mass exodus of talent signals a deepening loss of faith in the government’s ability to deliver a stable and prosperous future.

Opacity and Public Distrust

Nigerians have also raised concerns about the lack of transparency in how savings from fuel subsidy removal are being used. While the government claims the funds are being reinvested, there is little to no visible evidence of improved infrastructure, public services, or economic relief programs. Reports of mismanagement and alleged corruption continue to fuel skepticism, casting a shadow over the administration’s credibility.

Public protests, strikes, and social media campaigns have become frequent outlets for national frustration. Instead of addressing these concerns constructively, the government’s response has often been defensive, sometimes even repressive—further alienating the very people it was elected to serve.

The Path Forward

The hardship engulfing Nigeria today is not solely the result of global economic pressures. It is, in large part, a consequence of poor planning, broken promises, and an administration more focused on optics than outcomes. If the Tinubu administration truly intends to lead Nigeria out of crisis, it must start by acknowledging its failures, restoring public trust through accountability, and implementing people-centered policies with transparency and empathy.

Nigerians are resilient, but resilience should not be mistaken for contentment. The growing hardship is a loud and clear message: change must go beyond rhetoric. It must be real, measurable, and felt by every citizen.

Power, when unchecked, has a peculiar way of altering its holder’s perception of reality. The phrase "drunkenness of power" evokes images of political leaders who become intoxicated by their authority, losing sight of the very purpose of governance. In the context of Nigeria's Fourth Republic, Bola Ahmed Tinubu stands as a significant figure whose ascent from regional power broker to president embodies the dynamics of political dominance. This essay seeks to explore how power is exercised, perceived, and potentially abused under the Tinubu administration.

Theoretical Framework Lord Acton's dictum, "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely," serves as the cornerstone of this analysis. Political theorists argue that democratic systems must be constantly monitored to prevent the concentration of power. The concepts of political patronage, elite capture, and the erosion of institutional checks are useful in assessing whether governance under Tinubu reflects democratic ideals or veers into autocratic tendencies.

Historical Context Tinubu's political journey began as a pro-democracy activist during the military regime, evolving into a two-term governor of Lagos State. His role in forming the All Progressives Congress (APC) and aiding its rise to national prominence positioned him as a political kingmaker. This legacy of political influence paved the way for his eventual presidency in 2023.

Manifestations of Power and Political Drunkenness

1. Appointments and Nepotism The Tinubu administration has faced criticism for recycling political allies and concentrating appointments within certain regions and ethnic groups. This fuels perceptions of nepotism and raises questions about meritocracy and national unity.


2. Economic Decisions and Their Impacts One of the most controversial decisions early in Tinubu’s presidency was the removal of the fuel subsidy. Though economically rationalized, it triggered widespread hardship and inflation. Critics argue that the policy lacked adequate cushioning measures, reflecting a disconnect from grassroots realities.


3. Suppression of Dissent The administration’s response to criticism has included threats to media freedom and a hard stance against protests. Activists and opposition figures have reported increased surveillance and intimidation, signaling a shrinking civic space.


4. Security and Use of State Apparatus There have been allegations of the security apparatus being used to silence opposition and protect political interests. This undermines public trust and raises concerns about militarization of politics.


5. Control of Political Machinery Tinubu’s firm grip on the APC and influence over party structures has led to internal suppression of dissent and the consolidation of power. This top-down style challenges the internal democracy of political institutions.



Public Perception and Backlash Public sentiment, especially among the youth, has been skeptical of Tinubu’s leadership. The memory of the EndSARS movement and general disenchantment with the political elite has led to widespread criticism on social media and in civil discourse. There is a growing demand for transparency, accountability, and true representation.

Comparison with Previous Administrations Compared to Buhari, Tinubu presents a more politically strategic figure but similar centralization tendencies. Unlike Obasanjo, who often clashed with institutions, Tinubu appears more calculated in embedding loyalists within them, achieving control without overt confrontation.

Consequences of Power Intoxication Unchecked power can lead to governance paralysis, weakened institutions, and civil unrest. It alienates citizens and stifles innovation within government. Long-term effects include loss of democratic gains and potential regression to authoritarian practices.

Conclusion The Tinubu administration, like others before it, stands at a crossroads between transformative leadership and authoritarian drift. Only through active civil society engagement, institutional strengthening, and a vigilant electorate can the drunkenness of power be curtailed. As the African proverb goes, "He who the gods wish to destroy, they first make mad with power."

This case study underscores the need for humility in leadership, accountability in governance, and resilience in democracy.

A commentary on decline, delusion, and the cost of excess

There was a time when the world stood in awe of progress. Industry boomed, cities rose, and nations were led by men who believed they were carving history in stone. But stone wears down. Steel rusts. And now, as the dust settles on the golden age of ambition, we’re left with a sobering question: What do we do with the drunkenness of yesterday’s men?

Not literal drunkenness — though that exists, too — but the intoxication of power, of growth without limit, of dominance mistaken for destiny. The men who once ran boardrooms, governments, and empires now stagger under the weight of a world they no longer understand. Their addiction to excess — of wealth, consumption, influence — has left scars across the fabric of society.

We see it in the economy. Built for endless expansion, it teeters on the brink whenever reality dares to contradict fantasy. The greed that once drove innovation now fuels inequality, hoarding, and corporate rot. These men once celebrated deregulation like a victory toast — now we pay the price in housing crises, collapsing infrastructure, and workers squeezed to exhaustion.

We see it in the environment. Yesterday’s men treated the Earth like a resource, not a responsibility. They laughed at limits, mocked climate warnings, and paved paradise for profit. Now the storms grow stronger, the fires burn longer, and still they mumble about “growth” as if it’s not the very thing choking the sky.

We see it in culture. The old heroes — tough, loud, unmoved — are no longer inspiring. They are relics. The institutions they built — media empires, political machines, ivory towers — are crumbling under their own irrelevance. And instead of reflection, they offer denial. Blame. More of the same.

And yet, the damage isn’t just out there. It’s internal. Generations raised on excess now struggle with emptiness. Depression, disconnection, loneliness — all byproducts of a society obsessed with taking more than it gives. We were told to chase success like a high, but no one warned us about the crash.

This is the hangover. And it’s a brutal one.

But hangovers end. Clarity comes — if we’re willing to face it. If we can look honestly at what was inherited and what must be dismantled. The drunkenness of yesterday’s men may have shaped the world, but it does not have to define its future.

But the future has arrived. And it is not asking permission.

It is young, diverse, weary of illusions, and dangerously aware. It is growing in the cracks of broken systems, organizing under the weight of collapsing institutions. It is not perfect — it has its own vices, its own blind spots — but it is sober in ways yesterday’s men never had to be.

Because we have no choice. The planet groans under the pressure. The economy teeters under debt and exploitation. Mental health crises surge, fed by burnout and loneliness. Communities fracture, and trust — once the glue of civic life — now feels like an antique.

So we stand at a crossroads. One path loops endlessly back into nostalgia, into the old rituals and slogans, the same policies disguised in new suits. The other is uncertain, unpaved, and uncomfortable — but necessary.

It begins with honesty. About what we’ve lost. About what never worked. About who got to define success, and who paid the price.

The drunkenness of yesterday’s men still lingers — in the boardroom, in the ballot box, in the algorithm. But it doesn’t have to last forever.

At some point, someone has to turn the lights on. Someone has to clean the floor, clear the bottles, and open the windows. The party is over. It’s time to build something better — not louder, not faster — but wiser.

Prince Festus Oyom, A public affairs analyst and social commentator.

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