HOW TO DIAGNOSE BLACK SMOKE IN AN ENGINE

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We have all seen clouds of black smoke emanating from the exhaust stacks of heavy-duty diesel engines especially when it is under high load or hard acceleration.

The black smoke is composed primarily of elemental carbon from incomplete combustion of diesel fuel and traces of engine lubricant. The exhaust of a typical diesel engine contains elemental carbon (soot), semi-volatile organic hydrocarbons, sulfates (primarily sulfuric acid), and water vapor. Elemental carbon which is black is formed for a wide range of reasons when the diesel fuel charge in the combustion cylinder is incompletely combusted. Incomplete combustion occurs and soot is formed when there is an overabundance of fuel (both diesel fuel and lube oil), the insufficient residence time in the combustion zone, and/or non-availability of sufficient oxidants.

When having challenges with black smoke the following should be considered:
1. Leaking fuel injector
2. Turbocharger
3. Incorrect calibration of poppet valve and injector or nozzle
3. Exhaust restriction
4. Air shutoff or emergency shutdown
5. Poor fuel supply
6. Air inlet restriction

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