Measles and rubella

Measles is a highly infectious vaccine-preventable disease, and globally still one of the leading causes of childhood mortality. Rubella is an infection that is usually mild when experienced in childhood, but it can often lead to serious and sometimes fatal complications in the foetus when an unprotected woman acquires the infection early in pregnancy (congenital rubella infection) or to congenital rubella syndrome in newborns.


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Drug abuse poses a global problem, which requires international cooperation and interdisciplinary and multisectoral action. In response to the rising drug problems in our society. WHO gives special attention to supporting the development of national policies and action plans to reduce the demand for drugs.


Prevention is the best means of fighting the problem. The rapid rises in drug-related deaths and in infectious diseases related to drug abuse – especially HIV infection and hepatitis B and C – show the need for programmes to minimize risk.

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The safety and availability of blood supplies have direct implications for public health, but the organization, capacity
and safety standards of national blood and health services vary widely across the Region.

Problems include:

1. outdated practices and inadequate risk assessment, which persist in some countries in the eastern part of
the Region owing to deficient information flows and lack of appropriate training and technologies;
2. restrictive funding, which hinders local priority setting, mostly with respect to maintaining a balance
between the acquisition of new technologies and the optimization of existing services; and
3. variable donation rates, availability of blood for clinical use and choice of transfusion therapies.
Blood safety

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Diabetes is a chronic, and largely preventable, disease that can lead to cardiovascular disease, blindness, kidney failure, loss of limbs and loss of life. It causes suffering and hardship for those currently living with the disease, while also straining the economies and health systems.

Prevalence of diabetes is increasing in our society already reaching rates of 10-12% of the population in some countries. This increase is strongly associated with increasing trends towards overweight and obesity, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and socioeconomic disadvantage. These risk factors also contribute to the development of the other three noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) that have become international public health priorities (cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases and cancer), making it imperative that the prevention of diabetes be integrated into population approaches to prevent NCDs as a group.

What is diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. Type 1 diabetes is not preventable with current knowledge.

Symptoms include excessive excretion of urine (polyuria), thirst (polydipsia), constant hunger, weight loss, vision changes and fatigue. These symptoms may occur suddenly, and the disease may present as an acute condition.
Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin (insulin resistance). It accounts for 90% of people with diabetes around the world and is largely preventable. Excess body weight - especially around the waist, physical inactivity and a high intake of saturated fatty acids all independently increase the risk of insulin resistance. This risk is heightened even with modest weight increases within the normal range (Body Mass Index under 25). Development of type 2 diabetes has also been associated with other factors, such as ethnic group, experiences and influences in early life, and socioeconomic factors.

Symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes, but are often less marked. As a result, the disease may be diagnosed several years after onset, once complications have already arisen.

Type 2 diabetes was until recently seen as a disease of middle-aged and elderly people, but its frequency has escalated in all age groups and the condition is now increasingly seen in adolescence and childhood.

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) are intermediate conditions in the transition between normality and diabetes. People with IGT or IFG are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes, although this is not inevitable.
Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.

Symptoms of gestational diabetes are similar to type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is most often diagnosed through prenatal screening, rather than reported symptoms. It is generally temporary, but women with gestational diabetes may develop type 2 later in life.

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Although heart attacks and strokes are major killers in all parts of the world, 80% of premature deaths from these
causes could be avoided by controlling the main risk factors: tobacco, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.
Every year, an estimated 17 million people globally die of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly heart attacks and
strokes. CVDs occur almost equally in men and women. By 2010 CVD are estimated to have become the leading cause of
death in developing countries, as well as developed ones.

Low- and middle-income countries are more exposed to CVD risk factors, and their populations have less access to
preventive efforts than people in high-income countries. Thus, CVD affect these countries disproportionately: over 80%
of CVD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.

Definition of cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include:

1. coronary heart disease: disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle;
2. cerebrovascular disease: disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain;
3. peripheral arterial disease: disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs;
4. rheumatic heart disease: damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by
streptococcal bacteria;
5. congenital heart disease: malformations of heart structure existing at birth;
6. deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to
the heart and lungs.

Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing
to the heart or brain. The most common reason is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels.
Strokes can be caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain or by blood clots.

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