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Good evening, point of correction bro. Ur pad footing rebar had no concrete cover of 50mm thick

Whilst adding water will in some cases facilitate easier placing, the disadvantages of this include the following:
1.Lower compressive strengths.
2.Segregation of the concrete mix under certain conditions resulting in variable quality throughout the concrete mass.
3.Cracking - with too much water, there will be lower tensile strength, and a tendency towards high shrinkage and subsequent cracking.
4.Dusting and scaling - bleeding of excess water brings too many fines to the surface of floors.
5.Sand streaks - excess water bleeding up the sides of forms washes out cement paste and leaves an unsightly streaked surface.
6 Contamination - too much water in concrete placed on grades causes contamination from the subgrade with the concrete leading to an array of quality problems.
7.Permeability - voids left as excess water evaporates invite water to seep through walls and floors.
8.Dead losses - costly repairs, or in extreme cases, demolition and re-building at contractor's expense.

The cost of construction depends majorly on the following factors:

1.Architectural Design opted (like Open Top, Sloped Roofs, terraces with add-on features etc.,)
2.Structural Design (depends upon type of strata available for foundation and numbers of floors / configurations (basement, stilt,G+2 etc.)
3.Specification of Building materials selected (Quality/Brand of materials used for painting, flooring, woodwork, Bathroom, Electrical etc.)
4.Exterior Finish chosen (i.e. front elevation design, stone cladding, facade, etc.)
5.Peripheral external developments (such as compound wall, driveway, landscape, hardscape, Gate etc,).
The other minor cost head would be cost of liaison, charges for construction permits & building approvals.
The Construction cost can be broadly split into Labor and Material Cost.

Although empirical method is easy to use in determining the materials requirement for Nominal Concrete mix, it sometimes doesn’t give accurate results as it doesn’t take into factor the local variations in the materials.

Let’s design C20 grade concrete. Ratio for C20 concrete is 1 : 2 : 4

Step-1: Calculate the Volumes of material required in 1 Cum concrete

The dry volume of concrete mixture is always greater than the wet volume. The ratio of dry volume to the wet volume of concrete is 1.54.

So 1.54 Cum of dry materials (cement, sand and aggregate) is required to produce 1 Cum of concrete

Volume of Cement required = 1/(1+2+4) X 1.54 = 1/7 X 1.54 = 0.22 Cum

Volume of Sand required = 2/7 X 1.54 = 0.44 Cum or 15.53 cft

Volume of Aggregate required = 4/7 X 1.54 = 0.88 Cum or 31.05 cft

Note: 1 cubic meter = 35.29 cubic feet


Step-2: Calculate the weights of materials required in 1 Cum concrete

Density of Cement (loose) = 1440 kg/cum

So weight of cement required = 1440 X 0.22 = 316.2 Kgs or 6.32 bags

Density of Sand = 1600 Kgs/cum

Weight of Sand required = 1600 X 0.44 = 704 kgs

Density of Aggregate = 1450 kgs/cum

Weight of aggregate required = 1450 X 0.88 = 1,276 Kgs

[color=#000099][/color]Although empirical method is easy to use in determining the materials requirement for Nominal Concrete mix, it sometimes doesn’t give accurate results as it doesn’t take into factor the local variations in the materials.

Let’s design C20 grade concrete. Ratio for M20 concrete is 1 : 2 : 4

Step-1: Calculate the Volumes of material required in 1 Cum concrete

The dry volume of concrete mixture is always greater than the wet volume. The ratio of dry volume to the wet volume of concrete is 1.54.

So 1.54 Cum of dry materials (cement, sand and aggregate) is required to produce 1 Cum of concrete

Volume of Cement required = 1/(1+2+4) X 1.54 = 1/7 X 1.54 = 0.22 Cum

Volume of Sand required = 2/7 X 1.54 = 0.44 Cum or 15.53 cft

Volume of Aggregate required = 4/7 X 1.54 = 0.88 Cum or 31.05 cft

Note: 1 cubic meter = 35.29 cubic feet


Step-2: Calculate the weights of materials required in 1 Cum concrete

Density of Cement (loose) = 1440 kg/cum

So weight of cement required = 1440 X 0.22 = 316.2 Kgs or 6.32 bags

Density of Sand = 1600 Kgs/cum

Weight of Sand required = 1600 X 0.44 = 704 kgs

Density of Aggregate = 1450 kgs/cum

Weight of aggregate required = 1450 X 0.88 = 1,276 Kgs

Empirical method to determine material requirement for Nominal Concrete Mix

Although empirical method is easy to use in determining the materials requirement for Nominal Concrete mix, it sometimes doesn’t give accurate results as it doesn’t take into factor the local variations in the materials.

Let’s design M20 grade concrete. Ratio for C20 concrete is 1 : 2 : 4

Step-1: Calculate the Volumes of material required in 1 Cum concrete

The dry volume of concrete mixture is always greater than the wet volume. The ratio of dry volume to the wet volume of concrete is 1.54.

So 1.54 cum of dry materials (cement, sand and aggregate) is required to produce 1 cum of concrete

Volume of Cement required = 1/(1+2+4) X 1.54 = 1/7 X 1.54 = 0.22 cum

Volume of Sand required = 2/7 X 1.54 = 0.44 Cum or 15.53 cft

Volume of Aggregate required = 4/7 X 1.54 = 0.88 Cum or 31.05 cft

Note: 1 cubic meter = 35.29 cubic feet

Step-2: Calculate the weights of materials required in 1 Cum concrete

Density of Cement (loose) = 1440 kgs/cum

So weight of cement required = 1440 X 0.22 = 316.2 Kgs or 6.32 bags

Density of Sand = 1600 Kgs/cum

Weight of Sand required = 1600 X 0.44 = 704 kgs

Density of Aggregate = 1450 kgs/cum

Weight of aggregate required = 1450 X 0.88 = 1,276 Kgs

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned skills and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I lives in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned skills and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I lives in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned skills and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I lives in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned skills and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I lives in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned jobs and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I live in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787