How much is the cost of MC0 60-70mm penetration per ton

A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor.

Pad is for shallow basement, am talking of basement that carries other suspended slab before ground level

Following precautions should be taken during placing of concrete.

The formwork or the surface which is to receive the fresh concrete should be properly cleaned, prepared and well watered.
It is desirable to deposit concrete as near as practicable to its final position.
The large quantities of concrete should not be deposited at a time. Otherwise the concrete will start to flow along the formwork and consequently the resulting concrete will not have uniform composition.
The concrete should be dropped vertically from a reasonable height. For vertical laying of concrete, care should be taken to use stiff mix. Otherwise the bleeding of concrete through cracks in forms will take place. The term bleeding is used to mean the diffusion or running of concrete through formwork.
The concrete should be deposited in horizontal layers of about 150 mm height. For mass concrete, the layers may be of 400 mm to 500 mm height. The accumulation of excess water in upper layers is known as the laitance and it should be prevented by using shallow layers with stiff mix or by putting dry batches of concrete to absorb the excess water.
As far as possible, the concrete should be placed in single thickness. In case of deep sections, the concrete should be placed in successive horizontal layers and proper care should be taken to develop enough bond between successive layers.
The concrete should be thoroughly worked around the reinforcement and tapped in such a way that no honeycombed surface appears on removal of the formwork. The term honeycomb is used to mean comb or mass of waxy cells formed by bees in which they store their honey. Hence, if this precaution is not taken, the concrete surface so formed would have a honeycomb like surface.
The concrete should be placed on the formwork as soon as possible. But in no case, it should be placed after 30 minutes of its preparation.
During placing, it should be seen that all edges and corners of concrete surface remain unbroken, sharp and straight in line.
The placing of concrete should be carries out uninterrupted between predetermined construction joints.

Yes, raft is the foundation of all basement. Basement simply called underground by laymen

When to Choose Raft Foundation
For foundation design, one of the most important aspects is choosing the right type of foundation. Raft foundation is preferred when-

The soil has a low bearing capacity.
Load of the structure has to be distributed over a large area.
Individual or any other foundation area would approximately cover 50% of the total ground area beneath the structure.
The columns or walls are placed so closely that the individual footings would overlap.
Stress on soil needs to be reduced.
There is a possibility of differential settlement in case individual footing is used.
When soil strata are unpredictable and contain pockets of compressible soil.
Basement is to be constructed.
Any other type of footing cannot be used advantageously.

When to Choose Raft Foundation

For foundation design, one of the most important aspects is choosing the right type of foundation. Raft foundation is preferred when-

The soil has a low bearing capacity.
Load of the structure has to be distributed over a large area.
Individual or any other foundation area would approximately cover 50% of the total ground area beneath the structure.
The columns or walls are placed so closely that the individual footings would overlap.
Stress on soil needs to be reduced.
There is a possibility of differential settlement in case individual footing is used.
When soil strata are unpredictable and contain pockets of compressible soil.
Basement is to be constructed.
Any other type of footing cannot be used advantageously.

I mean no precast concrete covers tied to your column base rebars. Concrete cover should have been located btwn column footing blinding and the column footing rebars

Pls upload the first floor plan for dimensions to be taken in order to give u an accurate result

Beam and raft foundation raft should be doubly reinforced to take care of tension and compression stresses.The one on this page is singly reinforced which quack practice

Deploying the Saudi Oil Weapon Against Russia

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The West should target a crucial vulnerability of Russia today: its general economic weakness and its heavy dependency on oil revenue, writes leading security and risk analyst, Neil Barnett, in Deploying the Saudi oil weapon against Russia.

Today the West appears powerless in its reaction to President Putin’s intervention in the Ukraine; and possibly in the wider region.

Yet this need not be so: it has been estimated that, if the oil price fell below $90/barrel, “Russia would suffer serious economic pain” (the current oil price is about $103/barrel).

Any collapse in oil prices could only be achieved by encouraging Saudi Arabia to increase oil production substantially, thereby deploying the “Saudi oil weapon”. This has been successfully used on at least two previous occasions: once against the West following the Yom Kippur war (when supply was restricted to increase prices); and once against the USSR following its invasion of Afghanistan.

The Saudis would have two reasons why they might do this:
- it would give Saudi Arabia a rod with which to punish Russia over Syria;
- it would enable close relations to be re-established between the US and Saudi Arabia following their dispute over US-Iranian rapprochement.

In addition, Saudi’s huge financial reserves (at least eight times greater than Russia’s) and its substantial foreign investments would enable it to weather a lower oil price without too much pain.

A lower oil price, and a reduced security risk, would also give a shot in the arm to global economic demand (itself a further benefit for Saudi Arabia).

Barnett thus concludes that the Saudi oil weapon – or at least the threat of its deployment – could therefore encourage Russia to realise that further intervention is not in its self-interest.

Neil Barnett - Wednesday 26th March 2014

Neil Barnett

War is coming

Advantages of Design mix concrete over nominal mix
Nominal Mix

Vary widely in strength due to less or more mix in coarse and fine aggregate and another main factor it is not economical design mix:

Designed by the engineers, not much vary in strength and it is economical nominal mix is Prescriptive type,means its ingrediant ratio is fixed,more over the other parameters like maximum size of Aggregate,w/c ratio, type of cement etc.are also fixed,aiming that adherence to such prescriptive specification will result in satisfactory performance. On the other hand, Design mix is Performance based concrete,where the properties of concrete like strength,workability,durability etc. are specified and ingredients ratio,maximum size of aggregate,type of cement etc is user's choice

Who is interested on how to carry out concrete mix design calculation

Battle between Sunni and Shiite is now fight for our beloved country, may God help us. That is an order from Saudi Arabia preachers of extremist Islamism

Advantages of Concrete Mix Design:
Concrete mix design is economically proportioning of concrete ingredients for better strength and durability based on construction site. While the nominal concrete mix may have higher amount of cement, when it is designed mix, the cement requirement may be low for the same grade of concrete for a given site. The proportions resulting from concrete mix design are tested for their strength with the help of compressive strength test on concrete cubes and cylinders.
The concrete mix design proves to provide better quality economically.
Following are the advantages of concrete mix designs:
1. Good quality concrete as per requirements – this means the concrete will have required strength, workability, impermeability, durability, density and homogeneity.
2. Nominal mix concrete may suggest more cement than other materials, and concrete mix designs gives the accurate quantity of cement consumption. Thus it is an economical solution for large projects.
It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with the help of concrete mix design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the savings. Lower cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and hence reduces shrinkage cracks.
3. Best use of available materials:
The nominal mix of concrete does not consider the quality of local construction materials. The concrete mix design is based on the quality of available materials locally. Thus it is also an economical solution to reduce the transportation cost of materials from long distance.
4. Desired Concrete Properties:
The designed mix concrete will have desired concrete properties based on project or construction requirements. Requirements such as durability, strength, setting times, workability etc. can be controlled with the type of construction with concrete mix design.
Other requirements such as early de-shuttering, pumpability, flexural strength, lightweight concrete can also be controlled.

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REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING

The planning and construction of a building should be aimed at fulfilling the following requirements:
1. Strength and stability
2. Dimensional stability
3. Resistance to dampness
4. Resistance to fire
5. Heat insulation
6. Sound insulation
7. Protection against termite attack
8. Durability
9. Security against burglary
10. Lighting and ventilation
11. Comforts and convenience
12. Economy.
1. Strength and Stability: Building should be capable of transferring the expected loads in its life period safely to the ground. Design of various structural components like slabs, beams, walls, columns and footing should ensure safety. None of the structural components should buckle, overturn and collapse.
2. Dimensional Stability: Excessive deformation of structural components give a sense of instability and result into crack in walls, flooring etc. All structural components, should be so designed that deflections do not exceed the permissible values specified in the codes.
3. Resistance to Dampness: Dampness in a building is a great nuisance and it may reduce the life of the building. Great care should be taken in planning and in the construction of the building to avoid dampness.
4. Resistance to Fire: Regarding achieving resistance to fire, the basic requirements laid down in the codes are:
(a) the structure should not ignite easily.
(b) building orientation should be such that spread of fire is slow.
(c) In case of fire, there should be means of easy access to vacate building quickly.
5. Heat Insulation: A building should be so oriented and designed that it insulates interior from heat.
6. Sound Insulation: Buildings should be planned against outdoor and indoor noises.
7. Protection from Termite: Buildings should be protected from termites.
8. Durability: Each and every component of the building should be durable.
9. Security against Burglary: This is the basic need the owner of the building expects.
10. Lighting and Ventilation: For healthy and happy living natural light and ventilations are required. Diffused light and good cross ventilation should be available inside the building.
11. Comforts and Conveniences: Various units in the building should be properly grouped and integrated keeping in mind the comfort and convenience of the user.
12. Economy: Economy without sacrificing comfort, convenience and durability is another basic requirement of the building.

Urgent!!! Where Can I Buy A Drum Of Bitumen At A Good Price In Port Harcourt?

Good evening, point of correction bro. Ur pad footing rebar had no concrete cover of 50mm thick

Whilst adding water will in some cases facilitate easier placing, the disadvantages of this include the following:
1.Lower compressive strengths.
2.Segregation of the concrete mix under certain conditions resulting in variable quality throughout the concrete mass.
3.Cracking - with too much water, there will be lower tensile strength, and a tendency towards high shrinkage and subsequent cracking.
4.Dusting and scaling - bleeding of excess water brings too many fines to the surface of floors.
5.Sand streaks - excess water bleeding up the sides of forms washes out cement paste and leaves an unsightly streaked surface.
6 Contamination - too much water in concrete placed on grades causes contamination from the subgrade with the concrete leading to an array of quality problems.
7.Permeability - voids left as excess water evaporates invite water to seep through walls and floors.
8.Dead losses - costly repairs, or in extreme cases, demolition and re-building at contractor's expense.

The cost of construction depends majorly on the following factors:

1.Architectural Design opted (like Open Top, Sloped Roofs, terraces with add-on features etc.,)
2.Structural Design (depends upon type of strata available for foundation and numbers of floors / configurations (basement, stilt,G+2 etc.)
3.Specification of Building materials selected (Quality/Brand of materials used for painting, flooring, woodwork, Bathroom, Electrical etc.)
4.Exterior Finish chosen (i.e. front elevation design, stone cladding, facade, etc.)
5.Peripheral external developments (such as compound wall, driveway, landscape, hardscape, Gate etc,).
The other minor cost head would be cost of liaison, charges for construction permits & building approvals.
The Construction cost can be broadly split into Labor and Material Cost.

Although empirical method is easy to use in determining the materials requirement for Nominal Concrete mix, it sometimes doesn’t give accurate results as it doesn’t take into factor the local variations in the materials.

Let’s design C20 grade concrete. Ratio for C20 concrete is 1 : 2 : 4

Step-1: Calculate the Volumes of material required in 1 Cum concrete

The dry volume of concrete mixture is always greater than the wet volume. The ratio of dry volume to the wet volume of concrete is 1.54.

So 1.54 Cum of dry materials (cement, sand and aggregate) is required to produce 1 Cum of concrete

Volume of Cement required = 1/(1+2+4) X 1.54 = 1/7 X 1.54 = 0.22 Cum

Volume of Sand required = 2/7 X 1.54 = 0.44 Cum or 15.53 cft

Volume of Aggregate required = 4/7 X 1.54 = 0.88 Cum or 31.05 cft

Note: 1 cubic meter = 35.29 cubic feet


Step-2: Calculate the weights of materials required in 1 Cum concrete

Density of Cement (loose) = 1440 kg/cum

So weight of cement required = 1440 X 0.22 = 316.2 Kgs or 6.32 bags

Density of Sand = 1600 Kgs/cum

Weight of Sand required = 1600 X 0.44 = 704 kgs

Density of Aggregate = 1450 kgs/cum

Weight of aggregate required = 1450 X 0.88 = 1,276 Kgs

[color=#000099][/color]Although empirical method is easy to use in determining the materials requirement for Nominal Concrete mix, it sometimes doesn’t give accurate results as it doesn’t take into factor the local variations in the materials.

Let’s design C20 grade concrete. Ratio for M20 concrete is 1 : 2 : 4

Step-1: Calculate the Volumes of material required in 1 Cum concrete

The dry volume of concrete mixture is always greater than the wet volume. The ratio of dry volume to the wet volume of concrete is 1.54.

So 1.54 Cum of dry materials (cement, sand and aggregate) is required to produce 1 Cum of concrete

Volume of Cement required = 1/(1+2+4) X 1.54 = 1/7 X 1.54 = 0.22 Cum

Volume of Sand required = 2/7 X 1.54 = 0.44 Cum or 15.53 cft

Volume of Aggregate required = 4/7 X 1.54 = 0.88 Cum or 31.05 cft

Note: 1 cubic meter = 35.29 cubic feet


Step-2: Calculate the weights of materials required in 1 Cum concrete

Density of Cement (loose) = 1440 kg/cum

So weight of cement required = 1440 X 0.22 = 316.2 Kgs or 6.32 bags

Density of Sand = 1600 Kgs/cum

Weight of Sand required = 1600 X 0.44 = 704 kgs

Density of Aggregate = 1450 kgs/cum

Weight of aggregate required = 1450 X 0.88 = 1,276 Kgs

Empirical method to determine material requirement for Nominal Concrete Mix

Although empirical method is easy to use in determining the materials requirement for Nominal Concrete mix, it sometimes doesn’t give accurate results as it doesn’t take into factor the local variations in the materials.

Let’s design M20 grade concrete. Ratio for C20 concrete is 1 : 2 : 4

Step-1: Calculate the Volumes of material required in 1 Cum concrete

The dry volume of concrete mixture is always greater than the wet volume. The ratio of dry volume to the wet volume of concrete is 1.54.

So 1.54 cum of dry materials (cement, sand and aggregate) is required to produce 1 cum of concrete

Volume of Cement required = 1/(1+2+4) X 1.54 = 1/7 X 1.54 = 0.22 cum

Volume of Sand required = 2/7 X 1.54 = 0.44 Cum or 15.53 cft

Volume of Aggregate required = 4/7 X 1.54 = 0.88 Cum or 31.05 cft

Note: 1 cubic meter = 35.29 cubic feet

Step-2: Calculate the weights of materials required in 1 Cum concrete

Density of Cement (loose) = 1440 kgs/cum

So weight of cement required = 1440 X 0.22 = 316.2 Kgs or 6.32 bags

Density of Sand = 1600 Kgs/cum

Weight of Sand required = 1600 X 0.44 = 704 kgs

Density of Aggregate = 1450 kgs/cum

Weight of aggregate required = 1450 X 0.88 = 1,276 Kgs

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned skills and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I lives in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned skills and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I lives in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned skills and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I lives in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787

I am a civil engineer, but am also into land survey,cost estimation,building plan drawing and construction. I need someone who can connect me to the above mentioned skills and in return i will give between 15 - 20 % of any contract you linked me to.My name is Umukoro Clement. I lives in Port Harcourt but I can work anywhere in Nigeria. Here is my construction site, registered with CAC as a limited company: www.mecollin.org.ng
Tel/Whatsap: 08106518787