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Urgent pls

The app is programmed with mix ratios for concrete and mortar but there is space for mixes modification. It comes with concrete and mortar standard mixes.

All you need to do is to calculate the volume of the concrete member you want to cast and feed in the calculated volume into the app and you get accurate result

It is free , download it. I am ready to help if you encounter challenges using it

Hello Engineers and builders who find it difficult to calculate concrete volume and materials or mortar volume and materials in civil construction, simply download a trusted civil estimating app called " CIVIL SULTRA" from google play store and you will never regret using it.
It will give you volume of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate for each propose concrete mix.
Download it and share your experience using the app with nairalanders

#1. Low Nutritional Value.

Instant noodles are extremely low in nutritional content, offering virtually nothing in the way of vitamins, minerals or fiber.

#2. High Sodium Content.

These convenience foods are high in sodium, which can cause kidney damage and an increased chance of strokes.

#3. High in Carbs.

Instant noodles are also loaded with unhealthy carbohydrates that can lead to weight gain, diabetes and heart disease.

#4. Cups of Chemicals.



The plastic cups that instant noodles come in are made from dioxin and other substances that resemble human hormones and that can be leached into the soup when hot water is added.

#5. MSG Flavoring.

Instant noodle seasonings are full of MSG (monosodium glutamate) which is known to cause ill effects in many people, from a flushed, burning sensation in the head and chest to headaches and bodily pain.

#6. Harmful Ingredients.



Propylene glycol, one of the same ingredients used in antifreeze, is also approved for use in instant noodles, as an agent to help keep the noodles from drying out.

#7. Obesity and Bowel Issues.

Because of all the extra fat and water retention that instant noodles can bring on, they can be a major contributor to irregular bowel movements, which is capable of causing not only major discomfort, but a whole host of issues deep in your gut.

#8. Artificial Additives.



Noodles use a lot of artificial flavors and colorings, as well as a lot of preservatives, and all of these ingredients can wreak havoc on your metabolic system, making it very difficult to lose weight.

#9. Risk of Delayed Development.

When instant noodles are eaten regularly by children under the age of five, they can interfere with the body’s ability to absorb nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. This denial of nutrients creates a risk of delayed physical or mental progress in the child.

#10. Not Recommended for Pregnant Women.

There are reports out that eating a lot of instant noodles, especially early in your pregnancy, can inhibit the fetus’ ability to develop and lead to miscarriage. While this theory is still waiting for research to back it up, most doctors don’t recommend eating instant noodles regularly during pregnancy, simply for the fact that they are so lacking in nutrients.

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Were are the APC fans ? Grin

How much is the cost of MC0 60-70mm penetration per ton

A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor.

Pad is for shallow basement, am talking of basement that carries other suspended slab before ground level

Following precautions should be taken during placing of concrete.

The formwork or the surface which is to receive the fresh concrete should be properly cleaned, prepared and well watered.
It is desirable to deposit concrete as near as practicable to its final position.
The large quantities of concrete should not be deposited at a time. Otherwise the concrete will start to flow along the formwork and consequently the resulting concrete will not have uniform composition.
The concrete should be dropped vertically from a reasonable height. For vertical laying of concrete, care should be taken to use stiff mix. Otherwise the bleeding of concrete through cracks in forms will take place. The term bleeding is used to mean the diffusion or running of concrete through formwork.
The concrete should be deposited in horizontal layers of about 150 mm height. For mass concrete, the layers may be of 400 mm to 500 mm height. The accumulation of excess water in upper layers is known as the laitance and it should be prevented by using shallow layers with stiff mix or by putting dry batches of concrete to absorb the excess water.
As far as possible, the concrete should be placed in single thickness. In case of deep sections, the concrete should be placed in successive horizontal layers and proper care should be taken to develop enough bond between successive layers.
The concrete should be thoroughly worked around the reinforcement and tapped in such a way that no honeycombed surface appears on removal of the formwork. The term honeycomb is used to mean comb or mass of waxy cells formed by bees in which they store their honey. Hence, if this precaution is not taken, the concrete surface so formed would have a honeycomb like surface.
The concrete should be placed on the formwork as soon as possible. But in no case, it should be placed after 30 minutes of its preparation.
During placing, it should be seen that all edges and corners of concrete surface remain unbroken, sharp and straight in line.
The placing of concrete should be carries out uninterrupted between predetermined construction joints.

Yes, raft is the foundation of all basement. Basement simply called underground by laymen

When to Choose Raft Foundation
For foundation design, one of the most important aspects is choosing the right type of foundation. Raft foundation is preferred when-

The soil has a low bearing capacity.
Load of the structure has to be distributed over a large area.
Individual or any other foundation area would approximately cover 50% of the total ground area beneath the structure.
The columns or walls are placed so closely that the individual footings would overlap.
Stress on soil needs to be reduced.
There is a possibility of differential settlement in case individual footing is used.
When soil strata are unpredictable and contain pockets of compressible soil.
Basement is to be constructed.
Any other type of footing cannot be used advantageously.

When to Choose Raft Foundation

For foundation design, one of the most important aspects is choosing the right type of foundation. Raft foundation is preferred when-

The soil has a low bearing capacity.
Load of the structure has to be distributed over a large area.
Individual or any other foundation area would approximately cover 50% of the total ground area beneath the structure.
The columns or walls are placed so closely that the individual footings would overlap.
Stress on soil needs to be reduced.
There is a possibility of differential settlement in case individual footing is used.
When soil strata are unpredictable and contain pockets of compressible soil.
Basement is to be constructed.
Any other type of footing cannot be used advantageously.

I mean no precast concrete covers tied to your column base rebars. Concrete cover should have been located btwn column footing blinding and the column footing rebars

Pls upload the first floor plan for dimensions to be taken in order to give u an accurate result

Beam and raft foundation raft should be doubly reinforced to take care of tension and compression stresses.The one on this page is singly reinforced which quack practice

Deploying the Saudi Oil Weapon Against Russia

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The West should target a crucial vulnerability of Russia today: its general economic weakness and its heavy dependency on oil revenue, writes leading security and risk analyst, Neil Barnett, in Deploying the Saudi oil weapon against Russia.

Today the West appears powerless in its reaction to President Putin’s intervention in the Ukraine; and possibly in the wider region.

Yet this need not be so: it has been estimated that, if the oil price fell below $90/barrel, “Russia would suffer serious economic pain” (the current oil price is about $103/barrel).

Any collapse in oil prices could only be achieved by encouraging Saudi Arabia to increase oil production substantially, thereby deploying the “Saudi oil weapon”. This has been successfully used on at least two previous occasions: once against the West following the Yom Kippur war (when supply was restricted to increase prices); and once against the USSR following its invasion of Afghanistan.

The Saudis would have two reasons why they might do this:
- it would give Saudi Arabia a rod with which to punish Russia over Syria;
- it would enable close relations to be re-established between the US and Saudi Arabia following their dispute over US-Iranian rapprochement.

In addition, Saudi’s huge financial reserves (at least eight times greater than Russia’s) and its substantial foreign investments would enable it to weather a lower oil price without too much pain.

A lower oil price, and a reduced security risk, would also give a shot in the arm to global economic demand (itself a further benefit for Saudi Arabia).

Barnett thus concludes that the Saudi oil weapon – or at least the threat of its deployment – could therefore encourage Russia to realise that further intervention is not in its self-interest.

Neil Barnett - Wednesday 26th March 2014

Neil Barnett

War is coming

Advantages of Design mix concrete over nominal mix
Nominal Mix

Vary widely in strength due to less or more mix in coarse and fine aggregate and another main factor it is not economical design mix:

Designed by the engineers, not much vary in strength and it is economical nominal mix is Prescriptive type,means its ingrediant ratio is fixed,more over the other parameters like maximum size of Aggregate,w/c ratio, type of cement etc.are also fixed,aiming that adherence to such prescriptive specification will result in satisfactory performance. On the other hand, Design mix is Performance based concrete,where the properties of concrete like strength,workability,durability etc. are specified and ingredients ratio,maximum size of aggregate,type of cement etc is user's choice

Who is interested on how to carry out concrete mix design calculation

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Advantages of Concrete Mix Design:
Concrete mix design is economically proportioning of concrete ingredients for better strength and durability based on construction site. While the nominal concrete mix may have higher amount of cement, when it is designed mix, the cement requirement may be low for the same grade of concrete for a given site. The proportions resulting from concrete mix design are tested for their strength with the help of compressive strength test on concrete cubes and cylinders.
The concrete mix design proves to provide better quality economically.
Following are the advantages of concrete mix designs:
1. Good quality concrete as per requirements – this means the concrete will have required strength, workability, impermeability, durability, density and homogeneity.
2. Nominal mix concrete may suggest more cement than other materials, and concrete mix designs gives the accurate quantity of cement consumption. Thus it is an economical solution for large projects.
It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with the help of concrete mix design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the savings. Lower cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and hence reduces shrinkage cracks.
3. Best use of available materials:
The nominal mix of concrete does not consider the quality of local construction materials. The concrete mix design is based on the quality of available materials locally. Thus it is also an economical solution to reduce the transportation cost of materials from long distance.
4. Desired Concrete Properties:
The designed mix concrete will have desired concrete properties based on project or construction requirements. Requirements such as durability, strength, setting times, workability etc. can be controlled with the type of construction with concrete mix design.
Other requirements such as early de-shuttering, pumpability, flexural strength, lightweight concrete can also be controlled.

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REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING

The planning and construction of a building should be aimed at fulfilling the following requirements:
1. Strength and stability
2. Dimensional stability
3. Resistance to dampness
4. Resistance to fire
5. Heat insulation
6. Sound insulation
7. Protection against termite attack
8. Durability
9. Security against burglary
10. Lighting and ventilation
11. Comforts and convenience
12. Economy.
1. Strength and Stability: Building should be capable of transferring the expected loads in its life period safely to the ground. Design of various structural components like slabs, beams, walls, columns and footing should ensure safety. None of the structural components should buckle, overturn and collapse.
2. Dimensional Stability: Excessive deformation of structural components give a sense of instability and result into crack in walls, flooring etc. All structural components, should be so designed that deflections do not exceed the permissible values specified in the codes.
3. Resistance to Dampness: Dampness in a building is a great nuisance and it may reduce the life of the building. Great care should be taken in planning and in the construction of the building to avoid dampness.
4. Resistance to Fire: Regarding achieving resistance to fire, the basic requirements laid down in the codes are:
(a) the structure should not ignite easily.
(b) building orientation should be such that spread of fire is slow.
(c) In case of fire, there should be means of easy access to vacate building quickly.
5. Heat Insulation: A building should be so oriented and designed that it insulates interior from heat.
6. Sound Insulation: Buildings should be planned against outdoor and indoor noises.
7. Protection from Termite: Buildings should be protected from termites.
8. Durability: Each and every component of the building should be durable.
9. Security against Burglary: This is the basic need the owner of the building expects.
10. Lighting and Ventilation: For healthy and happy living natural light and ventilations are required. Diffused light and good cross ventilation should be available inside the building.
11. Comforts and Conveniences: Various units in the building should be properly grouped and integrated keeping in mind the comfort and convenience of the user.
12. Economy: Economy without sacrificing comfort, convenience and durability is another basic requirement of the building.