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Hardware programming also know as embedded system programming is basically the process of writing codes that can directly influence the behavior of an electronic components majorly microcontrollers. This is very useful in sensing various physical parameters and making something happens based on the sensed signal.

Hardware programming is used in robotics and various IoT projects, it is also used in home automation, there are various microcontroller integrated circuit (IC) that can be programmed, of which the PIC microcontroller and the microchip atmega328 are the most popular. The atmega328 is used in the Arduino uno board, thus the microcontroller chip can easily be programmed using the Arduino IDE.

In summary hardware programming allows you to make things happen electronically using codes.