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Ionic water also known as hard water actively deionized and effectively treated by DI-SEP® Ion Exchange systems removal to dissolve calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), which are largely responsible for the scale formation tendencies in most waters. The DI-SEP® Ion Exchange Systems are also used for the removal of nitrates, radon and silica.

The use of a softening system is often required for boiler feed water, municipal water supplies, cooling water treatment, chemical and petrochemical applications, food and beverage manufacturers, hospitals, hotels, car washes, as well as many other applications.

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DI-SEP® Deionization Systems come in Separate-Bed and Mixed-Bed configurations.

Applications include ultra-pure water, mining and boiler feed water, plus many more. It is a chemical/mechanical process utilized to remove dissolved constituents to enhance a process, to improve equipment operation or for recovery of valuable materials.

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Inclusive Processes: Coarse + Fine sand = Filtration Methodology : Relative affinities of common ions:

Ag+>Cs+>K+>Na+>Li+

Ba+2>Sr+2>Ca+2>Mg+2

I->NO3->CN-->HSO4->NO2->Cl->HCO3-

Those substances with high affinities can continue to load to higher concentrations on the resins by displacing other previously exchanged potentially regulated ions with lower relative affinities. This is referred as chromatographic peaking.

The primary residual generated by IX processes is the spent regenerant. The spent regenerant will have very high total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations, as it will include all of the ions removed by the resin as well as the excess regenerant ions (e.g., Na+, Cl-). Disposal of the spent regenerant most frequently will require discharge to a wastewater treatment facility. Depending on the TDS and other contaminant concentrations in the spent regenerant, it may be necessary to evaluate the impacts on wastewater treatment plant discharges and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) requirements.


Ion exchange (IX) processes are reversible chemical reactions for removing dissolved ions from solution and replacing them with other similarly charged ions. In water treatment, it is primarily used for softening where calcium and magnesium ions are removed from water; however, it is being used more frequently for the removal of other dissolved ionic species.

In a cation exchange process, positively charged ions on the surface of the IX resin are exchanged with positively charged ions available on the resin surface - typically sodium. Water softening is the most widely used cation exchange process. Similarly, in anion exchange negatively charged ions are exchanged with negatively charged ions on the resin surface - typically chloride. Contaminants such as nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, and arsenic, as well as others, can all be removed by anion exchange.

The exchange medium consists of a solid phase of naturally occurring materials (zeolites) or a synthetic resin having a mobile ion attached to an immobile functional acid or base group. Both anion and cation resins are produced from the same basic organic polymers but they differ in the functional group attached to the resin. The mobile ions are exchanged with solute ions having a stronger affinity to the functional group (e.g. calcium ion replaces sodium ion or sulfate ion replaces chloride ion).

When the capacity of the resin is exhausted, it is necessary to regenerate the resin using a saturated solution to restore the capacity of the resin and return the resin to its initial condition. Brine, or sodium chloride solution, is most the commonly used regenerant, although others, such as strong acids (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid) or strong bases (sodium hydroxide) may also be used.

Manganese fine sand is also used for IX processes.  Fine sand is processed to form a thin layer of manganese dioxide on the outer surface of the sand.  This layer adsorbs and catalyzes the oxidation of iron, manganese, and other dissolved ionic species such as arsenic and radium.  In order for the media to retain its oxidation/adsorption properties, it must be regenerated with permanganate or chlorine.

IX processes can be operated in a batch or continuous mode. Most water treatment IX processes operate in a continuous mode. Continuous ion exchange processes are usually of the down-flow and packed-bed column type. When the resin capacity is exhausted, it is regenerated.

Competition for ion exchange sites on a resin can greatly impact a given system efficiency in removing contaminants. Generally, ions with higher valence, greater atomic weights and smaller radii are said to have a greater affinity for (be preferred by) IX resins.

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Identifying foul-smelling water and treating common odor problems in your drinking water in Lagos and other lagoon areas; the causes and possible solutions - always consult with a local water quality expert or better still you can contact us FGL WaterResources with this Tel: 08143352493 for a laboratory water analyses report and other water solution care that suit into any water condition problem in your home.

Odours do occur in water, and these smells are the biggest cause for complaint from most people even though the worst contaminants and water-borne illness effected water might not even have any odour at all.

Here are a few common examples of foul-smelling water, the causes and possible solutions - 

Fishy, Earthy, or Woody Smells

These smells are generally from harmless, naturally occurring, organic matter that is often found in surface water sources. Another cause for this type of odour is the presence of Chloramines, which are traces of chlorine and ammonia compounds used in the treatment and disinfection of municipal water. Typical treatment is the use of an activated carbon-type filter, which can be used in whole house or point of use units.

Another cause of a fishy type of odour is the presence of Barium and Cadmium in the water. The naturally occurring metal, Barium, is a lustrous metal which exists in nature only in ores containing mixtures of elements. The water regulation authority regulates this contaminant, so your water expert is required to take steps to reduce the amount of barium so that it is consistently below the approved level. The water regulation authority always look to and approved the following treatment methods for removing Barium: Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Lime Softening, and Electro dialysis, which are often used by water factories for commercial supply.

Cadmium is a metal found in natural deposits, and most commonly makes its way into water sources through deteriorating galvanized plumbing, industrial waste, or fertilizer contamination. The water regulation authority always look into treatment methods for removing Cadmium such as: Coagulation/Filtration, Ion Exchange, Lime Softening, and Reverse Osmosis.

It is important that these elements should be treated and removed by your water expert first before determining the best method of treatment that is applicable in your area. The most commonly used treatments are through a standard water softener ion exchange, reverse osmosis or distillation.

Chlorine (Bleach) Smell

Chlorine smell is typically due to the excessive chlorination in public or private well water sources as it is used for disinfection and treatment. Over-exposure to chlorine in water does have adverse health effects and should be addressed as quickly as possible. The most common form of exposure to chlorine is in the shower, through inhalation. When the chlorine vapors are inhaled through the steam in the shower, the user is exposed to far greater levels of chlorine than if they were to drink several glasses of water with high amounts of chlorine. This is because the lungs provide immediate circulation to the blood system, so any contaminants that are inhaled can travel through your body faster than if ingested. The treatment method for this is the use of activated carbon filters, which are available for use in whole house units, shower filters and point of use filtration systems.

For further details on water treatment and other related editorial guide on water solution find out at our blogger, fameafric..com

FGL WaterResources. Tel: 08143352493

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Salt water which is also called hard water is characterized by high mineral content, primarily in the form of calcium (Ca+2) and magnesium (Mg+2) ions. These minerals will form deposits in your pipes and water appliances, leave a white residue in your sinks and bathtubs and clog your showerheads and faucets. Because well water is often unpredictable and varies significantly from property to property, a water testing kit is the best tool for understanding its precise composition.

Water quality in the Lekki, Highland, Ikoyi environs and other parts of the country that are surrounded by both the lagoon and the ocean water are severely impacted with the fresh salty sea water. Whether we realized it or not it is the existing reality beneath our ground soil; and sorry to say that apart from the salty nature of the lagoon and the ocean water which are detrimental to both our health and our home water appliances it is also important to state that  Contaminants from a myriad of sources continue to enter into our lagoon and our ocean water supply sources at an alarming rate either by accident, incident, runoff or intentional chemical treatment. Increasingly, as toxins accumulate in the environment, including those from herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals and commercial solvents, they are seeping into our soil water reserves. These dangerous industrial chemicals were never meant to be ingested or absorbed into the skin, and yet many of us have been gulping them down by the glassful and showering daily in this toxic soup through our local borehole water resource supplies. 

The fresh salty sea water chemical compounds have been found, eventually every domestic home use water and drinking water in the Lekki axis, the Island, the Ikoyi environs of Lagos in Nigeria and other lagoon and ocean surrounded areas of Nigeria. With this Water Resourses RO Machine filter technologies have sadly become a modern necessity, but how do you find one that fits your house, lifestyle and budget?

For further details on water treatment and other related problems for water care solution for your home reach out to us at FGL WaterResources Tel:08143352493 or via our blogger, fameafric..com