Bed bugs Reproduction system
All bed bugs Female bed bugs possess a reproductive tract that functions during oviposition, but the male does not use this tract for sperm insemination Instead, the male pierces the female's abdomen with his hypodermic penis and ejaculates into the body cavity. In all bed bug species except Primicimex cavernis, sperm are injected into the mesospermalege , a component of the spermalege, a secondary genital structure that reduces the wounding and immunological costs of traumatic insemination. Injected sperm travel via the haemolymph (blood) to sperm storage structures called seminal conceptacles, with fertilisation eventually taking place at the ovaries
Male bed bugs sometimes attempt to mate with other males and pierce their abdomens. This behaviour occurs because sexual attraction in bed bugs is based primarily on size, and males mount any freshly fed partner regardless of sex. The "bed bug alarm pheromone" consists of (E)-2-octenal and (E)-2-hexenal. It is released when a bed bug is disturbed, as during an attack by a predator
males sometimes mount other males because male sexual interest is directed at any recently fed individual regardless of their sex, but unfed females may also be mounted. Traumatic insemination is the only way for copulation to occur in bed bugs. Females have evolved the spermalege to protect themselves from wounding and infection. Because males lack this organ, traumatic insemination could leave them badly injured. For this reason, males have evolved alarm pheromones to signal their sex to other males. If a male C. lectularius mounts another male, the mounted male releases the pheromone signal and the male on top stops before insemination.
Females are capable of producing alarm pheromones to avoid multiple mating, but they generally do not do so. Two reasons are proposed as to why females do not release alarm pheromones to protect themselves. First, alarm pheromone production is costly. Due to egg production, females may refrain from spending additional energy on alarm pheromones. The second proposed reason is that releasing the alarm pheromone reduces the benefits associated with multiple mating

Life stages They shed their skins through ecdysis at each stage, discarding their outer exoskeleton, which is somewhat clear, empty exoskeletons of the bugs themselves. Bed bugs must molt six times before becoming fertile adults, and must consume at least one blood meal to complete each moult.
Each of the immature stages lasts about a week, depending on temperature and the availability of food, and the complete lifecycle can be completed in as little as two months (rather long compared to other ectoparasites). Fertilized females with enough food lay three to four eggs each day continually until the end of their lifespans (about nine months under warm conditions), possibly generating as many as 500 eggs in this time.[ Genetic analysis has shown that a single pregnant bed bug, possibly a single survivor of eradication, can be responsible for an entire infestation over a matter of weeks, rapidly producing generations of offspring.
• signs of bed bugs, contact Greenland fumigation and pest control services immediately.
Greenland fumigation and pest control services
10,Shoyinka street Akoka lLagos
greenlandfacilitiesservices@gmail.com

How Do I Know If A Bed Bug Treatment Has Been Successful?
How Do I Know If a Bed Bug Treatment Has Been Successful?(.pdf)
One of the questions that we are frequently asked is: “when can I be sure the bed bugs are gone?” The short answer is that if you have had a professional treatment and if it has been three weeks since the end of the treatment with no signs (i.e. bites, live bugs, new fecal matter or casts skins) of continuing infestation, then it is likely that your bed bug infestation has been controlled. The problem is that the real answer can be more complicated than this as there may be a number of complicating factors, including:
• The size of the original infestation
• The type of treatment
• How thorough the treatment was
• The type of home
Let’s address each of these issues in turn.
The Size of the Original Infestation
The larger the infestation was allowed to become, the more difficult it will be to treat. As bed bugs increase in number they spread from their original hiding places, increasing the number of locations that have to be treated and making the treatment more complex. Larger infestations may take multiple treatments for complete control.
The Type of Treatment
There are a number of recommended treatments for bed bugs; to understand more about the different types of professional treatment please see the Factsheet Titled: Understanding Bed Bug Treatments. If an insecticide treatment was used, it is likely that more than one application of insecticides may be necessary for complete control of a bed bug infestation. If a heat treatment is used to control the infestation it is more likely that one treatment will be enough, but re treatment may be necessary if there were some areas that were not treated completely, or if bed bugs were reintroduced.
The Thoroughness of Treatment
Bed bug infestations are complicated, which can make effective control challenging. If a treatment does not address all of the infested areas, which can spread well beyond the bedroom, then multiple repeat treatments will be necessary to successfully control the infestation. This will increase the amount of time between when the treatment process begins and when your home can be considered bed bug free.
The Type of Home
Unfortunately living in Multi-Family housing can make us more vulnerable to becoming infested with bed bugs as well as making it more challenging to control a bed bug infestation. If you live in Multi-Family housing it is important to speak with the property owner/manager right away if you suspect a bed bug infestation. During the inspection and treatment process it is important to make sure that adjacent units are inspected for bed bugs as well as common areas (i.e. laundry room, lounges, mail room etc.) as your home may not be the only infested unit in the building.
Monitoring
As you are trying to assess whether or not the infestation has been controlled it is important to periodically check for bites or live bed bugs. We highly recommend that you install mattress encasements on all the mattress and box springs in your home. Installing encasements will not only protect your furniture from any potential future infestations it will also make it much easier for you to quickly do an inspection of the bed for signs of an infestation. In addition to encasements we recommend installing interceptor traps. These traps are designed to be placed under the legs of beds, chairs and sofas to monitor for bed bug infestations. Pest management professionals may also have other types of traps that you can use. Using these monitoring tools will help you assess if an infestation has been successfully controlled. If you continue to see bed bugs or signs of a bed bug infestation than another inspection and treatment may be necessary.
• signs of bed bugs, contact Greenland fumigation and pest control services immediately.
Greenland fumigation and pest control services
10,Shoyinka street Akoka lLagos
greenlandfacilitiesservices@gmail.com

Checking for bed bugs is easy if you know how. Signs of bed bugs could include shed skin, droppings or bites. Learn how to check for bed bugs here.
Can you see bed bugs? Unfortunately, they're hard to find. Their bites are often mistaken for mosquito bites or bites from other insects, so it’s no wonder they go undetected for long periods.

Here are a few easy ways to check for signs of bed bugs.
IDENTIFICATION

Adult bed bugs can be seen with the naked eye—no equipment is required. Check headboards, bedside tables, ceiling/wall junctions, loose wallpaper or paneling and wherever you find a crease or crevice near where a person sleeps. This includes baseboards, mattress seams and personal belongings. Mature bed bugs are about the size of an apple seed (approximately five millimeters). They are reddish-brown, wingless and flat, although they swell up like a torpedo after a blood feeding. When that happens, they change to bright red in color, taking days to return to reddish-brown.

Immature bed bugs are categorized by one of the five immature stages as they approach adulthood. They can also be seen by the naked eye, though the bed bugs in the youngest stage are very difficult to spot. Eggs are even smaller and much harder to see but can provide another sign of bed bug presence. Eggs are pearly white, found in clusters and are about one millimeter long.
AGGREGATIONS


Bed bugs congregate near where their host sleeps, creating aggregations. By host, we mean whoever sleeps in the bed. Bed bugs from all five stages of development group together, which means they may vary in shapes and sizes. Among these groups, remains of exoskeletons (exuvia), feces and egg castings accumulate. A variety of conditions may cause aggregation, including specific smells, chemical stimuli, stimulation of antennae and microclimate factors such as temperature, humidity and light. Aggregations can be found around wood framing like that around a closet door, inside chipped paint indentions, around baseboards, curtain rods, air conditioners and personal belongings.
MOLTED SKINS


Look out for empty shells that may exist where bed bugs aggregate and feed. Bed bugs grow with each blood meal on the way to maturity. In doing so, they shed their exoskeletons or shells in order to grow larger. This process is called molting. Each bed bug will molt five times as they progress through each of the five immature stages. Where infestations grow large, there will be hundreds if not thousands of molted skins left behind, regardless of the duration of the infestation. The shells look like the bed bug itself but are translucent. They are different sizes due to the different life stages.
FECAL SPOTS


Signs of bed bugs include liquid waste, which is found wherever they go. Bed bugs are parasites, meaning they feed on the blood of a host. They feed between five to seven days whenever a host is present. It is important to look for fecal spots—spots consisting of excess water found in a blood meal. This recently digested blood is deposited in the places the bed bug goes after feeding. It is important to remember that fecal spots are black, not red like undigested blood, and they're found in groups, not just one or two. If there are only a couple, that likely means a large infestation does not exist there.

signs of bed bugs, contact Greenland fumigation and pest control services immediately.
for more info please contact
Greenland fumigation and pest control services
greenlandfacilitiesservices@gmail.com

Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, have resurged to quickly become a very important pest of the 21st century, as they invade numerous urban areas. Our society has had a 30+ year "vacation" from this pest, when bed bugs were almost completely removed from North America as a result of mass treatments with older types of insecticides (DDT, Chlordane, Lindane). Recently though, bed bugs have found ample opportunity to increase in numbers and spread through society. Their success is a result of a combination of factors: increased travel of people; improved treatment methods that specifically target other insect pests (and thus not impact bed bugs); and the lack of public awareness. In addition to homes and hotels, bed bugs are also being found in schools, retail facilities, office buildings, libraries, and other public areas.
Why are they important?
Bed bugs are parasites that feed on the blood of people, using these blood meals to grow and reproduce. They do not distinguish between dirty or clean homes and all people are vulnerable to infestations in their homes. Bed bugs are also capable of feeding on animals, including dogs, cats, and other pets.
They live close to areas where people typically sleep, rest, or sit for long periods. Hungry bugs will move out from their hiding places, in search of exposed skin. Typically, the head and neck are bitten, but bed bugs will also bite bare arms, hands, and legs. When searching for a place to feed, these bugs can move very quickly. Once an appropriate site is found, they feed for 2-5 minutes until full, and then move quickly away from the person and into a hiding place.
In addition to bed bugs moving towards a person when they are least likely to notice the insects, the result of their bites may also go unnoticed, or can be mistaken for the bites of other pests. All people are not equally sensitive to bed bug bites, so while some victims break out in rashes from the bites, other people may not display symptoms. When a reaction does occur, the results of feeding can be mild (a simple red spot) to severe (rash or even hives). The reactions caused by feeding might be mistaken for other problems. Fleas, mosquitoes and other biting insects, sensitization to detergents and soaps, and irritants (e.g., poison ivy) are some of the conditions victims of bed bugs thought they were dealing with.
Bed bugs are not known to transmit disease to people. They have been discovered to harbor 28 different human pathogens, but fortunately, the transmission of these diseases to people has not been demonstrated.
signs of bed bugs, contact Greenland fumigation and pest control services immediately.
for more info please contact
Greenland fumigation and pest control services
greenlandfacilitiesservices@gmail.com
09086504246

Interested in learning how to prevent bed bugs? Bed bugs prevention is one of the easiest ways to protect your family and keep your home pest-free.
Search for the bug dirt
To keep those grimy bloodsuckers out of your bed, know what you are looking for. Bed bugs are brown, flat and about three-sixteenths of an inch long. They typically hide in small crevices by day and feed by night. Brown, rust-colored stains – the feces left over by your unwelcome houseguest – are a sign of bed bugs.
2
Lock down home base
Purchasing mattress and box frame covers to keep bed bugs at bay is key to prevention. Using zippered covers prevents bed bugs from infesting the place they are most likely to hide – your bed. This also simplifies detection.
3
Tell hitchhikers to hit the road
You can pick up bed bugs while staying in hotels, going to movie theaters or even trying on clothes. To prevent bed bugs from using you as their next taxi ride, keep an eye out for them in public. If staying at a hotel, be sure to check under the mattress and sheets.
4
Bring heat to the deadbeats
Suspect you’ve been used as a free ride? It is best to remove suspect clothes and items before entering the main area of you home, preferably on a non-carpeted surface. Place washable items in a wash and dry cycle. Most non-washables can be run through the clothes dryer on high heat for 30 minutes, which will kill all bed bugs and any eggs that may be present.
5
Know when to go pro
Even when you’ve taken time to learn how to prevent bed bugs, they can be hard to escape and even harder to remove from a home. DIY treatments can make an infestation worse and require harsh chemicals. Greenland bed bugs services can inspect your home and discuss the best options for getting rid of bed bugs in your home, saving you time and money.

signs of bed bugs, contact a pest management professional immediately.
for more info please contact
Greenland fumigation and pest control services
greenlandfacilitiesservices@gmail.com
09086504246

As the name indicates, bed bugs are often found in close proximity to beds. They are attracted to and feed on warm-blooded animals to survive. This can be humans or animals, but little is known about what causes bed bugs to have a preference for humans.
BED BUGS IN THE BEDROOM
To feed on humans, bed bugs want close proximity to the host. Box springs, headboards and bed framing are favorite harborage sites for these pests. They may also settle into furniture and fixtures that are close to a bed.

Bedrooms are not the only place where bed bugs can be a concern though.
BED BUGS OUTSIDE THE BEDROOM
Bed bugs are looking for human hosts who are inactive long enough to provide a meal. The feeding doesn’t have to be at night. They will feed opportunistically, even in the daytime.
signs of bed bugs, contact a pest management professional immediately.
for more info please contact
Greenland fumigation and pest control services
greenlandfacilitiesservices@gmail.com
09086504246
Where else might bed bugs find and feed on you?

Sitting for two hours in a movie theater while being distracted by adventure and popcorn? You could become an extra large drink for a bed bug.

Maybe the movie is enjoyed (or possibly slept through) in that favorite recliner in the living room. You could be a target.

Have a long cab ride into the office?

You get the idea. Any place that humans sit, rest or sleep can be a place that bed bugs are introduced or feed.
HOW DO BED BUGS SPREAD?


Bed bugs are consummate hitchhikers. In fact, they are primarily transported by humans and human belongings like suitcases.

If bed bugs or evidence of bed bugs are discovered, leave the area and call a qualified pest management professional to assist.

Bed bugs will move to other areas when they are disturbed. This may cause other areas to be infested that may be much more difficult to inspect or treat.

How Long Do Bed Bugs Live?
If you’ve had to deal with bed bugs hitching a ride home on your pet or your luggage, you’ve probably asked yourself, "how long do bed bugs live?"
As far as insect life spans go, bed bugs crawl the earth for longer than most — tapping out around the 10-month marker, according to Greenland bed bug servives And while that 10-month window is true for most, some are thought to live up to a year.
A bed bug life cycle includes multiple stages. A female bed bug lays eggs in groups of one to 50 and they take anywhere from six to 17 days to hatch, Greenland bed bug servives. By the time she dies, a female will have laid hundreds of eggs.. Greenland bed bug servives One millimeter is around the size of a mustard seed.
With the right conditions and temperatures, a bed bug can go from an egg to its adult stagein approximately 37 days. Warmer climates promote faster bed bug reproduction and development.
Baby bed bugs are called nymphs. A nymph will go through five phases of growth before it becomes an adult, shedding its skin each time, Greenland bed bug servives. They start life at 1.5 millimeters (the thickness of a U.S. penny) and grow to about 4.5 millimeters (the size of a medium-to-large pearl).
Even in their nymph stages, bed bugs are ready to eat. They primarily feed off of people, but will also bite animals − including dogs, cats, rodents and chickens. A bed bug can last up to a year or longer without feeding if the temperatures are ideal.
Still, the average bed bug life cycle isn’t very long, but they do lead active lives, which includes aggressively mating. If you think you may have signs of bed bugs, contact a pest management professional immediately.
for more info please contact
Greenland fumigation and pest control services
greenlandfacilitiesservices@gmail.com
09086504246