₦airaland Forum

HEPATITIS

This is the inflammation of the liver which leads to liver injury and damage

Viral Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver by infectious viruses like HAV, HBV and HCV

Viral hepatitis, accounts for more than 50% of cases of acute hepatitis.

Hepatitis A Virus causes only acute hepatitis and does not progress to chronic hepatitis.

Hepatitis B & C causes both acute and chronic hepatitis

Patients who are chronically infected may go on to develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Hepatitis B & C Causes direct damage to the hepatocytes => Cirrhosis of the liver => Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) => Fulminant Hepatic Failure (FHF)

Chronic hepatitis carriers remain infectious and may transmit the disease for many years

The pathogenic hepatitis viruses includes HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV.

Whether HGV are pathogenic to humans remains unclear.

CAUSES OF HEPATITIS

Has various causes:

Infectious causes

Viral (HAV from consumption of contaminated food and water), HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV)

Bacterial

Fungal

Parasitic organisms

Noninfectious causes:

Alcohol

Drugs

Autoimmune disease

Metabolic diseases.

HAV, HBV, and HCV are responsible for more than 90% of cases of acute viral hepatitis.

HAV is the most common cause of acute hepatitis,

HCV is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Fecal-oral transmission frequency:

HAV (+++)

HEV (+++)

Parenteral transmission frequency: Through needle pricks or blood transfusions or shared needles by I.V Drug users

HBV (+++)

HCV (+++)

HDV (++)

HGV (++)

HAV (+)

Sexual transmission frequency:

HBV (+++)

It is readily detected in serum, semen, vaginal mucus, saliva, and tears.

The virus is not detected in urine, stool, or sweat.

It is transmitted more easily than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or HCV.

Infection is associated with vaginal intercourse, genito-rectal intercourse, and oral-genital intercourse.

An estimated 30% of sexual partners of patients infected with HBV also contract HBV infection.

HBV cannot be transmitted through hugging, or household contact (e.g. sharing towels, eating utensils, or food). Sexual activity is estimated to account for as many as 50% of HBV cases

HDV (++) requires the presence of HBV to replicate. The sharing of contaminated needles in IV drug users is thought to be the most common means of transmitting HDV

HCV (+) transmitted via parenteral (needle prick and blood transfusions) and sexual intercourse.

HAV (+) through sexual contact (anal-oral) in Gay. The virus spreads from person to person via the fecal-oral route. Contaminated water and food, including shellfish collected from sewage-contaminated water.

Perinatal transmission frequency:

HBV (+++)

HCV (+)

HDV (+)

Sporadic (unknown) transmission frequency:

HBV (+)

HCV (+)

HEV is the primary cause of enter ally transmitted None None (NANB) hepatitis. It is transmitted via the fecal-oral route.

It can also be transmitted vertically to the babies of HEV-infected mothers.

It is associated with a high neonatal mortality

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS

Jaundice

Nausea

Vomiting

Anorexia

Abdominal pain

Fatigue

Malaise

Increased Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) values (>1000 U/L)

Hyperbilirubinaemia

COMPLICATIONS

Severe acute hepatitis may lead to:

Acute liver failure

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) (acute liver failure + hepatic encephalopathy)

Chronic hepatitis may lead to:

Liver Cirrhosis

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

End stage liver disease => Death

PREVENTION

For HAV

Personal hygiene

Avoid patronizing food vendors

Avoid Oro- Anal sex

For HBV

Avoid needle pricks for health workers

Avoid sharing of needles, toothbrush and razor

If you are single total abstinence from sexual intercourse

If married stick to your partner

Avoid multiple sexual partners

Avoid indiscriminate MouthAction

For HCV AND HDV

Just like HBV

For HEV

Just like HAV

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HEART DISEASES



The heart is the hardest working muscle in the body.

The average heart beats about 100,000 times per day i.e. it beats about 4170 times per hour

It is known as the human pump

Heart diseases are commonly known as Coronary artery disease (CAD)

CAD is a condition that occurs as a result of accumulation of cholesterol + calcium + fats within the Coronary arteries.

It leads to sudden cardiac arrest or death

RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASES

High cholesterol intake

Diabetes

Heart disease in 1st degree relative

Obesity (BMI > 30kg/m2)

High blood pressure

Smoking and alcohol drinking

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Sedentary lifestyle

Experiencing emotional distress or being “stressed out”

SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE

It differs from person to person. Symptomatic individuals experience chest pain or breathlessness and they have a chance to receive life-saving treatment in a hospital. Asymptomatic individuals unfortunately has sudden cardiac arrest and death as the first symptoms of heart disease they experience.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE

Persistent headache

Dizziness

Blurred vision

Insomnia

Breathlessness

Palpitations

Chest pain

Left arm pain

Neck pain

Jaw pain

Left sided low Back pain

Hepatomegaly

Abdominal pains

Ascites

Fatigue

Bilateral leg swelling

COMPLICATIONS OF HEART DISEASE

CNS COMPLICATIONS :

TIA

STROKE

Hypertensive Encephalopathy (severe hypertension + neurological symptoms = loss of consciousness, Disorientation, convulsions and speech disturbances)

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

EYE COPLICATIONS :

Retinopathy

Blindness

HEART COMPLICATIONS :

Myocardial infarction or Angina pectoris

abnormal heart sounds

KIDNEY COMPLICATIONS:

Renal stenosis

Renal failure

PREVENTION OF HEART DISEASES

low cholesterol intake

reduce fatty foods like fries and take more of fruits and vegetables.

Cholesterol-lowering foods such as beans, soy beans, garlic, avocados, and olive oil.

Boost levels of HDL “good” cholesterol by eating nuts like Walnuts and almonds but limit your serving to a small handful as nuts are high in calories.

Omega-3 fatty acids.

Diabetes

Avoid sugary foods as they promote heart disease and other chronic conditions like diabetes

If you have diabetes control it as high blood sugar is damaging to the heart.

High blood pressure

Control it as it is damaging to the heart

Exercise lowers blood pressure, and strengthens the heart muscle.

Obesity

Exercise

Quit Smoking and alcohol drinking

Abstain from cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking

Stop Sedentary lifestyle

Experiencing emotional distress or being “stressed out.

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Africa’s richest man Alhaji Aliko Dangote is the most successful businessman of the continent. His business is presented in a lot of countries.

As of January 2015, Dangote had an estimated net worth of US$18.6 billion.He made his fortune is cement, sugar and flour. In April 2014, months before oil prices plunged, he announced $9 billion in financing from a consortium of local and international lenders to construct a private oil refinery and fertilizer and petrochemical complex in the country. In August 2014 he said he would invest $1 billion in commercial rice farming and modern rice mills. His publicly traded Dangote Cement is also grabbing new markets in Africa, with $750 million in new plants planned for Kenya and Niger. His net worth tumbled from $25 billion in February 2014 as a result of a weaker Nigerian currency and a drop in demand for cement. He made his first fortune more than three decades ago when he started trading commodities with a loan from his powerful uncle.

Nigerianbulletin reviews some of his financial secrets:

1. He once worked for someone

Dangote worked for his uncle, Sani Dangote. He served his master diligently. He acted in accordance to the statement which says if you must lead, you must serve. It was while working for his uncle that he gathered experience, skills and confidence.

2. He took a loan to start his business

Aliko Dangote started his business with the NGN 500,000 loan he took from his uncle/master. He approached his uncle in 1977 and told him about his plan to establish a business outfit and his uncle gave him the loan to start the business. However, he was given a three-month-deadline and he repaid the loan in three months.

3. He kicked off his business by trading in commodities

Sugar, rice, pasta, salt, cotton, millet, cocoa, textile and vegetable oil were the commodities he started his business with. He was importing these commodities into Nigeria.

4. He developed a strong distribution network

Since production is not complete until the goods reach the final consumer, Dangote developed a strong distribution channel that made his goods delivered faster than his competitors’ goods.

5. He leaped from importation to manufacturing

After some years in his importation business, Aliko Dangote transformed into a producer of products he was importing. In one of his statements, he revealed that changing from an importer to a manufacturer has so far been his best move. The move produced Dangote Group, an organization that controls over 13 companies.

6. He built a brand

Dangote built a vibrant brand for his business. He corroborated this during an interview by saying “to succeed in business, you must build a brand and never destroy it. One competitive advantage I had when I ventured into manufacturing was my brand (Dangote), which I diligently built in the course of my trading.”

7. He sells cheap quality products

In his mission to gain the loyalty of his customers, Dangote started selling his competitive products at cheaper rates compared to his competitors’ rates.

8. He had a big breakthrough

Dangote’s networking skills and ability to make unprecedented connections made him record the major breakthrough he needed for the prosperity of his business. His break through emerged when he acquired the license to import cement.

9. He works pretty hard

As an astute businessman, Alhaji Aliko Dangote spends most of his time strategizing and brainstorming on how to grow his business. Reports have it that he sleeps by 2:00 am and wakes up by 5:00 am everyday. Can you beat that?

10. He obeys the laws of the land

Unlike other cunning businessmen, Dangote is an upright man as far as abiding by the rules and regulations governing the ethics of business are concerned. He keeps his credit records as well as his tax records tidy and he preaches that business should be done as stipulated by the regulatory bodies.

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