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FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS AS A BANK LENDING DECISION

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ABSTRACT

Commercial banks perform numerous functions. One of the most profitable investments of the commercial banks is granting of loans and advances to those customers that need such including business organization as loans are always needed to enhance profitability of such organization and help them execute such projects, which their capital cannot finance. These are factors, which banks do consider before granting such loans.

The research work is geared forward finding out the role which financial accounting information plays in lending decision making of the banks. The objectives amongst others include to know whether the banks do demand for financial statement from their customers while making lending decision, the extent to which they are influenced by such statements, the extent to which adequate use of accounting information has led to reduction an incident of bad debt.

A work of this nature will be of help to different groups including commercial banks, other lending institution credit analysis the government etc.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Every organisation targets the attainment of its desired objectives. The organisation therefore aims towards efficiency and proper effectiveness in conducting its affairs. However, the level of the efficiency and effectiveness of any organisation or the extent to which it is able to achieve its desired goals to a large extent depend on the quality of available information and on how the organisation utilize the available information. The organization always makes use of information in allocating scarce resources to different alternative uses.

For any business to succeed in today’s rapidly changing environment, the management must update itself with every relevant and current information that will be beneficial towards achieving the predetermined objective. It can therefore be seen that management must plan the course of action of the organisation, identifying the medium and long term goals based on detailed analysis of feasibility, bearing in mind the socio-economic and political situation around. Not only will plans be formulated, the actual performance and the end result should be compared with the plans to see whether the goals are being achieved or not. This helps the management to report appropriately as well as improving the entire process of development. A proper look at the planning process will reveal that proper information as well as its utilization is needed for the attainment of the organizational goals.

A great deal of useful information comes from accounting functions as it provides data which when processed, serves as useful information to the management in its planning process. The information provided by the accounting functions serves as important and effective tool in the budgeting or planning as well as operations of the management.

There are three basic types of accounting information which management needs in the information of its policies and plans. They are score-keeping method of information, attention directing information and problem solving information. The score-keeping information involves the accumulation and allocation of data collected for the purpose of performance appraisal and position evaluation. Attention directing information deals with highlighting and investigating the differences between plans and actual for proper corrective action. Lastly the problem solving information focuses on analyzing and recommending the best course of acting among competing alternatives. It is therefore associated with the management decision making process and useful in the implementation stage.

The commercial bank as business organization that need to plan greatly need not just any information but much of relevant, current and useful accounting information for the purpose of operating their business effectively and efficiently towards the attainment of their objectives. Much of the business of the commercial banks revolves round grating of loans and advances to their customers. In fact it should be realized that the most profitable business of banks is lending. The profitability of the banks is therefore a function of how prudent the banks are as well as how effective they utilize the accounting information sourced from accounting data provided by the customers for the purpose of borrowing.

The banks are therefore interested in financial accounting information, which will enable them research initial loan decisions, and also help to monitor progress after advances have been made. The information so needed are those that deal with solvency, liquidity and profitability, the firm’s financial stand and long term viability.

The banks will therefore assure themselves that the customers (companies or firms) are capable of paying interest accruable as well as repaying the loans as and when due. Some other factors are also considered concerning loan application for instance, on the duration of the loan; if it is a short term loan, the banks are interested in estimated net cash inflows over the relevant months, for a long term loan the banker satisfies itself that the company is financially stable. Such that adequate profit will be earned in the foreseeable future. Similarly, the ability of the borrowing firm to repay both the principal and the interest should be the prime consideration of the bank. Where it cannot be guaranteed, the advance should not be granted.

The Nigerian economy received a great blow, which was as a result of the financial distresses in the banking sector. These distresses were as a result of lack of proper use of accounting information by the lending banks.

It can be seen that this research work is timely hence the interest and attention of the researcher have been caught by it. The work therefore assesses extent to which commercial banks in Nigeria do utilize accounting information presented to them by the customers in affecting loans and advances proposal.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

(1) Bank managers allowed their personal interest to conflict with overall objectives of the bank when loans are advanced. They consider personal benefits derivable from customers than protecting the banks interest.

(2) The managers did not emphasis on the collateral rather than on viability of the project for which the loan was being sought as a result defaulters escaped apprehended.

(3) The bank managers failed to consider the reliability of the customers with regards to loan repayment schedule profile evidence.

(4) The profit and loss account as well as balance sheet of the intended borrower was not properly considered by the banks in lending decision.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Banks are very important financial institutions in the economy and in the expansion of investments and credits. Unfortunately defaults in loan repayment attributable to faulty lending decisions by the banks have brought about a defeat in their future lending policies and profit performance. A thorough analysis of the financial statements presented by the clients will improve the situation. The objectives of this research work are therefore:

(1) To determine the extent to which the financial accounting information presented by prospective borrowers influence lending decisions.

(2) To determine whether the banks always demand for financial statements from their customers while making decisions.

(3) To ascertain the extent to which adequate use of accounting information reduce bad debts.

(4) To ascertain the extent to which improve accounting records by borrowers have contributed to non-repayment of loans.

(5) To find out the extent to which poor financial positions of prospective borrowers has led to non-approval of loan.

(6) To make recommendation that will lead to efficiency in bank lending decisions.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do banks always demand for financial statement from their customers while making lending decision?

2. To what extent do financial accounting information presented by prospective borrowers influence lending decisions?

3. To what extent has adequate use of accounting information reduce incidence of bad debts?

4. To what extent has improper accounting records by borrowers contributed to non-repayment of loans?

5. To what extent has poor financial position of intending borrowers led to non approval of loan application?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

Hypotheses are intelligent guesses regarding some pertinent variables.

Hypothesis One

H0: Financial statement analysis does not and bank in

making lending decisions.

H1: Financial statement analysis and bank in

making lending decisions.

Hypothesis Three

H0: Inadequate analysis of accounting information does

not bring about an increase in the incidence of bad debts.

H1: Inadequate analysis of accounting information bring about an increase in the incidence of bad debts.

1.5 SCOPE

The aim of this research is to find out the financial statement analysis as a bank lending decision.

A comprehensive study of the topic as it concerns First Bank of Nigeria PLc Okpara Avenue, Enugu will be carried out.

Any other reference is just for a better understanding of the subject topic but not within the scope.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study lies in the benefit that will be derived from it by the under listed sectors of the economy.

Commercial Banks: If the information so contained in this research work is appropriately utilized, it will go a long way to improving the quality of lending decision of the commercial banks. Other lending institutions; the non-bank financial institution like finance houses, insurance companies and even development banks will if properly utilize these information see the need for scrutinizing accounting information from prospective borrowers before making lending decisions. This goes to reduce incidence of loan default and improper credit expansion.

Credit Analysis: The work will be of help to them as they on daily basis analyses the proposals made by prospective borrowers.

Prospective Borrowers: The ignorance on the part of the loan applicants with regards to the requirement of the banks will be removed by the knowledge of the information contained in the work.

Researchers: This work will also become of immense help to students and researchers on the same or similar topics, as it will form a basis for review of related literature.

The Government: The government is always interested in the economy of the nation. This measures to apply in order to curb the high incidents of default in repayment of loan as well as distress in banking section.

Apart from these specifically mentioned above, this research will go to enlighten the generality of the public (as many as will come across it). This will go a long way to causing every hand to be on deck towards the overall improvement of the economy of this nation. If properly used, there will be increase in national output, national income as the high incident of bad debt on the banks be drastically reduced.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

There are some words considered technical which if not defined might be an impediment to an ordinary man’s understanding and appreciation of the research work.

They are:

Banks: Unless otherwise stated, any reference to banks in this study is demand to mean commercial banks.

Customers: For the purpose of this study, this refers to current account holders that have recourse to advances and loans. Some of them include sole proprietors, partnership, joint stock companies, public corporation etc.

Final Accounts: This is often used to mean collectively the trading, profit and loss account. These account are generally presented in conjunction with the balance sheet (through the balance sheet is not an account) but a statement drawn up at the end of each financial peril showing the various assets and liabilities of the business concern as at that date.

Null Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis, which states that “no difference” or “no relationship” exists between two or more variable. It is a hypothesis of “no effect” or “no difference”.

Accounting Information: These are information contained in the published account of the company or firm. These includes, profit and loss accounts items, balance sheet items. The information collected through the daily transactions, sales and purchases daybooks, customer’s advances ledgers are all accounting information

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DEVELOPMENT OF CONING CORRELATIONS FOR OIL RIM RESERVOIRS USING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

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ABSTRACT

Proper management of thin oil rim reservoirs is required to maximize recovery and minimizes coning tendencies. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of reservoir and fluid properties on coning tendencies in thin oil rim reservoirs and to develop numerical correlations to predict oil recovery and water break through time for these reservoirs.

Numerical correlations for the prediction of recovery and water breakthrough time using response surface methodology have been developed. The thin oil rim reservoir was represented using a generic simulation box model.

Production rate, horizontal well length, oil viscosity, vertical landing of well from the gas-oil contact (GOC), vertical permeability and anisotropy ratio were varied and their effects on oil recovery, reservoir pressure, water cut and breakthrough time were studied. The results show that an increase in horizontal well length reduces the coning tendencies and improves recovery of oil. Increasing viscosity of oil (reducing oil mobility) increases the coning tendencies whilst reducing the productivity index of a well hence decreasing recovery. An increase in the horizontal well landing position from the gas-oil contact (GOC) results in an increase in water cut. An increase in vertical permeability and vertical anisotropy ratio both increases the coning tendencies in thin oil rim reservoirs.

Correlations for the prediction of cumulative oil recovery and water breakthrough time were developed for reservoir and fluid properties and well configurations within specific ranges which can be used for reliable predictions.

The major contribution of this work to knowledge is it presents a means of using experimental design and response surface methodology to develop reliable equations for generalized prediction of cumulative recovery and water breakthrough time in thin oil rim reservoirs without running simulation models when the required equipment and time is unavailable.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Coning is the result of high pressure gradient around the producing well which causes the oil-water contact to rise and the gas-oil contact to depress near the wellbore. Gravitational forces tend to segregate the fluids according to their densities. However, when gravitational forces are exceeded by the flowing pressures (viscous force), a cone of water and/or gas will be formed which will eventually penetrate the wellbore (Beveridge, 1970). Figure 1.1 is a schematic illustrating the phenomenon of water coning in a producing vertical well. This dynamic force due to wellbore drawdown causes the water at the bottom of the oil layer to rise to a certain point at which the dynamic force is balanced by the height of water beneath that point. As the lateral distance from the wellbore increases, the pressure drawdown and the upward dynamic forces decrease. Thus, the height of the balance point decreases as the distance from the well bore increases. Therefore, the locus of the balanced point is a stable cone shaped water oil interface. At this stable situation, oil flows above the interface while water remains stationary below the interface (Namani, 2007). This also applies to gas coning.

The extent of the cone and it stabilization depends on a lot of reservoir and fluid properties. A lot of correlations have been developed to predict the rate at which coning will occur for any conventional reservoir and the breakthrough time for a particular production rate. However, these correlations have their limitations due to assumptions made during their development which tends towards ideality rather than what is actually obtainable.

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DEEPWATER PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION IN THE GULF OF GUINEA


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ABSTRACT

Petroleum Fiscal System (PFS) is a major determinant of investment decision in the exploration and production of oil and gas in any country. It basically describes the profitability relationship between the host government of the producing community and the International Oil Companies (IOCs). The comparative analysis of the performance of the fiscal regimes becomes imperative as it affects the interest of the investor and the production of oil and gas. During the formulation of any fiscal regime a premium is placed on its outcome.

In this study, Petroleum Fiscal System (PFS) deepwater economic model is developed for the Gulf of Guinea. The approach incorporates a dynamic multipurpose input data page that automatically considers fiscal laws, taxation and stochastic analysis. Monte Carlo simulation using @risk software is used to account for risk and uncertainties in decision making.

This study addresses the industry structure, conduct and performance of fiscal regimes of countries in the Gulf of Guinea. Comparison of the effects of production delay, front ended government take, front loading index, and taxation show that the Gulf of Guinea is internationally competitive in all ramifications. A wide range of profitability indicators were used in the economic evaluation decision of this work such as Government Take (GTake), Contractor Take (CTake), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), Savings Index (SI), Return on Investment (ROI), Payout Time (POT), Effective Royalty Rate (ERR), Growth Rate of Return (GRR), Discounted Net Cash Flow (DNCF), Front Loading Index (FLI). This avails investors, governments, petroleum economists, and so on great options of economic performance indicators in decision making. It is also found that as the risk in deepwater investment increases with water depth, return on investment rises significantly too in the Gulf of Guinea.

Analysis of all terms contained in the deep water economic model formulated

(stochastic and deterministic) presents a useful tool to guide in investment decision making in

the Gulf of Guinea. Recommendations on how the variations would give government equal

take on any Petroleum Fiscal System are made. Usually the aim of the host government is to

get as much economic rent as possible.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1. OVERVIEW

Deepwater offshore exploration as much as it is a breakthrough in Petroleum Exploration and Production as it offers significant benefits over onshore production, still poses challenges to the oil and gas industry. The Gulf of Guinea (GOG) is an attractive place for investment in the oil and gas sector, opportunities abounds for petroleum exploration and production. Exploration and production in deepwater offshore have been proven to produce more oil and gas, add to proven reserves and generate more income for such producing nations. In the long run, production in deep waters will help the growing economies hence the demand for oil and gas globally.

The analysis of fiscal regimes which is one of the determinants of investment decision in the exploration and production of oil and gas is imperative for the Gulf of Guinea as it affects the interest of the investor and the production of crude oil. Several authors such as Temmy D. and Tumbur P. (2002), Costa Lima G.A. et al (2010) due to its significance, analyzed profitability of Fiscal regimes in the Asia Pacific countries and Brazil respectively, however, risk and uncertainties were not accounted for.

The Gulf of Guinea is the arm of the Atlantic Ocean, western Africa, between Cape Palmas, at the south-eastern tip of Liberia, and Cape Lopez, Gabon. Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny. The Niger River in particular deposited organic sediments out to sea over millions of years which became crude oil. This region is now regarded as one of the world's top oil and gas exploration hotspots and most promising petroleum provinces (Microsoft Encarta, 2009). The countries of the Gulf of Guinea, an area in the West and Central Africa coast are made up of Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Togo, Cameroon, Benin, Ivory Coast, Angola, Congo, Guinea, and the islands of Sao Tome and Principe. Islands in the GOG that are part of Equatorial Guinea are Annobon, Bioko, Corisco, Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico (Wikipedia, 2011). Some countries like Nigeria and Angola are already producing from offshore areas in the GOG, while others are starting to conduct exploration activities. By some estimates, West Africa already has up to 547 major offshore oil and gas structures.

Currently, offshore production accounts for up to 30% of the world's oil and gas production. That percentage is expected to rise in the future. Estimates indicate that the GOG and African countries already supplies about 11% of world’s oil and gas needs and holds about 10% of the world’s proven reserves (PWC, 2010). However, this number is expected to grow, given that exploration is only now commencing in some offshore areas.

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Several studies have been done on the comparative competitiveness of Petroleum Fiscal Systems (PFS) in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), Brazil, Australia, Malaysia, etc., but none has been done for the GOG. Though Merak Projects PEEP has fiscal models for some GOG countries, they are in isolation for commercial purposes. Therefore, in this study, an integrated PFS of various fiscal regimes in the GOG will be modelled; implemented and proposed PFS in countries in the GOG will be analyzed as well as the uniqueness of each country. The same field data (hypothetical or real) will be used to forecast production and costs.

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PERSONALITY TYPES AS CORRELATES OF TEST ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY BASED AND HOSPITAL BASED NURSING STUDENTS

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ABSTRACT

Test anxiety is an unpleasant state characterized by feelings of tension, apprehension, worrisome thoughts and the activation of the autonomic nervous system when an individual faces evaluative achievement-demanding situation. It is the uneasiness felt by students who had fear of failing an examination and/or test taking. This leads to hyper-arousal conditions that result in the physiological, emotional and intellectual changes that prevent the use of previously learned information during test-taking or examination. Test is one of the main methods of assessment in schools at all levels, and it is part of students’ life. Personality type is the psychological classification of different types of individuals which, brings about the differences in people. The purpose of this study was to determine personality types as correlate of test anxiety among university-based and hospital-based nursing students in selected nursing schools in Enugu Urban. Descriptive correlational design was used for the study. Two hundred and eight (208) nursing students participated in the study. One hundred and fifty (150) from the Department of Nursing Sciences, UNEC and fifty eight (58) from School of Nursing University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Instrument for data collection were Test Anxiety Inventory, (TAI) and Big Five Personality Inventory (BFPI) Data was collated and analyzed with the aid of the computer statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 19.0 using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) and Chi square (X2) There was no sampling done as all the final year nursing students were used for the study. Results of the research findings revealed that there was no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety of male nursing students (0.277, P > 0.05) hence the Ho is accepted. Also, there is no significant relationship between Openness, Extraversion and Agreeableness personality types and test anxiety of female nursing students (P>0.05).Therefore, the Ho is accepted too. However, there is significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and test anxiety of female nursing students (r= -0346, P<0.05) which implies that the more conscientious the female nursing students are, the less their test anxiety and higher performance in test taking. Also, there is significant positive relationship between neuroticism and test anxiety of female nursing students (r= 0.359, P<0.05)of university-based and hospital-based nursing students which means that the more neurotic the female nursing students are, the more their test anxiety and low performance in test taking hence the Ho is rejected. It is recommended that coping strategies to reduce test anxiety should be included in nursing programmes/curriculum assist students who show symptoms of test anxiety.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Test anxiety is an unpleasant state characterized by feelings of tension and apprehension, worrisome thoughts and the activation of the autonomic nervous system when an individual faces evaluative achievement-demanding situations (Tuncay, & Ergene, 2012). It is the hyper-arousal condition that results in physiological, emotional and intellectual changes that prevent the effective use of the previously learned information while taking an examination. Test anxiety is a non-specific trait that refers to the anxiety state and worry conditions experienced during examination (Ndirangu, Muola, Kithuka & Nassiuma, 2009).

Test or examination is an assessment intended to measure a test-taker’s achievement, knowledge, skill, aptitude or physical fitness. It is one of the main methods of assessment in schools at all levels (Woolfolk, 2009). Test taking is part of students’ life. However, it has been observed that some students are so fearful of tests or other forms of examination such that many students develop test anxiety towards examination. The level of test anxiety can fluctuate over time in an individual in response to different types of tests or examination. An individual, in response to both internal and external stimulation exhibit some observable behaviours such as perspiration, excessive movement, and questioning of instructions, sweaty palms and muscle tension during testing situations. Also, there may be disruption or disorganization of effective problem solving and cognitive control of the student including difficulty in thinking clearly (Freidman & Benda -Jacob, 2007).

According to Ohman (2000), test anxiety involves a physiological over arousal, worry and dread about test performance which often interferes with normal learning and lowers test performance. Harris and Coy (2005) stated that test anxiety and other deficits related to test anxiety interfere with academic performance. A study conducted by Cassady and Johnson (2002), on cognitive test anxiety of undergraduate students in Kuwait and United States of America showed that students with high level of anxiety have low academic performance. The students perform poorly not only in the regular class setting but also on achievement and aptitude tests (Fiore, 2003). Test anxiety is believed to be the trait that predisposes students to react negatively to examinations and tests (Keogh and Steven, 2010).

Test anxiety according to Spielberger (1979) and Eubank (1993), consists of two major components: worry and emotionality. Worry is an unpleasant thought or concern about things that might happen or problems that one may have which includes personal thoughts regarding poor test performance, ultimate course or academic failure (Fiore, 2003). Emotionality, on the other hand describes the unpleasant autonomic responses such as fear, panic, tension, increased heart and respiratory rates, muscle tension, sweaty palms, etc (Slade & Francis 2009). Emotionality tends to peak immediately before a test, and falls off rapidly when the test is concluded. Furthermore, emotionality is not related to performance expectancy but worry is related to performance expectancy, and tends to be fairly constant across time (Leibert & Morris, 1967 in Onyeizugbo, 2010).

Worry impairs performance by reducing the amount of working memory available, such that task performance is seriously impaired. While test-anxious individuals must put in more effort to achieve the same satisfactory levels of performance as their non-test anxious counterparts, they have the capability of performing well when their worry is contained. Of the two components of test anxiety, worry has been found to contribute more to test anxiety and poor performance (Keogh et al., 2004). According to Chinta (2005), students with high test anxiety respond to test or examination with intense emotional reactions and negative self-thought that impair performance leading to lower grades and result in high dropout rates of students. On the other hand, students with low levels of anxiety maintain their focus throughout information processing and retrieval; because there is few or no cognitive deficiency and the students persist in doing the task and perform well during examination and achievement test (Onyeizugbo, 2010).

Gender is a range of characteristics distinguishing between male and female, particularly in the cases of men and women, boys and girls; the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. It includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity). Gender roles and expectations are learned. They can change over time and they vary within and between cultures. Systems of social differentiation such as political status, class, ethnicity, physical and mental ability, age and mores, modify gender roles. (Mishel, 2005).

According to Onyeizugbo (2010), gender could possibly predispose to test anxiety and females have repeatedly been found to report higher levels of overall test anxiety than males (Hembree, 1988; Volkmer & Zeidner, 1990; Feather, 1991; Bandalos et al, 1995). However, there has been little agreement among researchers regarding the locus of these gender differences. Three explanations have dominated thinking on this issue. One explanation for the gender differences in test anxiety is that males and females experience similar levels of test worry, but females have higher levels of the emotionality component, producing higher general test anxiety scores (Deffenbacher, 1980; Mueller, 1980). This proposition received limited support from research, revealing that differences between males’ and females’ reported anxiety levels were greatest in the emotionality component. However, females also consistently report higher levels of cognitive test anxiety than males (Hembree, 1988; Zeidner; 1990).

Gender, according to Onyeizugbo could possibly predict differences in levels of test anxiety. Zeidner (1990) and Kesshler et al (1995) reported that girls significantly have higher test anxiety than boys; whereas Mwamwenda (1993) found no significant gender differences in test anxiety among South African sample.

The personality type of an individual such as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism can predispose to test anxiety hence gender and personality type of an individual in an examination or during test taking will positively or negatively affect test result based on the level of anxiety experienced (Bishop, 2006).

Research has shown that test anxious personalities respond to examination stress with emotional reactions and negative self-centered motivation and concentration (Zeisset, 2006).

Ejemezue (2011), in his study found that students with high test anxiety respond to examination stress with intense emotional reactions and negative self-centered thoughts that impair academic performance, while those low in test anxiety react with increased motivation and concentration.

From the foregoing therefore, an individual’s gender and personality type could pose a possible interaction effect in an individual during test taking which may or may not lead to test anxiety. This has therefore stimulated the researcher’s interest to study gender and personality types as correlates of test anxiety.

Statement of Problem

Test anxiety can be a devastating problem for many College and University students because; it may impair performance and well being in the long run (Dusek, 2009). According to King (2008), moderate levels of test anxiety may enhance a student’s performance, while higher levels tend to interfere with the student’s optimal performance. Findings from several researchers (Schultz; Di Stefano; Benson & Davis, 2004; Brijesh & Yogesh, 2008) have shown that the affective reactions of students to achievement testing as an integral part of educational system are becoming pronounced.

The researcher as a teacher has observed that some students under test conditions are restless, anxious looking, and display some behaviour or bodily reactions such as knocking on their seats with pen, bite the pen, move excessively on their seats, sweat profusely, shiver, go out several times to urinate, giraffe and ask many questions on the test instructions during examination or test taking. These students find it difficult to concentrate on their papers to write, probably because they cannot remember what they have read.

Besides, many students have approached the researcher over the years for advice and counselling concerning their academic performance. From what they confided in me; some said “I studied and prepared very well for this examination, but as soon as I was given the question paper, I could no more remember what I have read”. “I felt funny as soon as examination started as if something is blocking my airway or I am being chocked” while others complained of poor memory during examination but after writing the much they could remember, at the end of the examination, they remember those things they forgot in the examination hall. Others complained of poor muscle coordination while writing and this led to their writing very slowly, because of sluggish hand movement during examination which made them not to attempt all the questions. Furthermore, the complaint of going blank, total confusion resulted in severe nervousness that they could not concentrate and resulted in their writing out of point. All these depict symptoms of test anxiety. The students who make such complaints most often begin by saying “I failed this exam because of the problem I had”. “In fact, I don’t know what is wrong with me? Please I want you to advise me on what to do”.

However, some students do not display any signs of anxiety, restlessness or agitation during examinations. They remain calm and well comported during examination or test taking.

Based on the above observations, the researcher wonders why some students have these problems while some others do not have them. Is it because one is a male or female? Or, is it as a result of the personality type or traits one possesses. This aroused the researcher’s interest to investigate the relationship between gender, personality types and test anxiety. Also, there is a paucity of knowledge in nursing literature on the relationship between gender, personality types and test anxiety among nursing students. The present study will fill this gap.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of study was to investigate personality types as correlate of test anxiety among University-based and hospital-based nursing students in selected nursing schools in Enugu urban.

Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the personality types of nursing students as measured by the Big Five personality Inventory ((BFPI)

(b) To determine personality types according to programme (university-based and hospital-based nursing students)

(c)To determine gender differences in personality types of nursing students (male and female)

2. To determine test anxiety level of nursing students as measured by Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI).

(b) To determine test anxiety level according to programme (university-based and hospital- based)

(c) To determine test anxiety level according to gender (anxiety level = mild, moderate and severe)

3. To determine the relationship between personality types, and test anxiety levels of nursing students.

Research Hypotheses

Ho1 There will be no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety level of nursing students

Ho2: There will be no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety level of University-based nursing students.

Ho3: There will be no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety level of hospital- based nursing students.

Ho4: There will be no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety level of male nursing students

Ho5: There will be no significant relationship between, personality types and test anxiety level of female nursing students.

Ho6: There will be no significant relationship in test anxiety level between male and female nursing students.

Ho7: There will be no significant relationship in test anxiety level between University-based hospital-based nursing students.

Significance of Study

The present study of personality types and test anxiety will in no doubt make important contributions to area of study.

Findings from this study will reveal the personality types or profile of the nursing students. This finding will help nurse educators and other lecturers to understand student’s behaviour based on the personality traits they exhibit and which enable the nurse educators know how to handle the students to learn maximally, hence reducing test anxiety.

Findings will reveal test anxiety levels of nursing students. This finding will also help nurse educators, clinical instructors, clinical supervisors, mentors and preceptors to review method of teaching/techniques that will help reduce test anxiety and increase high performance in test taking.

Findings will also reveal the relationship between personality types and test anxiety of nursing students. This finding will reveal whether personality types have positive or negative relationship with test anxiety. Depending on the relationship of personality types and test anxiety, appropriate recommendations will be made following data analysis.

Furthermore, findings will show the relationship gender of and test anxiety. This will reveal whether masculinity and femininity have positive or negative relationship with test anxiety and appropriate measures will be recommended based on the result following data analysis.

If the findings and recommendations are put into use, it will help teachers and counsellors develop appropriate counseling packages for effective handling of students with test anxiety with the aim of reducing it to the barest minimum.

Finally, findings will provide basis for further researches.

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