₦airaland Forum

ProfDview1:
Briefly explain what u know abt all what the OP posted

[color=#0000ff]Na exam? [/color]

Slawormir:
Damnnnnn niggarrr Isoright

This pal self.

ProfDview1:
Briefly explain what u know abt all what the OP posted

how many mark prof?

sunshineV:
how many mark prof?

60 marks...

atheistandproud:
In the last post, we did a brief introduction talking data, instructions sets and just a general introduction. Now we’ll go a bit deeper. Please note that this is just to give you a general basic understanding of how these things work. Straight to the point basic knowledge.

Now let’s look at the CPU itself. Inside a CPU you’ll find
1. Control unit
2. Arithmetic and Logic unit
3. Registers (Immediate access store and cache)

These are the three main parts of a CPU inside an SoC.

Opcode and Operand: An opcode is an instruction attached to any piece of data sent to the CPU for processing. An Operand is the data that has been sent to the CPU for processing. If you click on a photo (data or operand) on your phone and click delete (opcode or instruction), both the instruction and the data are sent to your CPU for processing.

The control unit does not carry out processing. It’s function is to tell the other parts of the CPU how to do their jobs. It does this by recognising the opcode attached to an operand, matching it with the same code in the instruction set and then feeding it to the ALU which then can carries out this task.

The ALU consists of two parts, the Arithmetic unit (AU) and the Logic unit (LU). The arithmetic unit carries out arithmetic like add, subtract, divide or multiply while the logic unit carries out logical tasks like comparison, interpretation or true or false tasks. The ALU carries out its functions through the use of logic gates.

Registers and Cache: These are very fast memory circuits. You can think of each register as a box which holds a piece of data useful to the CPU. These pieces of data allow the CPU to quickly 'fetch' and then 'decode' and then 'execute' the instuctions held in RAM that are part of a program, one instruction at a time.

It is important to note that RAM is not part of the CPU, it is part of a Smartphone's SoC but not part of the CPU.

When you give an instruction to your phone, the Opcode and Operand are sent to the control unit. The app (e.g keyboard) which you are using is already kept in the RAM, also a copy of the instruction set is kept in the RAM. So when the Opcode and Operand reaches the control unit, the control unit then establishes two lines of communication with the RAM (1 for Opcode data and 2 for Operand address). The CPU does not have any proper storage of its own so it has to keep data in the RAM. This first stage is the fetch stage.
When the CPU has sent data to the RAM, it begins the decode and execute phase. Taking in bits of the operand to be worked on and matching it with the Opcode, when it’s matched. If the task to be done has the Opcode appearing multiple times, the control unit will save that piece of data to it's internal cache which is usually very small so that it doesn't have to go to the RAM till that particular set of tasks is done. The control unit feeds the data with the instructions to the ALU where the processing is done. The ALU is a maze of transistors arranged in patterns called logic gates. When data passes through them, they are processed and the results are given out as an output.

In the old days, each processor only had one CPU which did all the load, but now you can have more than one CPU sharing the load. Thus making processing of data easier and faster. Each CPU is called a core. When you have 2 CPU (dual core), 4 CPU (quad core), 6 CPU (Hexa core), 8 CPU (Octacore) and 10 CPU (Deca core).

The time taken to carry out the fetch-decode-execute cycle is called a clock cycle and it is measured per second. The unit of measurement is in Hertz. These days, CPUs run at gigahertz per second.

We'll still look at logic gates and try to determine if clock speed is what makes a CPU great as some people here have argued.

Nice. I have been wondering how easy it will be to make microcontrollers to do some of the functions that are being done by todays smartphones.
Things like facial recognition, fingerprint recognition, 3 dimensional speed.

OP do you know about microcontrollers?

ProfDview1:
60 marks...

ah my CO don sure

but wait im coming

sunshineV:
ah my CO don sure

but wait im coming

Really? I dey wait

Kudos to u OP,MA BOOK SPACE

Op I wanted to ask about CPU architecture especially RISC Based. Why is ARM the only prominent RISC SOC designer.? Given that they don't produce their designs, what's stopping Qualcomm, TSMC, Mediatek, Hisilicon etc from designing and manufacturing their own SOC. Every phone CPU is based on Cores designed ARM, is RISC intrinsically complex for new architecture ground up or has ARM patented the entire field stopping others from making head way? Cc atheistandproud

Computer Engineering days...
If only our lecturers could bring this stuff down as well as you have done.

Haha I remember doing this topic when I was still in school. Basics of assembly language. One of the hardest courses in my final year.


Till now I no understand the stupid language even though I'm conversant with the OOP high level languages.

atheistandproud:
In the last post, we did a brief introduction talking data, instructions sets and just a general introduction. Now we’ll go a bit deeper. Please note that this is just to give you a general basic understanding of how these things work. Straight to the point basic knowledge.

Now let’s look at the CPU itself. Inside a CPU you’ll find
1. Control unit
2. Arithmetic and Logic unit
3. Registers (Immediate access store and cache)

These are the three main parts of a CPU inside an SoC.

Opcode and Operand: An opcode is an instruction attached to any piece of data sent to the CPU for processing. An Operand is the data that has been sent to the CPU for processing. If you click on a photo (data or operand) on your phone and click delete (opcode or instruction), both the instruction and the data are sent to your CPU for processing.

The control unit does not carry out processing. It’s function is to tell the other parts of the CPU how to do their jobs. It does this by recognising the opcode attached to an operand, matching it with the same code in the instruction set and then feeding it to the ALU which then can carries out this task.

The ALU consists of two parts, the Arithmetic unit (AU) and the Logic unit (LU). The arithmetic unit carries out arithmetic like add, subtract, divide or multiply while the logic unit carries out logical tasks like comparison, interpretation or true or false tasks. The ALU carries out its functions through the use of logic gates.

Registers and Cache: These are very fast memory circuits. You can think of each register as a box which holds a piece of data useful to the CPU. These pieces of data allow the CPU to quickly 'fetch' and then 'decode' and then 'execute' the instuctions held in RAM that are part of a program, one instruction at a time.

It is important to note that RAM is not part of the CPU, it is part of a Smartphone's SoC but not part of the CPU.

When you give an instruction to your phone, the Opcode and Operand are sent to the control unit. The app (e.g keyboard) which you are using is already kept in the RAM, also a copy of the instruction set is kept in the RAM. So when the Opcode and Operand reaches the control unit, the control unit then establishes two lines of communication with the RAM (1 for Opcode data and 2 for Operand address). The CPU does not have any proper storage of its own so it has to keep data in the RAM. This first stage is the fetch stage.
When the CPU has sent data to the RAM, it begins the decode and execute phase. Taking in bits of the operand to be worked on and matching it with the Opcode, when it’s matched. If the task to be done has the Opcode appearing multiple times, the control unit will save that piece of data to it's internal cache which is usually very small so that it doesn't have to go to the RAM till that particular set of tasks is done. The control unit feeds the data with the instructions to the ALU where the processing is done. The ALU is a maze of transistors arranged in patterns called logic gates. When data passes through them, they are processed and the results are given out as an output.

In the old days, each processor only had one CPU which did all the load, but now you can have more than one CPU sharing the load. Thus making processing of data easier and faster. Each CPU is called a core. When you have 2 CPU (dual core), 4 CPU (quad core), 6 CPU (Hexa core), 8 CPU (Octacore) and 10 CPU (Deca core).

The time taken to carry out the fetch-decode-execute cycle is called a clock cycle and it is measured per second. The unit of measurement is in Hertz. These days, CPUs run at gigahertz per second.

We'll still look at logic gates and try to determine if clock speed is what makes a CPU great as some people here have argued.

Now I know why you no like Transsion.

atheistandproud:
Lol. I don't oh.

I only have a flair for being able to explain difficult concepts into simple English that everyone can understand.

Baba see as you bring memory of 300L EEE375 back. Still dey for head like yesterday. 1 and 0 things

op we can collaborate to make computers and smartphone

atheistandproud:
In the last post, we did a brief introduction talking data, instructions sets and just a general introduction. Now we’ll go a bit deeper. Please note that this is just to give you a general basic understanding of how these things work. Straight to the point basic knowledge.

Now let’s look at the CPU itself. Inside a CPU you’ll find
1. Control unit
2. Arithmetic and Logic unit
3. Registers (Immediate access store and cache)

These are the three main parts of a CPU inside an SoC.

Opcode and Operand: An opcode is an instruction attached to any piece of data sent to the CPU for processing. An Operand is the data that has been sent to the CPU for processing. If you click on a photo (data or operand) on your phone and click delete (opcode or instruction), both the instruction and the data are sent to your CPU for processing.

The control unit does not carry out processing. It’s function is to tell the other parts of the CPU how to do their jobs. It does this by recognising the opcode attached to an operand, matching it with the same code in the instruction set and then feeding it to the ALU which then can carries out this task.

The ALU consists of two parts, the Arithmetic unit (AU) and the Logic unit (LU). The arithmetic unit carries out arithmetic like add, subtract, divide or multiply while the logic unit carries out logical tasks like comparison, interpretation or true or false tasks. The ALU carries out its functions through the use of logic gates.

Registers and Cache: These are very fast memory circuits. You can think of each register as a box which holds a piece of data useful to the CPU. These pieces of data allow the CPU to quickly 'fetch' and then 'decode' and then 'execute' the instuctions held in RAM that are part of a program, one instruction at a time.

It is important to note that RAM is not part of the CPU, it is part of a Smartphone's SoC but not part of the CPU.

When you give an instruction to your phone, the Opcode and Operand are sent to the control unit. The app (e.g keyboard) which you are using is already kept in the RAM, also a copy of the instruction set is kept in the RAM. So when the Opcode and Operand reaches the control unit, the control unit then establishes two lines of communication with the RAM (1 for Opcode data and 2 for Operand address). The CPU does not have any proper storage of its own so it has to keep data in the RAM. This first stage is the fetch stage.
When the CPU has sent data to the RAM, it begins the decode and execute phase. Taking in bits of the operand to be worked on and matching it with the Opcode, when it’s matched. If the task to be done has the Opcode appearing multiple times, the control unit will save that piece of data to it's internal cache which is usually very small so that it doesn't have to go to the RAM till that particular set of tasks is done. The control unit feeds the data with the instructions to the ALU where the processing is done. The ALU is a maze of transistors arranged in patterns called logic gates. When data passes through them, they are processed and the results are given out as an output.

In the old days, each processor only had one CPU which did all the load, but now you can have more than one CPU sharing the load. Thus making processing of data easier and faster. Each CPU is called a core. When you have 2 CPU (dual core), 4 CPU (quad core), 6 CPU (Hexa core), 8 CPU (Octacore) and 10 CPU (Deca core).

The time taken to carry out the fetch-decode-execute cycle is called a clock cycle and it is measured per second. The unit of measurement is in Hertz. These days, CPUs run at gigahertz per second.

We'll still look at logic gates and try to determine if clock speed is what makes a CPU great as some people here have argued.

It's been long I encountered a creepy high level of intelligence in Nigerian youth. What's your profession?

atheistandproud:
I wanted to write on CPU performance further down sha. I'm still doing the research but I believe I know well enough to answer your questions sir.

1. CPU cores are the numbers of CPUs inside an SoC, while Clock speed is the time taken for the CPU to process data (fetch-decode-execute).

Clock speed speed only refers to how fast that particular CPU in question can complete tasks suited to it's ability. For example, think of the cores like roads with lanes that carry traffic.

Two cars will pass through a single lane (2 sides or two cores) road easily and quickly (easy tasks) in opposite directions right. What happened when two hundred cars for example want to pass that single lane road at once?

There will be hold up (the phone will lag and freeze).

This is because those cars can only pass at their relative speeds of twos.

But on an 8 lane highway, those two cars will pass very quickly without stress and those two hundred cars will pass through quicker and easier than the way they'll pass through a single lane road even if they drive slower (clockspeed) than those on the two land road.

So to answer your question, if Mediatek processors of the same architecture but different core numbers and clock speeds were to be compared, the processor with more CPU cores (the Octacore) will perform better than the dual core. The dual core even with its 2.0GHz can only perform limited tasks quickly whilst that Octacore can perform more tasks at a slower pace.

You can also think of it like using a knife to cut carrots with speed (dual core) or using a grater (Octacore) at any speed you like. Which one will do the work faster and better?

2. Octa core is Octa core. What happened was that in order to save battery and conserve resources. A technology pioneered by Mediatek and designed by ARM was used called the big.LITTLE.

This means that the 8 cores are divided into 2 groups. 1 group (4 cores) are used for heavy duty tasks like gaming or video calls. These cores tends to heat up the phone and consume a lot of battery as they're supposed to be powerful. This means that you cannot use them all the time. Instead you use the 2nd group (efficiency cores) which is made up weaker CPUs that do not consume power or heat up for regular tasks like chatting, SMS, calls, social media etc.
When you're using one group of cores, the other group is shut off, when you switch to another task, them the other is engaged while the first one is shut off. This is done to reduce heating and save battery.

Finally, there's no complete Octacore. So far I don't believe that there are any. All SoC manufacturers implement the big little technology. Although when the tasks are too heavy for the big core or during multitasking, all CPU cores may be engaged for a brief period.

Would a SD439 best a Helio P35, yes. I strongly believe so.

So enchanted with this guy's intelligence

atheistandproud:
I wanted to write on CPU performance further down sha. I'm still doing the research but I believe I know well enough to answer your questions sir.

1. CPU cores are the numbers of CPUs inside an SoC, while Clock speed is the time taken for the CPU to process data (fetch-decode-execute).

Clock speed speed only refers to how fast that particular CPU in question can complete tasks suited to it's ability. For example, think of the cores like roads with lanes that carry traffic.

Two cars will pass through a single lane (2 sides or two cores) road easily and quickly (easy tasks) in opposite directions right. What happened when two hundred cars for example want to pass that single lane road at once?

There will be hold up (the phone will lag and freeze).

This is because those cars can only pass at their relative speeds of twos.

But on an 8 lane highway, those two cars will pass very quickly without stress and those two hundred cars will pass through quicker and easier than the way they'll pass through a single lane road even if they drive slower (clockspeed) than those on the two land road.

So to answer your question, if Mediatek processors of the same architecture but different core numbers and clock speeds were to be compared, the processor with more CPU cores (the Octacore) will perform better than the dual core. The dual core even with its 2.0GHz can only perform limited tasks quickly whilst that Octacore can perform more tasks at a slower pace.

You can also think of it like using a knife to cut carrots with speed (dual core) or using a grater (Octacore) at any speed you like. Which one will do the work faster and better?

2. Octa core is Octa core. What happened was that in order to save battery and conserve resources. A technology pioneered by Mediatek and designed by ARM was used called the big.LITTLE.

This means that the 8 cores are divided into 2 groups. 1 group (4 cores) are used for heavy duty tasks like gaming or video calls. These cores tends to heat up the phone and consume a lot of battery as they're supposed to be powerful. This means that you cannot use them all the time. Instead you use the 2nd group (efficiency cores) which is made up weaker CPUs that do not consume power or heat up for regular tasks like chatting, SMS, calls, social media etc.
When you're using one group of cores, the other group is shut off, when you switch to another task, them the other is engaged while the first one is shut off. This is done to reduce heating and save battery.

Finally, there's no complete Octacore. So far I don't believe that there are any. All SoC manufacturers implement the big little technology. Although when the tasks are too heavy for the big core or during multitasking, all CPU cores may be engaged for a brief period.

Would a SD439 best a Helio P35, yes. I strongly believe so.

thanks for the elaboration,,, I now understood that more cores are better to clock speed .
but I will be forced to disagree with u on all soc implementing the big little tech cause I have come across some mtk chips even snapdragon saying there chips can run simultaneously ,,,,, I might try checking up online to bring u the chip


so after some research i saw that MT6592 and MT6752 are true octacore but am still don't understand everything cause they were talking about something like an app that don't support multi threading is needed to implement all those eight core to work simultaneously

MrWraith:
Op I wanted to ask about CPU architecture especially RISC Based. Why is ARM the only prominent RISC SOC designer.? Given that they don't produce their designs, what's stopping Qualcomm, TSMC, Mediatek, Hisilicon etc from designing and manufacturing their own SOC. Every phone CPU is based on Cores designed ARM, is RISC intrinsically complex for new architecture ground up or has ARM patented the entire field stopping others from making head way? Cc atheistandproud

There is a popular saying about standing on the shoulders of giants, I believe most companies prefer to leverage on the patents and work done by ARM rather than spending huge amounts of money trying to reinvent the wheel. Also no company will want to spend so much money on Research & Development only to discover their idea has already been patented.
As an aside, some years ago Intel tried to stampede their way into the smartphone SoC market with their x86 architecture; but they had to withdraw when they couldn't compete.

I'll be lying if I say I don't appreciate the efforts you putting in educating all interested and doing a better job than some lecturers I know at that.
Need more posts like this.

reigncalif1:
thanks for the elaboration,,, I now understood that more cores are better to clock speed .
but I will be forced to disagree with u on all soc implementing the big little tech cause I have come across some mtk chips even snapdragon saying there chips can run simultaneously ,,,,, I might try checking up online to bring u the chip

You are right, but it is usually for burst (short duration) performance and not sustained performance. Today, big-Little doesn't necessarily mean the sets of cores don't work simultaneously - just that they are of different types (power efficient cores mixed with performance cores).

Very interesting, are you a phone engineer or soft ware engineer

reigncalif1:
...
so after some research i saw that MT6592 and MT6752 are true octacore but am still don't understand everything cause they were talking about something like an app that don't support multi threading is needed to implement all those eight core to work simultaneously

Then true octacores were important, today - not so much. Then Qualcomm didn't have chips with all the cores working simultaneously; when the heavier cores were working, the lighter ones were switched off and vice-versa. But nowadays, every SoC has the ability to make all its cores work simultaneously - whether they are heterogeneous cores or homogeneous cores.
If an app doesn't support multi threading with all the available cores on an SoC's CPU, it will make use of the number of cores it supports thereby making the other cores redundant. So in theory, if an app supports only quad core multi threading, an SoC with 4 cores will perform similarly to an SoC with 8 cores - provided the cores are of the same type and they are operating at the same clock speeds.

naijasensei:
You are right, but it is usually for burst (short duration) performance and not sustained performance. Today, big-Little doesn't necessarily simultaneously - just that they are of different types (power efficient cores mixed with performance cores).

The power efficient cores will be use for task with heavy power consumption and performance mean the sets of cores don't work core are for heavy duties right ,,, but still they can work simultaneously rather they can only transfer task that each requires....

naijasensei:
Then true octacores were important, today - not so much. Then Qualcomm didn't have chips with all the cores working simultaneously; when the heavier cores were working, the lighter ones were switched off and vice-versa. But nowadays, every SoC has the ability to make all its cores work simultaneously - whether they are heterogeneous cores or homogeneous cores.
If an app doesn't support multi threading with all the available cores on an SoC's CPU, it will make use of the number of cores it supports thereby making the other cores redundant. So in theory, if an app supports only quad core multi threading, an SoC with 4 cores will perform similarly to an SoC with 8 cores - provided the cores are of the same type and they are operating at the same clock speeds.

ok now I get it.

reigncalif1:
The power efficient cores will be use for task with heavy power consumption and performance mean the sets of cores don't work core are for heavy duties right ,,, but still they can work simultaneously rather they can only transfer task that each requires....

Performance cores - heavy lifting (for example intensive gaming, heavy video processing), more power consumption.
Efficient cores - lower intensity tasks (web browsing, 2D gaming, Whatsapp), lower power draw.
And yes, they can work simultaneously if there is the need for such.

naijasensei:
Performance cores - heavy lifting (for example intensive gaming, heavy video processing), more power consumption.
Efficient cores - lower intensity tasks (web browsing, 2D gaming, Whatsapp), lower power draw.
And yes, they can work simultaneously if there is the need for such.

IF THERE is need for such because they were true octacore right ,,, can a dual quad core surport multi threading

Ausrichie:
What's the gpu specs.

Mali-G52 MC2

Professorcplus:
Nice work. Only system programmers will pick interest in this. This is a major topic for system programming course.

A Practical work helps to appreciate the theoritical aspect. Computer Architecture of Simple As Possible Computer (SAP-1) using Basys3 FPGA is a popular open online project.
https://cdn.instructables.com/FJN/DVOO/IWH3D4A8/FJNDVOOIWH3D4A8.LARGE.jpg
[img]http://4.bp..com/-jqdjDUpI3ic/UbbLPNUTmjI/AAAAAAAAAhc/P8MpkIUEqe4/s1600/img2.png[/img]

Yep. This is the real shit.

Segunhife:
after reading this, I went ahead to check some phone specs. So can we say the newly released Redmi 9 is a gaming device, since the Helio G80 is an octal core? I’m a novice, so I want to know if I digested what I read well

The G series of the Helio line are gaming centric SoCs so yeah. It's good for gaming.

Savagethe21st:
are u an eee student

No. I am not. I'm actually a graduate of Physiology.

This was written because one Tecno guy claimed that no one knows what's inside processors hence the reason why I took up the challenge to write about them.

Ausrichie:
The one that works with all its cores simultaneously is far better. It's better for multithreading and can handle multiple processes simultaneously which is good for an operating system that switches between different processes (program that are loaded into memory).

Multi threading is not yet available for RISC architecture sha.

Some apps can use it but others can't is what I mean.

Ausrichie:
CPU architecture. Sweet, but you forgot the little edian and big endian argument.

Bros. I'm a beginner sha and this is written for novices when no know jack about CPU.

I'm actually trying to start from the beginning before building up to the current processors of today.