ytdivine:
Who can tell me what this symbol represent

ytdivine:
People should respond when I ask question. I don't like beating students but may start doing so if am forced to it.
Class rep, compile the list of class members that don't answer question.
I need the list tomorrow morning.
At long run, I shall present gifts to active students

ytdivine:
Who can tell me what this symbol represent

ClearDway4me:
Wow, just find this group when searching for something relating to automation.

God bless you op. I will fully once am done with exam but for now include my name in the class list

ytdivine:
Now, everybody pay attention. This is a serious business.
What type of activities is represented in the bell circuit?
ON and Off bell
Is this activity digital or analog in nature?
Digital
What's the input signal for digital?
5vdc or 24vdc
What's the result of switch the circuit ON and OFF?
Inductor coil is Energized /De-Energized
What happens when the input is 1?
Coil is Energized
What happens when the input is 0?
Coil is de-energized
What's the out?What does this mean?
Coil
What action is triggered by the output?
Bell

Please study this over and over and ask your question

ytdivine:
Let get proper into the job. Class rep @Southboy, lock the class doors,We have not bought padlock sir, lol. make sure no student gets out.
Everybody must answer these questions:
From the bell diagram above, identify
a. The action control Doorbell button (the one that gets pressed)
b. The action itself Attraction of the iron to the electromagnet and the subsequent "ding" sound.
c. The input(Signal) Pressing the doorbell button (completing the circuit)
d. The output The audible "ding" sound when the iron hits the bell, indicating someone is at the door.

Correct answer attracts #500 recharge card from me

ytdivine:
I hope by now everybody has understood what Electromagnet is all about. This play very vital role in automaton and control industry. Let's consider the practical applications.
a. Bell application
When the doorbell button is pressed, it completes the electrical circuit, allowing current to flow through the coil of wire in the doorbell. The coil of wire becomes an electromagnet, producing a magnetic field around it. This magnetic field repels the soft iron amateur, which is connected to a spring. As the soft iron is repelled by the electromagnet, it compresses the spring. When the doorbell button is released, the circuit is broken, stopping the flow of current and thus turning off the electromagnet. The spring then pushes the soft iron amature towards the electromagnet, creating the characteristic "ding" sound.
When you understood this simple application, the same principle is applied in complex application.
The diagram below is open to the house for discussion.
Everybody get involved. What happen when current flows through the circuit?
That's when the switch is closed

ytdivine:
From @Southboy contribution, not the word TEMPORAL. This is very important.
Still need more inputs

ytdivine:
Another question
a. How does the soft iron behave when DC current is applied?when a DC current is applied to soft iron, it becomes temporarily magnetized and generates a magnetic field.
b. When the DC current is remove?Once the DC current is removed, the magnetization of the soft iron diminishes rapidly, and the material loses its magnetic properties.

Where are others outside Southboy, I want other people to make some input

ytdivine:


I was too busy today. I can't fix time since I put up some write up when less busy.

ytdivine:
Automation is built on Logic. You must be logical in your reasoning. Logic is equally built on knowledge, which means you must understand the system very well.
When a system stops working, it means that there is a missing signal. You must first determine the type and the source of the signal in the circuit. If you have a missing 5v or 24vdc signal, you must determine first where the voltage is coming from and the path of flow.

We are going to discuss or learn about CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. This is very important. When there is a fault or problem in a system, the first step you take is getting the circuit diagram. Without circuit diagram, you're not going anywhere. This diagram provides you the paths of signal flow, from there you can trace where the signal stopped.

Problems that has to do with current must be traced to current source, eg inductor. All these, we shall consider in details as we progress.
My motivation is active participation.
I wonder whether this class is meant only for southboy, others should get involved.

ytdivine:


You still need to get this clear. Am going to open a thread on Career in Electronics. I will explain capacitor in more detailed form. I said it earlier that capacitor is a mini battery.
Now let's explain voltage. Capacitor/ battery is a source of voltage. Voltage does not pass through a capacitor but is established across the two terminals.
Battery is a source of EMF - Electromotive force meaning force that set electrons in motion. Voltage is a potential difference between two point which is the same meaning as EMF.
Let's explain what it means by difference in potential.
Get a 12 by 1 inches plank( wood), at the two ends mark point A and point B. Put the ball at point A, the ball remains there. Remove the ball and put at point B, the ball remains there.
Question:
Why didn't the ball move from point A to B?
Answer:
It's because point A and point B are at the same level (Potential)
Now, slant the wood to an angle say like 60 degree. Point A at the top, point B at the bottom, point A is no more on the ground level as before (higher potential), point B still remains at the bottom level ( lower potential).
You can see that you have succeeded in creating a potential difference between point A and point B.
Put the ball at point A and observe what happen, you will see that the ball moves from point A to point B just because there is a potential difference.
In battery/ capacitor, point A and point B represent the positive and the negative terminals. Both are at different potentials. The ball represents the electron. The force the caused the electron to move (EMF) is the voltage.
Voltage is the source of force that drive election in motion within a circuit. The flow of election produces CURRENT though in opposite direction.
Hope I have not confused anybody

ytdivine:
@Southboy, a very good attempt. Keep it up.
I want to make one point clear. We have two energy storing systems
a. Capacitive
b. Inductive
Capacitive systems store energy in electric field
Inductive systems store energy in magnetic field
Battery belongs to capacitive systems, hence have no business with magnetic field
In a circuit that integrate capacitor and inductor, we have the combination of the two field. - Electromagnetic field.

More input brings more clarification. Let everybody get involved. Kudos @Southboy

ytdivine:
Happy Sunday to all
Am very happy with the response from our class rep(Southboy). The answer brought out the exact information that I needed.
It's good to have a good understanding of something. All my write up here are not copied from any note or book but directly from my head. Let's us have a deeper understanding of whatever we discuss here for future sake.

It's now very clear that the nature of magnetic field produced from AC and DC current are different. One is building and collapsing while the other is stable.

Another question that will earn you #200 recharge card from me is this:
What's the application of magnetic field produced from
a. AC current
I. Transformers
ii. Electric motor
iii. Radio wave
b. DC current.
I. MRI
ii. Batteries

Please everybody get involved. That's sure way of knowing it deep

ytdivine:
In a normal life, you cannot separate fire and smoke. Fire produces smoke. So also smoke produces fire.

Same way, you cannot separate electric current from magnetic field. Whenever there is flow of electric current on a conductor (Inductor), magnetic field is produced.
Also, whenever there is changing magnetic field, an electric current is produced.
Any confusion at this point?

ytdivine:
What do you know about an inductor. An inductor is a passive electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it.
What happens when
a. ac current When an AC current passes through an inductor, the magnetic field around the inductor changes with the current. This changing magnetic field induces an EMF (electromotive force) in the inductor, which opposes the change in current. This is known as self-inducti
b. DC current When a DC current passes through an inductor, the magnetic field around the inductor builds up gradually. Once the magnetic field is fully established, there is no more change in current, so there is no self-induced EMF. Therefore, a DC current will flow through an inductor with no resistance.
Passes through it

ytdivine:
The next component which is the foundation of our programming is
INDUCTOR.
Our PLC programming language is Ladder Logic Language. This language is based on Relay Logic. Relay is based on Inductor. So pay maximum attention here.
What is PLC?
During interview season, you get amazed by response from job seekers.
There is a computer that control all industrial activities. This computer is called PLC, meaning programmable Logic Controller.
In advance electronics, you talk about Microprocessor and his elder brother, microcontroller. From this, you get Controller (computer). The one you can program or manipulate a lot is PLC.
Hope the point is clear

ytdivine:
In the above example, we dealt with water flow, let's consider signal flow in a circuit.
Do you know that motion in a television is a multiple of images(continuous image flow). What happen when the motion is fluctuating? Do you know the source of our power supply (NEPA) fluctuates like the water flow from the pump. If this happens, you find out that the images from your TV set keep dancing and in S-Shape form. This is a practical illustration which you may have noticed.
Television is used here for example, this is the case for all the electronics.

Capacitor is a storage tank ( buffer) that stores electric charges(water) in an electric field(water pool/swimming pool)

The following should be noted
a. Charging and discharching (filling and offloading tank)
b. Energy storage (water storage)
c. Source of electric field ( water pool).

So when an electric signal passes through a capacitor, it absorbs the signal until its full and now acts like a new supply source providing a better signal flow(filtered signal). Capacitor is a mini battery in a circuit.

I hope I have not confuse anybody

ytdivine:
Moving forward, let's explain what happened in this water supply scenario
In the case of pumping water direct to the tank without a buffer tank, note the following
1. Fluctuations in the water supply due to pump operation is transmitted to each flat ( No constant flow)
2. There is no pool of water created
3. Water distribution is not uniform
4. The moment the pump stops, the flow stops
Looking at the second scenario, the following is obtainable
1. Because there is overhead reserve, there is no fluctuations in the water flow
2. A big pool of water is created
3. The distribution is uniform
4. Continuous water flow even when the pump stops until the whole stored water is discharged.

Please any objections to these assertions?

ytdivine:
Let's move ahead.
Many of us live in a flat were borehole or well water supply is available to everyone via good water supply network courtesy of Plumber.
Let's consider two scenario
1. Situation where there is no overhead tank, water flows directly from the pump to about 4 block flatsonce the pumping machine stops working, water will stop running in all the flats
2. Overhead tank is mounted and water is distributed to each flat via the tank.Water will keep flowing after the pumping machine stop running

Let's discuss again, I want an active participation.
Want happen in each of the scenario?
How does each flat enjoy or receive water?

ytdivine:
To continue, let's do little exercise,
What do you understand about a capacitor?

ytdivine:
If you have followed up to this level, I say congratulations.
We have established electrical signals and how they are being produced using transducers.
We shall move to another level but before that, let's do little exercise.

Name 3 examples of a Transducer. I want very active participation

ytdivine:


Having A1 in physics make you over qualified in this Automaton class. One of my top boys doing well in this field studied physics.

ytdivine:
Signal we are talking about is just small values of voltage and current.
Let's refresh a bit.
In Electricity, we have three brothers(variables), they names are:
a. Voltage
b. Current
c. Resistance ( according to Ohms law)
To understand how each brother play a role in the field of electricity, let use this illustration.
I want to kill a bird perched on a tree. I want to use a small stone(variant) to execute the job. This stone is as useless as anything if force is not applied to it. I need another variant(force) to make the stone useful. Applying force on the stone using catapult has energized the stone (Kinetic energy) to hit the bird. One of the laws of physics says energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to the other.
Here, the kinetic energy from the stone is absorb by the bird, this energy now killed the bird
In summary
The stone is the CURRENT
The force on the stone is VOLTAGE
The bird is the LOAD (RESISTANCE (
These are variables meaning their values can be changed any time not constant.
For our domestic use, the
Voltage value is 220V ( fairly constant)
The current depends on the appliance (Load)
Remember, the stone that killed a bird may not kill a dog, higher animal require higher or bigger stone. The bigger the load(appliance), the more current it will draw from the NEPA system.
Hope by now, you know what current, voltage, and load stands for.
Hit the Likes button if this point is clear to you

ytdivine:
In modern engineering practice, every other aspect of engineering be it mechanical, electrical, chemical, civil etc is electronically controlled.
Pastor wanted to address a large congregation but his voice cannot be heard, he needs an electronic system( speaker) to raise his voice. His voice is a physical quantity not an electrical signal. Here we need to convert his voice to electrical signal. We have discussed two forms of electrical signal before I.e. Digital and analog signals.
Anything that must be controlled electronically MUST be converted to electrical signal discussed above. For example, you may need to control flow of liquid may be in a refinery, movement of object or weight, other examples include temperature , pressure, and humidity control etc.
Whatever physical quantities you want to control, examples of such physical quantities:
Temperature
Pressure
Voice
Weigh
Height
Flow etc
Must be converted to electrical signal.
Here comes the man Transducer.
Transducer is an electronics device that converts physical quantities to an electrical signal.
Hope I have not confuse anybody