₦airaland Forum

DabFrankNG:
God bless you for this initiative. A guy called
Iyenimofe attempted to do this on a thread
titled LEARN WEB DESIGNING LIVE and it
was one of the greatest threads ever
having more than 40 pages and so many
viewers. However he suddenly stopped
leaving many people in the lurch.
For this initiative to be effective
1. Prepare on your laptop a thorough and comprehensive
notes on each topic with screenshots
and images

2. Copy and paste on your thread in bits
and be around to answer questions.
3. Be through with HTML before jumping
to CSS and take each course topic by
topic.

You can go through Iyen's thread for
guidance.

Best Regards.

might not had been the guys fault for stopping the tutorials really, atimes time itself and situation's doesn't permit, but i'll try

[size=14pt]Formatted Input/Output[/size]

Now we'll learn a bit about the printf and scanf input/output functions

We have been previously using the getchar and putchar functions for character input and output, while this functions work well for single character input and output many programs usually require much more complex and detailed way to get program input and output values

PRINT HISTOGRAM OF THE LENGTH OF EACH WORD.

This next program extends the last one, we detect wen we are in a word and print a horizontal Histogram representing the length of each word

//print histogram of length of each word

#include<stdio.h>
//print histogram of length  of each word using | to represents characters
#define IN_WORD 1
#define OUT_WORD 2

int main(void)
{
    int c, state;

    state = OUT_WORD;//initially not in a word


    while((c=getchar())!=EOF)
    {

        if(c == 32 || c == '\t')  //space, tabs
        {

            //see if current state is in a word
            if(state == IN_WORD)
            {
                printf("\n" );//moving outside a word so add a line feed, so the next word is outputted on its own line
            }
            state = OUT_WORD;

        }

        else if(state == OUT_WORD) //if space did not match above, check if were previously outside a word
        {
            state = IN_WORD; //we must now be in a word then,
            putchar('|');//just entering a word, print first bar
        }
        else//we are in a word, output all bars completing the histogram for this word
        {
            putchar('|');
        }
    }

    getchar();
    return 0;
}

If you tried out the last example you'll notice the similarities, the major difference is that when we are in a word we print a horizontal bar |
for each character thereby printing an Histogram for each word... more explanation in a bit, however do try it out and make sure it works

This program count the characters, lines, and words in an input

#include<stdio.h>

 #define IN_WORD 1 //define a constant IN_WORD to monitor when we are within a word
 #define OUT_WORD 2 //define a constant OUT_WORD to monitor when we are outside a word

int main(void)
{
    int c, nc, nw, nl, state;  // nc = number of character, nw = number of words, nl = number of lines

    state = OUT_WORD;//we are initially not in a word

    nc = nw = nl =0; //default all these to ZERO

    while((c=getchar())!=EOF)
    {
        ++nc; //keep increasing the number of character's as far we are reading input

        if(c == 10) ++nl; // 10 is the ASCII value for new line/line feed. so increase new line counter if a line is detected

        //ASCII values for space, new line and tab
        if(c == 32 || c == 10 || c == 9)
            state = OUT_WORD;

        else if(state == OUT_WORD){//if none of the above SPACE characters matched, check if were previously outside a word
            state = IN_WORD; //we must now be in a word then
 
        ++nw;  //so increase the new word counter
        }

    }
    printf("number of lines is : %d\n number of words is :  %d\n number of characters is : %d\n", nl , nw, nc);  //print the values for number of lines, words and characters

    getchar();
    return 0;
}

The code is pretty self explanatory as it has been heavily commented so try to study it
A new construct #define seen in the code is a pre-processor directive (similar to #include)
#define is used to introduce constants (values not expected to change) into the program.

As an example if you where writing a program calculating radius instead of creating an integer variable for PI like int PI = 3.142
its more appropriate to do
#define PI 3.142...,
so anywhere you use PI, the value 3.142 would be substituted

This next program remove's extra spaces between text, so to try it enter any amount of text with lot's of space between the text's and the program would detect and truncate such space(s) to just one space

 int main(void)
{
    int c,last_char_is_blank;

    last_char_is_blank = 0;

    while((c=getchar())!=EOF)
    {

        if(c==32) //a space was entered (ASCII) could have as well used c=' '
        {
            if(last_char_is_blank == 0) //flag hasn't been set, so the previous character wasn't a space
            {

                putchar(c);
                last_char_is_blank=1; //set last char was a space flag
            }
        }
        else
        {
            putchar(c);

            last_char_is_blank=0; //regular char input, reset this
        }
    }

   getchar();
    return 0;
}

Now lets go through it.
Note that we start by declaring two integer variables in the main function c and last_char_is_blank,
we would use the last_char_is_blank variable, as a control variable to detect multiple spaces,

We read input characters into the variable c in the while loop

Next we have the if statement if(c==32) The number 32 is the ASCII value for SPACE and we could have equally done if(c== ' ') , and achieved the same result, if the character entered is a space, the if block is executed this shows that you can use any ASCII decimal value instead of an Actual character.

The next line if(last_char_is_blank == 0) checks to see if the control variable has not been set the variable last_char_is_blank is initially assigned a value of zero so this test would pass and the following statements

  putchar(c);
   last_char_is_blank=1; //set last char was a space flag

would be executed, the first statement outputs the space character ( remember we're still inside the if statement that detected a space)
then the next statement sets our control variable last_char_is_blank to one

On the next run of the loop if the imputed character is again a space, the if statement detects it, and so when the check if(last_char_is_blank == 0) is executed, the test fails since last_char_is_blank would now set to 1 (provided the previous character was a space)

If the imputed character is however not a SPACE character, the first if statement fails and the else block is executed, so the non-space character gets printed. and the last_char_is_blank variable is reset to ZERO

This way multiple spaces within the text is prevented. Enter the code and run-it to fully understand

dhtml18:
That was what frustrated many people including me from posting tutorials on nairaland. I think the special characters we use in programming and hyperlinks somehow trigger this automatic ban.

toh, taught as much, hope it doesn't occur frequently, don't know how much more of such frustrations i can take, but by the way sef i usually put program text between d code tag.., it is well sha

nawa o, i was trying to post afew more tutorials yesterday when i got banned by the antispam bot for a full 24hrs, biko antispam bot wetin i do u

Lets look at some more Loop/Control structures examples

The program below simply counts the number of lines in an input

/** line counting**/

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int c, nl;
 while ((c = getchar()) != EOF){

    if(c == '\n') ++nl; //increase count on each new line

 }
    printf ("%d", nl);
    getchar();
}

Here's how the program works
1. In the main function we declare two int variables c and nl

2.In the while loop we read in characters into variable c until we detect the END_OF_FILE character

3. now in the body of the while loop we check for the newline character \n and whenever it is detected it means the user entered text on a new line so we increment the nl variable ( variable nl here is our number-of-lines counter)

When entering input for this program enter as many number of lines of text as you wish then press Crtl+Z, this would send the EOF character to your program and the loop would exit

The next line containing the function printf, prints out the value of the[b] nl[/b] variable, which shows the number of lines in our input

If you typed in the codes correctly both pages should now link to each other. So lets look at the anatomy of the Anchor tag

The Anchor tag represented by <a> is a non-empty (i.e it has an opening and closing tag) tag as well as an inline-tag (i.e. it displays inline and so doesn't cause a line-break)

The link we put in page2.html was written as

 <a href="index.html" Link to the index page">Go back to the index page</a> 

So first we started with the opening <a> tag, you'll notice the tag has some attributes, the most important attribute in an anchor tag
is called the href

The href attribute is what we use to specify the resource we are linking to, if its another web-page as in our example we simply put the name and extension of the page, though if the page was in another folder we would also append the folder's name, the value we put in the href attribute is called URL - Uniform Resource Locator.

URL's could be relative or absolute the one, if the URL contains the full-path of what we're linking to, it's called an absolute URL, else if it doesn't contain the full path it is a relative URL.
see this Wikipedia page for more info on URL's https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator


The <a> element can play several roles, depending on which attributes are set. The most common attribute you'll use is the href attribute, which defines what resource the link points to. This attribute can contain different values:

A URL relative to the current folder, e.g., "../../help/help.html" (two dots means "go up one level in the site folder hierarchy" ), or a URL absolute to the server root, e.g., "/help/help.html" (a forward slash at the beginning of the URL means the address starts at the root of the folder hierarchy the current page is on).
A URL on a different server, for example "ftp://ftp.gnu.org/" or " https://developer.mozilla.org ".
A fragment identifier or id preceded by a hash sign, e.g., "#menu". This points to a target inside the current document rather than an external URL.

we'll continue to use the folder structure created earlier, so if you do not have that in-place now would be a good time time to create it

Ok so open a new notepad document and save it as page2.html in the same directory as our index file.
Then add the following code to page2

<!DOCTYPE html>
 
<html >
<head>
  <title>page2</title>

 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/index.css" />

</head>
<body>

  <h1>This is Page 2</h1>
  <p><a href="index.html" Link to the index page">Go back to the index page</a></p>

</body>
</html>

next open the index.html page for editing
add a link under the div tag so the code should look like this

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Web App</title>

<!-- our normal style tag where our CSS has been going -->
<style>

</style>



</head>
<body>

<div id="header">
<span id="header-text">
Welcome to the Application
</span>
</div>

<p><a href="page2.html" title="Link to page 2">Go to page2</a></p>


</body>
</html> 

save both pages and open the index.html file in your browser, you should now have a link element that enables you navigate to the page2.html, and another link on page2.html that takes you back to the index page

[size=14pt]Linking with the <a> -Anchor Tag[/size]

Links are parts of an HTML document that point or link to other resources — other HTML documents, text files, PDF files, etc. Some links are followed automatically by the browser, like the <link> elements we used to add external CSS files to the document earlier. But generally, when we talk about links we mean those that are created by the page author and are meant to be activated (or clicked) by the user. These Elements are called anchors, and you add them to the HTML document using the <a> element/tag.

romme2u:
nice concept

i have downloaded it and would take some time to go through it

kk thanks, by or before sunday i'll include some demo samples

why is stuff posting twice??

romme2u:
you can start by stating specific areas that it handles well like say DOM manipulation, Web animations, Canvas processing or AJAX/Web socket thingy. just name the areas of development it handles perfectly.

moreover does it have dependency like jQuery, zepto, modernizr or any other base

its a standalone library no dependencies,tho i included code from an external JavaScript encryption library project for the crypt and hash modules, but no deependencies whatsoever just drop it in and go. for speecific areas the demo site would be up soon, so that'll be taken care of, but yeah it handles dom manipulations, animations, language utilities, advanced string methods like sprintf, quite advanced XHR/Socket stuff like sending multiple request on a single socket conection etc. but lemme work on d demo site first, though i believe developers should be able to work even with jusy d API docs which is available

romme2u:
you can start by stating specific areas that it handles well like say DOM manipulation, Web animations, Canvas processing or AJAX/Web socket thingy. just name the areas of development it handles perfectly.

moreover does it have dependency like jQuery, zepto, modernizr or any other base

its a standalone library no dependencies,tho i included code from an external JavaScript encryption library project for the crypt and hash modules, but no deependencies whatsoever just drop it in and go. for speecific areas the demo site would be up soon, so that'll be taken care of, but yeah it handles dom manipulations, animations, language utilities, advanced string methods like sprintf, quite advanced XHR/Socket stuff like sending multiple request on a single socket conection etc. but lemme work on d demo site first, though i believe developers should be able to work even with jusy d API docs which is availablw

KazukiIto:
Why the early marketing? You have not even had enough fun with it yet.

oh actually i have, already used it in 2 live project for a client, and was the only client side library i used.. by d way its bn in development for upto two years now so yeah already had maximum fun already working on d demos site so u guuys can have fun with it too, tho that would take sometime

KazukiIto:
Why the early marketing? You have not even had enough fun with it yet.

oh actually i have, already used it in a live project for a client, and was the only client side library i used..

Kodejuice:
Library?, Looks more like a Framework. It contains UI widgets and yet no graphical sample of what we can achieve with this your Library.

yeah i know, oops right. i currently have only an API documentation out would start working on demo samples soon, its all just very time consuming u know

Just committed my JavaScript project to GitHub, its a pretty advanced general purpose library, i started the project about two years back and have being hosting it on Sourceforge, but decided to move it to GitHub today, it has full HTML documentation for its API, so if you want to check it out you could start from there... hoping for some feedback on this.

project url : https://github.com/solutionstack/tigerjs/

PS. Its a pretty comprehensive and complex project so if you have problems setting it up just let me know

The ternary operator ( ?: ) is another powerful and useful conditional expression used in C and C++. It's effects are similar to the if statement but with some major advantages.

The basic syntax of using the ternary operator is thus:
(condition) ? (if_true ) : (if_false )

which is basically the same as

if (condition)
    if_true;
else
    if_false;

Therefore if "condition" is true, the second expression is executed ("if_true" ), if not, the third is executed ("if_false" ).

as an example, assuming we have two int variables, and we wanted to compare them

if (a > b) {
    largest = a;
} else if (b > a) {
    largest = b;
} else /* a == b */ {
  printf("a and b are equal" );
}

This could be re-written as

largest = (a > b) ? a : b ;

A notable difference here is that the result of a Tenary expression can be stored or assigned to a variable, while an if-else statement doesn't return a result, though the assignment can be done within its execution block/scope

The C language includes a wide variety of powerful and flexible control statements, we have already seen the "loop-control" statements, now we look at the decision making statements. The most useful of these are described in the following.

The if-else statement is used to carry out a logical test and then take one of two possible actions, depending on whether the outcome of the test is true or false. The else portion of the statement is optional. Thus, the simplest possible if-else statement takes the form::

if (expression) statement

The expression must be placed in parenthesis, as shown. In this form, the statement will only be executed if the expression has a nonzero value i.e if expression if true, If the expression has a value of zero / if expression is false) then the statement will be ignored. The statement can be either simple or compound.

  Examples:


    if (expression_is_non_zero) {
    	do_something();

    } else {
    	do_something_else();
    }

An else statement matches the nearest previous if statement in the same scope or block:

The else in this code:

    if (a == b)
    	if (b > c)
    		do_this();
    	else
    		do_that();

    matches the if (b > c), even if it was written as:

    if (a == b)
    	if (b > c)
    		do_this();
    else
    	do_that();

shobam1410:
➡ *COMPUTER PROGRAMMING*


1. Hello World! Computer Programming for Kids and Other Beginners by Warren Sande,Carter Sande
2. The Specification of Computer Programs (International Computer Science Series) by Thomas S. E. Maibaum
3. Writing Your First Computer Program (CliffsNotes) by Allen Wyatt
4. Agent-Oriented Software Engineering V: (Lecture Notes in Computer ... Programming and Software Engineering) (v. 5) by James Odell,Paolo Giorgini
5. Turbulence Models and Their Application:Efficient Numerical Methods With Computer Programs by Tuncer Cebeci
6. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms (3rd Edition) by Donald E. Knuth
7. Writing Your First Computer Program by Allen Wyatt
8. Learn to Program Using Python: A Tutorial for Hobbyists, Self-Starters, and All Who Want to Learn the Art of Computer Programming by Alan Gauld
9. Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming by Peter Van Roy,Seif Haridi
10. Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs - 2nd Edition (MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science) by Harold Abelson
11. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (3rdEdition) by Donald E. Knuth
12. Automatic Quantum Computer Programming: A Genetic Programming Approach (Genetic Programming) by Lee
Spector
13. Programming Languages and Systems: 8th Asian Symposium, APLAS 2010, Shanghai, China, November 28 - December 1, 2010 Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer ... Programming and Software Engineering) by Kazunori Ueda
14. Formal Methods for Quantitative Aspects of Programming Languages: 10th International School on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, ... Programming and Software Engineering)
15. The mystery of knots: Computer programming for knot tabulation by Aneziris C.N.
16. The Specification of Computer Programs by Maibaum T.S.E.
17. Computer Programming for Teens by Mary E. Farrell
18. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1, Fascicle 1: MMIX -- A RISC Computer for the New Millennium by Donald E. Knuth
19. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4, Fascicle 2: Generating All Tuples and Permutations by Donald E. Knuth
20. 101 Apple Computer Programming Tips and Tricks by Fred White
21. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4A: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 1 by Donald E. Knuth
22. Concepts and techniques of computer programming by Peter Van Roy
23. Career Development Programs: Preparation for Lifelong Career Decision Making by Wendy Patton
24. A.I.M.: The Powerful 10-Step Personal and career Success Program by Jim Carlisle,Alex Gill
25. Computers and Programming (Ferguson Career Launcher) by Lisa McCoy
26. Modern C++ design: generic programming and design patterns applied by Andrei Alexandrescu
27.Principles of constraint programming by Krzysztof Apt
28. Programming with POSIX threads by David R. Butenhof
29. An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming in C++: with Applications in Computer Graphics by Graham M. Seed BEng,MPhil,PhD,MIAP (auth.)
30. Interdisciplinary Computing in Java Programming by Sun-Chong Wang
31. 101 Atari computer programming tips & tricks by Alan North
32. Advanced computer programming : a casestudy of a classroom assembly program by F J Corbató,J W Poduska
33. Great ideas in computer science with Java by Alan W Biermann

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while i must agree this is really a nice collection of books (i actually have a few of them) this thread isn't for advertisements, if you are going to post please post on relevant topics being discussed, thank you

bestiyke:
Following. Pls can I get any book that list out all css style rules as specified in css3? Thanks

i have some books, but low on data to upload fir now, this page is however very sufficient
http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/
or this

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference

thanks @romme2u, no p, looking forward to tangle

its obvious no one is following, not even 1 question
no, twas meant to b interactive, even for those who don sabi, you could add your own post's for current topics

Olumyco:
Wao! nice one.

Try and put it on Github and give it heavy documentation

wouuld definitely do that, thanks

Olumyco:
Wao! U mean U did that urself..... kudos

I can see d library does many tins.....

But what do u mean by Fx library and small memory footprint......

the Fx module allows you apply lots of animation and transition effect to an element via script, see the conntained documentation for examples, small memory footprint means it doesn't signigicantly increase the memory usage of the page its running on, i actually did bemchmarks and compared with sench and dojo libraries...

and also make una ask questions oo..

very tired tonight so i'll just run down a few C operators and their usage, most would be understood from their mathematical usage anyway,
then gain
forgive me I'm so stressed up right now, lemme leave you with this page that rounds up the C operators pretty well
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_operators.htm

Their usage would still be explained further in examples to come..

..Serious sleep-mode things

We are now going to create another web-page login.html in the server sub-folder, and look at how we can link to it from the index page

Now that we have successfully linked the external style sheet with the index.html file, lets style the web-page a bit more

open the index.css file for editing and add the following

 #header-text{
	color:#808080;
	font-size: 3em
}
#header{
 text-align: center
}

what we have done here is to use the id attributes of elements in the page to style them.
First we add a color style to the SPAN element with id header-text, thereby changing its color (note the selector #header-text)
We then change the font-size of the same SPAN element

Next we add a text-align CSS declaration to the div element, the DIV element contains a span element, so by setting tthe text-align of the DIV element to center, we automatically centralize any text element(s) it contains.

Save and refresh your browser, make sure the web-page text is now centralized and bigger