₦airaland Forum

THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU SOUTH L.G.A)


ABSTRACT

The objective of this research work was to find out the problems and prospects of teaching English Language in Secondary Schools in Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State. This research work as an investigation to find data for this study, a total of two hundred (200) respondents were selected from a population of one thousand people. After carrying out the research, the research found that the teaching and learning of English Language in Secondary Schools in Enugu South has a lot of problems which include:

(a) Lack of qualified English teachers in those schools.
(b) Lack of language laboratories in the schools
(c) Inadequate use of teaching materials and
(d) Lack of conducive environment for learning
(e) Lack of incentive and lack instructional material or teaching resources etc.

These entire problems affect the teaching and learning of English Language in Secondary Schools sin those schools in Enugu South.


INTRODUCTION


English is one of the major languages out of about 5000 estimated languages spoken in the world. About 200 years ago, English was simply the language of less than 15million peoples.

Today, however, English is used by more than 300million people and second only to Chinese as regards the number of people using a particular language. Oga R.O (2007), ascertained that English Language is one of the most influential and fast growing languages spoken across the globe.

One fifth of the earth’s land surface use English either as native tongue or official language.

Of the entire World’s Languages English is the most widely studies language, especially in areas where it is not native. Today, English is used in several countries in the American continent including the United States of America and Canada, New Zealand, Republic of South Africa, Australia, Nigeria and Ghana, including other countries in the West African, Sub continent. Though English was actually the language of colonization in these countries like India they have since remained the official languages in most of the colonized territories.

In other countries including Japan and China according to Udemba S.C (2007), English Language is usually taught as the chief foreign language.

Equally, about half of the world’s scientific and technical journals, as well as newspapers, are printed in English. During the cold war the former Soviet Union used English in their propaganda broadcasts across the developing countries in Africa and Asia. The spread of English is further enhanced through the establishment of British Council and United States information service by the British and U.S governments respectively with centers and libraries in various countries including Nigeria.

All these factors have therefore made it easy for anyone who understands and speaks English, and moves around major cities in the world to communicate effectively with one another.

According to Anibueze (2007), English Language is a lingua franca. As a lingua franca, it is the language for unification. It is highly established so that the people of varied language will have purposes to relate together maturely and work in union. For example, Hausa man may comfortably stay and effectively speak with a Yoruba man or an Igbo man, advice versa.


1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The English Language has remained a very important tool for socialization and bureaucracy activities in Nigeria, since the days of colonialism. Then, English was taught to their native servants just to equip them for domestic functions.

It was only natural that emphasis wad laid on spoken English only and not either on written English or both of them. However, with the emergence of a new class of people, with time, the civil servants, and their new roles in the colonial administration, the teaching and learning of the language took another forms:

Written English become prominent. Edward W.T. (2003) ascertained that this was very important as Nigeria which is a British began to interact with other British Colonies and citizens in Africa.

Today English is the language for the international community, According to Ezugu (1995), the English Language is the most widely spoken language in the world. It is used as either a primary or secondary language in many countries. It is the Language of education administration, law, World trade, International diplomacy as well as that of pop culture.

It is therefore worth while acquiring mastery of this very important language for whoever does not, has deprived himself of access to the world’s brightest of idea and modern technologies.

In Nigeria today English remains the language of pedagogy, students can hardly make commendable progress in their studies without adequate mastery of English, through which most of the courses in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions are taught and examined.

This calls for a system that would be both rudimentary and functional in its approach. This is important for according to Umaru (2005) as a student learn a new language, very often he does not know how to express what he wants to say in writing. Since the student uses a foreign language as a medium of communication, he has to start from the scratch to learn the rudiments of the language. It is natural then that this is the junction where the various problems arising from the teaching and learning of the language meet the need to do so properly.

Language Teaching, according to Oluikpe (2003) the basic criteria for assessing students’ proficiency in writing and speak are generally control of the basic grammatical categories such as punctuation, tense, number, gender etc.

Language Teaching in Nigeria had fraught with deficiencies. The major reason for these deficiencies is our English teachers who are not well-trained only but are also non-professionals. And even if they are some what trained, their training is not up to work. A situation where a teacher of language has no mastery of it grammatical categories, as we see today, does not mean well for the system. Also writing on these problems facing language teaching, Regneret al (2001) ascertained that “many good teachers are adoptive rather than rigid in their approach to teaching children and only loosely base on their instruction on a given method. Language is the official medium of communication to humans. It is one of the things that differentiate man from animals. Signs and symbols have no International understanding and may be difficult to understand. Picture, painting and sculptures cannot be read by all. This makes language superior to all of them because it is easily understood and generally used. According to Ozohili Oby (2007) language literally means the “tongue” a human organ used in speaking. According to Ozohili (2007), traditionally, language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by which thoughts are communicated from one being to another.

Language Learning: Human beings has the ability to learn and to understand and think about things. He has the capacity to gain and use knowledge. He can as well explore situations, collect information, plan and execute the plans. Man’s high intelligence has also enable him to evolve a level of linguistic communication by which life can be regulated. Theodore M.C, (2001) stated that language learning requires thoroughly time, patience and practice. It cannot be done solely in school with the large class but requires few minutes daily practice for individual students.

Therefore, pupils and students should be encouraged to practice this language in their leisure time inorder to master the language as required.

Methodology: The methodology here refers to the method by which the teachers presents his/her materials to the learners and engages them in the task at hand. Methodology is very vital in every teaching-learning situation.

For according to Robert .M., (2003) for effective teaching and learning to take place, the skillful teacher needs to use the many different methods and techniques at his command.

Even though there is a great diversity in teaching methods and techniques, there is no one of them that can be regarded as the best for every teaching situation. This is however assumed that a carefully designed teaching method can work wonders in making learning more effective.

The Teaching Materials: The teaching materials involves the dominance of textbooks, dictionaries, chalkboards, workbooks, (which are rarely used) and posters in the teaching of English Language in Secondary Schools in Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State has been counter – productive.

Modern media such as audio and video tapes, language laboratories, programmed texts, flash cards, computers, magazines and newspapers are not in use. These findings agree with those of kolawole (1998) who found that the teaching of English Language is bedeviled with many problems such as inadequate of adequate and useful resources.


1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The English Language is our cultural window into the world of heterogeneous culture and traditions. It is a gate of all higher intellectual pursuit. It is our medium of instruction in schools from the kindergarten to university level.

Therefore, students at the secondary school levels are expected to communicate effectively in writing using the English Language.

It is however regrettable that the teaching of this important tool of both effective education and national/international socialization at secondary schools in Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State, just like in other secondary schools in Nigeria had been suffering some defects and neglects alike.

Lack of qualified teacher equipped to groom the students seems to be the major problems in the schools – Text books are constantly changed thereby causing disjointed teaching method.

Other instructional materials are also not available. Language Laboratory to aid the acquisition and master of English Sounds is a strange story to both the teachers and students in this area.

Above all, mother tongue interference poses a debilitating danger to the prospect of good English acquisition in those secondary schools.

Since the students first acquired their mother tongue before learning the English Language this leads to grammatical errors in time of their performance as these vernacular patterns are different from English patterns.


1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The major aim of this study is to determine the problems facing the teaching and learning of the English Language in the Secondary Schools in Enugu South Local Government Area and possible prospects to that specifically, the study indented to:

(i) Identify and classify these problems

(ii) Determine the magnitude of these problems

(iii) Make recommendation for more language.


1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Any academic research embarked upon must be aimed towards achieving a particular goal which will be significant to the society.

Based on this, the findings of this study will provide us with the basic information on the nature and causes of these problems, which will be of a great importance to teach the students in Enugu South educational zone. Therefore, they will go along way in improving teachers teaching method and students standard in both writtenand spoken English, so as to enhance good performance of the students in examinations. It will help teachers to know the areas in which these problems occur mostly and frequently and then improve their teaching strategies.

The findings of the study will help authors and textbook publishers to know the areas to stress the subject.


1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions have been formulated to guide the study:

(a) Do Secondary School teachers use instructional resources frequently in teaching the English Language?

(b) Do the English Language teaches use appropriate methods in teaching English Language frequently?

(c) Do Secondary School students in Enugu South Local Government Area learn English Language in environment conducive to learning?

(d) Do you think that the existing condition can be improved upon?


1.6 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study covered the following: the problems of teachingEnglish Language, the methods and techniques of teaching English in Secondary Schools, an examination of problems encountered by teachers in their classes.


1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In consequence with the topic of this project which is “problems and prospects of teaching English Language in Secondary Schools in Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State”. The researcher has no intention to study other Schools outside the given Local Government Area. Efforts made in the past improving these problems will not receive attention for treatment here since the existence of the problems prove them ineffective.

Again, the major focus would be on problems encountered by teachers in teaching the course. Consequently, students’ experiences would be treated preferentially, while teachers become the main guinea pig.


1.8 DEFINITION OF THE TERMS

The following words and phrases which form the foundation for this study are hereby explained for the effective comprehension of this research work:

(i) Problems and prospects: Problems, for the purpose of this study refers to those situations whose presence affects the smooth teaching of English in Secondary Schools in Enugu South Local Government Area. Prospects also refers to situations that could facilitate the process.

(ii) Language Teaching and Learning: With reference to English Language, this means the whole activities that surround the process of acquiring English as second language by students in Enugu South Local Government Area.

(iii) Methodology: This means the various systematic approaches in language teaching. Methodology is the method by which the teacher presents his material to the learners and engages then in the task at hand.

(iv) Instructional materials: These are closely associated with the selection of teacher or student activities are the necessary materials that will aid and facilitate learning.

These can motivate students and serves as effective ways to explain and illustrate subject content.

These materials include apparatus, chemicals, textbooks, specimens, charts, audio visual aids, models and other items for individual and group use.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/639/the-problems-and-prospects-of

For More Education Project Topics Visit https://topics.com.ng/project/education


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Nawa

THE EFFECT OF POOR TEACHER AND PUPILS’ RELATIONSHIP IN ACADEMIC ATTAINMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU SOUTH LGA OF ENUGU STATE)


Abstract

This study is aimed at determining the factors that are affecting poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in academic attainment in Enugu Urban, Enugu South Local Government Area, Enugu State. For a successful research work, the following research questions were formulated:

(i) To what extent do teachers use leisure time to engage the pupils in friendly chats?

(ii) To what extent do teachers use praises on the pupils in their class?

(iii) In what ways do teachers punish and react towards pupils in the class whenever their attentions are needed by them?

(iv) To what extent do teachers allow pupils’ freedom in the class?

The population of the study consisted of all teachers in primary schools in Enugu Urban Local Government Area. Two hundred and fifty teachers were selected through a stratified random sampling and ten primary schools were also selected for the study. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the mean. The findings indicated that the extent at which teachers use leisure time to engage the pupils in friendly chat leads to the poor teacher pupils’ relationship in academic attainment in Enugu Urban. The extent at which teachers use praises on pupils in the class is one of the major problems militating against teacher pupils’ relationship in Enugu urban. Also, the way teachers react towards pupils in the class whenever their attentions are needed by them leads to poor teacher – pupils’ relationship in primary schools in Enugu Urban. Finally, the way teachers allow pupils’ freedom in the class has its own effect on poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in primary schools in Enugu (South) Urban Local Government Area, Enugu State.



Chapter One

Introduction

(i) Background of the study

Education is a highly rated public venture used as an instrument par excellence in national development. Credence is given to this view by the five national objectives of Nigeria in the second National Development Plan and endorsed as the necessary foundation for the National Policy on Education. Based on using education a tool for the realization of the national objectives, various other achievement are expected from education in national devilment, such aims are as follows:

Better human relationship

Self realization

Individual and national unity

Olumba (1999)

These aims can never be actualized if there are poor relationship existing between the teacher and his pupils. Bringing these aims to reality depends on the orientation of teachers and pupils in the educational system because good education requires trained and committed teachers, who will carry the pupils along way to achieve the educational goals. Therefore, the purpose of introducing this study or subject is to make the teacher/pupils functional in relating well with one another and discharging their respective duties in order to achieve the aims of the National Policy on Education.

Philosophy of education laid emphasis on human relation in the process of teaching and learning. It is believed that teaching in every respect is a serious business and should be seen to be so. As a banker is governed by certain principles, which make him expert in his field, so is the teacher governed by certain principles which made him to be expert in his own area of specialization.

Teaching is the process of inculcating in the learner the desirable knowledge, culture, skills, value and norms which will make him to be useful to himself and the society at large. Therefore to promote the relationship between the teacher and pupils, the teacher must determine the best efficient and effective methods of teaching, then select materials to create conducive learning experiences that will utilize the content associated with each objectives.

However, in order to improve children, it is necessary that pedagogy becomes a study; otherwise, there is nothing to hope from it. To this end, a careful analysis of any method must precede its use. This is where philosophy comes in. So it is on philosophy that the art of education must wait for a design of action. Evident are the several theoretical models which philosophers and educators have come up with according to their best or frame of mental dispositions. For example, the nationalists emphasized on motivation, direct experience and on maintaining interest of the child. Their main concern is to create suitable environment in order to influence the development of an individual. Pragmatist recommend socialized techniques, projects and problem-solving method. Yet, the divergent and wide these schools are, they focus on common problem militating against education, the aims of education, the nature of the learner, educational content, method and the condition under which the learners can obtain the maximum experience.

Moreover, in view of the above background the researchers are challenged to find out the effect of poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in academic attainment in primary schools, A case study in Enugu South Local Government Area.


(ii) Statement of the Problems

The effect of poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in primary schools in Enugu Urban has led to poor academic performance, formation of bad gangs by pupils, perpetual hatred to teachers, neglect of some subjects (for example, English Language), which then gave rise to serious problems for the realization of educational objectives.

It is unfortunate that a good number of pupils have lost virtues of good behavior since their teachers did no longer show them love, caring and affections. This is applicable to pupils from home of poor economic backgrounds. A good number of pupils in our homes lack respect for their parents, teachers, let alone elders. Teachers keep complaining of the attitude of the pupils whenever they meet them on street, market, and their homes without realizing that they are the cause of the bad attitude they observe in their pupils. There are cases of pupils on seeing their teachers, they will hide away from them, calling their teachers names that are not their real names and so on.

Therefore, until the factors that affect poor teacher and pupils’ relationship are positively addressed/dealt with, the national objectives on education can never be realized.


(iii) Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that affect the poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in academic attainment in primary schools in Enugu Urban (A case study in Enugu South).

Significantly, the study will attempt to realize the following:-

i. To know the extent at which teachers use leisure time to engage his pupils in a friendly chat

ii. To determine the extent at which teachers use motivation on the pupils in their classes

iii. To find out the way teachers react towards pupils in the classes when they are asked questions.

iv. To find out the extent at which teachers allow pupils’ freedom during their break period.


(iv) Significance of the Study

This research work is being carried out to investigate the effect of poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in academic attainment in primary schools in Enugu Urban, Enugu South Local Government Area. The work will go a long way in helping all stakeholders of education, which include teachers, pupils, parents and the entire system of education.

The researchers’ work will be of benefit to the teachers as it will serve as sense of direction to them by helping them to understand and know the reason why children perform blow standard, academically in Enugu Urban primary schools in Enugu South. Also the work will be of benefit to pupils as they acquire more knowledge which thereby changes their academic performance from negative to positive based on the improvement in their relationship with them. In the case of ministry of Education, they will benefit from their names being gazette in their magazine having recognized them for excellence. The ministry of Education may as well give them grants to maintain the schools in all activities such as sports, and other equipment required; thereby the schools would be an asset to the management and not liability.


(v) Scope of the Study

For an efficient and successful work to be carried out, the researchers limit this study to a defined geographical zone that is concerned (Enugu primary schools, Enugu South). Researchers also consulted materials like text books, journals, periodicals and also sample some primary schools in Enugu Urban Enugu South Local Government Area.



(vi) Research Questions

The following questions were formulated to guide the study

i. To what extent do teachers use leisure time to engage the pupils in friendly chat?

ii. To what extent do teachers use praises on the pupils in their class?

iii. In what way do teachers punish and react towards pupils in the class whenever their attention is needed by them?

To what extent do teachers allow pupils’ freedom in the classroom?



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/637/the-effect-of-poor-teacher

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Good for him

AVAILABILITY OF LABORATORIES AND QUALIFIED TEACHERS FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF COMPUTER AND INTEGRATED SCIENCE IN OUR SECONDARY SCHOOL (A CASE STUDY OF UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN ENUGU STATE)


Abstract

This study was undertaken to ascertain the extent of availability of laboratories and qualified teacher for effective teaching and learning of Computer and Integrated Science in Udi Local Government Area in Enugu State. Three research questions were used as guide, the literature was reviewed under thee subheadings which include:

1. The concept of science laboratory

2. Effect of teacher’s qualification or on the teaching and learning of computer and integrated science in our secondary schools.

3. Important of equipment and materials in science laboratory and the need for adequate utilization of equipment and materials.

This study adapted a linked scale design. It was carried out in Udi LGA of Enugu state. The population of the study was all the secondary school students and teachers in the field of integrated science computer science out of 19 secondary school in Udi Local, Government Area, 6 schools were randomly selected sixty students and twelve teachers from each school which gave as a total of 60 students and 12 teachers. Were used as the sample for the study. Structured questionnaire was used for collection of data which was constructed in accordance with the research questions. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The interpretation of the data was based on real limit number of mean score. From the analysis of data, the following findings were made:

1. Students developed fear in the study of computer and integrated science because of the stories from the older students that integrated science as a subject is difficult to learn.

2. Procedures involved in the teaching and learning of computer and integrated science makes the students to feel tired of the subjects.

3. There are no adequate computer and integrated science laboratories in our secondary schools in Udi Local Government in Enugu State.

4. It was discovered that there are no adequate utilization of the available integrated science laboratories equipment in the secondary schools in Udi Local Government Area in Enugu State.

5. It was also discovered that teachers with other science qualifications are allowed to teach computer and integrated science in our secondary schools thereby making the student to loss interest in learning because other science teachers without integrated and computer science qualification are not master of the subjects and cannot deposit what they do not have.


CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Science according to Attiji (2008) is a dynamic human activity concerned with understanding of working of our world. Ali (2000) believes that the word science stands for a variety of information, abilities and operations about the natural environment. He believes that science is more concerned with various investigative processes and activities with regards to developing acquiring and controlling knowledge, skills, acceptability, attitudes about the natural factors of the environment. Science is an intellectual activity through which ma seeks to understand nature. This definition emphasizes external sociology of science rather than seeing science from the academic or archival persecution, it views science as a human calling that has relevance to technology. This science is worth the study and efforts for the simple fact that it would ultimately serve economic, politically sociological and moderitizing purpose.

During the 32nd ministerial council meeting of the material council on education in 2002, the Federal Government of Nigeria decided to introduce computer Educations into National secondary schools system. This was followed by the migration of the National committee on computer Education the same year. The function of the committee include “planning for a dynamic policy on computer Education and literacy in Nigeria as well as devising clear strategies and terminologies to be used by the federal and state governments in introducing computer education” [Nigeria Tribuna, April 11, 2004] The general objective of the policy include:

1. Bring about a computer literate society in Nigeria by the mid 1990s.

2. Enable present secondary school children to appreciate and use the computer in various aspects employment (Report on National committee education 2000) According to the National computer Policy (2000), the first objective is to ensure that the general populace appreciate the import of information and computer technology onto days society, the importance of its effective use and technologies that process, manages and communicate the information. Secondary general objective is to ensure that the people of Nigeria will know how the use and program computers develop software packages, understand the structure operation of the computers and their history and appreciate the comic, social ad psychological impact of computer. The modalities and the strategies fracturing the state objective include:

1. Training teachers and associated personnel

2. Hard ware

3. Curriculum development

Integrated science on the other hand came into Nigeria in 1968, the West African Examination Council (WAEC) asked (STAN) Science Teachers Association of Nigeria to review and improve science syllabus. The written workshop was done at university of Ibadan on 1970 with laboratories and teacher guides produced and introduced into the secondary schools with this, the integrated science curriculum was introduced in 1968. Okoli (2000) stated that integrated science program evolved as a rescues operation to replace associate and uninteresting general science

A laboratory is an individual or group activity involving a two-way approach, namely the exercise approach and experimental approach. Both approaches are used in the teaching of science for a number of reasons. According to caste (2000) laboratory equipments are sued in secondary schools to give meaning to verbal description of components of computer and circulatory system, Nwobu (2002). Laboratory equipment and materials offers students the opportunity to develop scientific attitude such as critical thinking and objectivity. Through laboratory student learns to handles apparatus and other instruments thereby developing manipulative skills, it also reinforce theoretical learning through reality. Therefore, for effective teaching and understanding, equipment and materials should be available in the laboratory for conceptual thinking and meaningful teaching by the science teacher. According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia (2000) Laboratory refers to a room where tools and equipments are kept for practical purpose mentor (2001)Added that practical work has an important role to play as it essentials for it gives students a feel for the problematic of measurement and an appreciation of the ever presence of uncertainty .Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory .

Hopkin (2001) in his study on the importance of quality of teacher said that ,the most important factor in any science course of study is the teacher. Hence, students response to computer and integrated science also depends on the teacher’s qualification. Thomson (2001)Said that, we must be concerned about the high proportion of teachers serving in our schools who are inadequately qualified academically. Uzor (2004) In his study on effect of teachers qualification in teaching and learning of computer and integrated science in secondary schools in Enugu State discovered that the qualification of teachers influence the interest of the students negatively, that learning becomes ineffective and consequently leads to problem facing the teaching and learning of integrated and computer science. Soyibo (2004) Pointed out that before a science teacher could function efficiently, he must ,among other attributes, possess fairly sound academic and professional knowledge of the subject .It is very necessary that teachers of integrated and computer science should have a sound knowledge of what computer and integrated science is and how the different subjects area should be well integrated, when this is not done, it constitutes lot of problems in the learning of computer and integrated science in most schools were qualified computer and integrated science teachers are lacking.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

For the fact that science is a core subject in secondary school which is designed to equip students with the knowledge of relevant concepts and scientific skills. The main center for the study of science in the secondary schools is science laboratory exist in name only. Bellolowal (2009)Added that students do not even know the names of equipments used in the laboratory as the generally used as ordinary classroom. The reason is due to lack of facilities for science laboratory in the secondary school or in schools in general Similary Offiah (2007)noted that many students perform poorly in practical related subject not only because of lack of laboratory equipment and materials but also poor usage of laboratory by science teacher. This study there fore intent to examine the availability of laboratory and qualified teacher for effective teaching and learning of computer and integrated science in secondary school in Udi Local Government Area in Eungu state

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to find out about the Availability of laboratory and qualified teachers for effective teaching and learning of computer and integrated science in secondary schools. This study will examine to find out whether

1. There are adequate qualified teacher of computer and integrated science in our schools.

2. There are adequate computer and integrated science laboratory and equipment.

3. Whether the students in our secondary schools are interested in learning computer and integrated science in the class.


1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is very essential to the extent that it will help to identify most suggestion for improving the teaching and learning of computer and integrated science in our secondary schools. The results of this research will be of benefit to the following groups of people.

1. It will enable the government to know the qualifications of teachers teaching computer and integrated science in secondary schools.

2. Parents will from the result of this study know the importance of science laboratory in the academic life of their children.

3. The result will also help the management and teacher of secondary schools to know and understand that science laboratory should be the bed rock of students that study computer and integrated science and therefore attaché importance in science laboratory.


1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will be restricted to the problem facing the teaching and learning of computer and integrated science in our secondary schools, in Udi Local, Government Area of Enugu State.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Are there adequate qualified teacher teaching computer and integrated science in our secondary schools?

2. Are students in our secondary schools interested in learning computer and integrated science in the class room?

3. Are there adequate computer and integrated laboratory in our secondary schools?

4. Are there adequate materials and equipment in the laboratories for teaching of computer and integrated science in secondary schools?


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/632/availability-of-laboratories-and-qualified

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ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN NIGERIA HEALTH INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF ESUT TEACHING HOSPITAL PARK LANE GRA ENUGU)


ABSTRACT


This research work is a very important study on the appraisal of accounting system in Nigeria health institution. This was motivated by the need to establish the extent proper documentation has been made, need for proper control measure in keeping sound accounting system and how to solve these problems. Questionnaires were given out to the staff and observation were made during clinical visit. The respondent comprised of senior and junior staff of the relevant unit. In organizing and presenting data collected tables, percentage was used which gave the following findings: Some financial transaction are not properly documented. There cannot be a sound accounting without proper control system. Personal interest, overlapping and exercise of authority has some contributory side effect on sound accounting system. The works of internal auditor and revenue clerks are not relied on as far as fund generation and disbursements is concerned. The management should ensure that every belief receipts and payments should be properly documented to avoid fraud and pilferage. The management need to employ a control system. The management need to employ an internal auditor, there should be segregation of duties. The management should watch activities of the staff to avoid their interest conflicting with management’s own interest.


CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Record keeping in business has been an old practice right from time. Record keeping helps businessmen and owners to plan on how their activities will be carried out and how the activities have been performed and comparisons made among different periods in accounting. The need of record keeping cannot be over-emphasized, in different organizations’ accounting systems and procedure in record keeping vary.

Even though system and approaches may differ, they still aim at the same thing, i.e, producing accounting information necessary for control and decision making.

Each organization is unique and so plans its operations and procedures that suits its purpose. However, standard procedures should apply to both small and big organizations. Cash and cheque record must be receipted written in both words and figures. Proper account should be given by the clerks entrusted with it. Also cash and cheque disbursements must be duly authorized and carried out according to the procedure aid down in the organization, proper voucher together with supporting documents should be attached to vouchers with appropriate signatories.

In an organization where there is no proper documentation of their financial transaction and also measure of control on the activities of its staff can not maintain a sound accounting system.

Parklane General Hospital as one of the institution was established in 1930 as a Nursing home for colonial masters. Nigerians were not treated or allowed there until, 1952 when the first civil servants resident in GRA were allowed and treated in the Nursing home.

In April 1967, during the Nigeria civil war, the Nursing home was converted into a general hospital. In May 1967, the first expansion work started. By the year 1970, the hospital had 200 beds and between 1978 and 1982, the surgical ward, eye clinic, pediatric ward, plant houses, mortuary and four new blocks of consulting rooms in the OPD were constructed and commissioned. In 1985, a new phase of development started with contracts awarded for a maternity ward. In the same year surgical ward and ante-natal ward were completed and commissioned while the marketing ward was still under construction.

In August 1999, a Nursing School was opened in the hospital on a temporal basis, using the proposed gynecological block. Block of 5 bungalows were completed for house officers, awaiting the accreditation of the hospital for training of the house officers.

In 2005, ESUT, relocated to parklane and was named ESUT college of medicinal teaching hospital.

In April 2006, the law establishing ESUT teaching hospital parklane GRA was signed.

The institution is now known as ESUT teaching hospital, parklane GRA Enugu state. Therefore, this name will be use in this research work.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

From observations and reports of some patients and staff they have been pointing at the same thing. Which are non documentation of some financial transactions, inability to have perfect control on the activities of the staff, cases of misappropriation of fund, and other irregularities which contribute to unsound accounting system in the institution. Therefore the problems includes:

1. Non documentation of some financial transaction.

2. No proper control measure to ensure a sound accounting system.

3. The extent personal interest, overlapping of job and the exercise of authority, affect accounting system in ESUT teaching hospital, Parklane GRA.

4. To what extent does the management rely on the work of the accountant, internal auditor and revenue clerks.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The increasing rate of non-documentation of some transactions has brought conflicts of personal interest with the hospital interest and misappropriation, I believe that the information collected from this study will highlight the benefits which these institutions have been missing without a sound accounting and control system. The major objectives of this study are:

1. To determine how proper documentations of some financial transactions can be made and maintained.

2. To advise the institution on a proper control measurement to ensure sound accounting system.

3. To ascertain the extent of personal interest, overlapping of job and exercise of authority affecting accounting system.

4. To find out the extent the management has been replying on the works of the accountant, internal auditor and revenue clerks.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study is set out to find answers to the following questions:

1.To what extent has documentation of some financial transactions been made and maintained?

2.What are the effects of proper control measure on accounting system?

3.To what extent does personal interest, overlapping of job and exercise of authority affects accounting system?

4.To what extent does the management rely on the work of the accountant, internal auditor and revenue clerk?

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study covers the areas relating to the accounting section in relation to maintaining sound accounting system in the area as relating to drug sales receipts, disbursement of hospital bills, card consulting fee and payment for laboratory tests ESUT teaching hospital, parklane GRA.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Since ESUT teaching hospital, Parklane is a health institution and government establishment known for internal generation of fund in a great measure, it is necessary to research into its accounting system and control system.

This research will give more insight on the losses sustained by the government and the hospital for non documentation of some transactions.

It will reveal the relationship between control measure and sound accounting system, the importance of an accountant, internal auditor and revenue clerks in maintaining good accounting system in an organization. It will also be of immense help to practicing accountants and future researchers.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In carrying out this research, the limitations encountered by the researcher include; time constraint, inadequate of fund, lack of knowledge of some respondents in the area of accounting terms. Most of the respondent could not give the desired answers.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Colonial – belonging to a country that controls another country.

Pediatrics – the branch of medicine dealing with the care and disease of children.

OPD – Out patient department

Antenatal –Before birth, during or relating to pregnancy. A medical examination during pregnancy.

Maternity – the state of being a mother, the character or relation of a mother.

Gynecology – the branch of medicine dealing with health care for women, especially the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the female reproductive organs.

Misappropriation – the intentional, illegal use of the property or funds of another person for one’s own use or other unauthorized purpose, particularly by a public official, a trustee of a trust, an executor or administrator of a dead person’s estate or by any person with a responsibility to care for and protect another’s assets.

Conflict – A serious disagreement or argument between individuals or groups. It arises whenever individuals have different values, opinion, needs, interest and are unable to find a middle way.

Insight – understanding of the true nature of something.

Immense – Of boundless or immeasurable size or extent.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/456/accounting-system-in-nigeria-health

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THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN THE CONTROL OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGEIRA (CBN)


PROPOSAL

In recent times some of the public organizations in Nigeria have been faced with cases of financial crisis. Those of them that survived more in a snail pace. Obviously the causes of financial crisis in our public sector have been attributed to total negligence of the roles of accounting in our public organizations.

This research work will look into the role of accounting in the control public expenditure in Nigeria. It will try to analyze the implications of applying the accounting principles in our public organizations and then look at how these principles controls the operations of the public sector organizations in Nigeria.

In a bid to achieve a meaningful research study work, this research will review related literatures on the role of accounting in the control of public sector in Nigeria. Oral interview will also be conducted with the managers of the selected public organization in Nigeria.

Other supplementary instrument will be data that will be collected from periodicals and existing literature. The data that will be collected will defines descriptively, with tables in these research work.

On the course of writing this project study, there are factors which should be considered like finance, Access to library facilities and limited time and difficulties in obtaining required information.

In finance, our project used to be joint project but now it has to be an individual student. Atimes there is difficulties in obtaining the required information from the respondents of the company because of the current problem some of the company is going through.

Consequent upon this, recommendations will be made in how or the steps that will be taken to eradicate these set backs and deficiency in the system.



CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In most developing countries including Nigeria, government participation in economic activity is usually significant. One of the ways through which government has intervened in Nigerian economy is through the establishment of public enterprises and statutory bodies operating services of an economic or social character on behalf of the government.

Since the colonial era, especially after independence in 1960, Nigerian public enterprises have witnessed a steady growth unit recently. Its Olisa (1988:133) pet it. Beginning as a trickle in the period between this era of the second world war and Nigeria attainment of independence the creation of public corporations had risen to flood level since independence and his maintained a steady growth. The rational behind the establishment of public enterprises in Nigeria are many. Some of the reason include: generating revenue, they would add to available rational capital for the support of development and welfare programme, making to be controlled by a few individual, it possible for important profitable enterprises to be controlled by a few individual or group, organization certain critical activities national survival and economic stability and providing employment opportunities (Ademolukun 1983). However, after a long period of growing, starts intervention in the Nigerian economy through public enterprises, the and of 1980’s onwards had witnessed a reversed which has sometimes been dramatic in public opinion and therefore public policy.

This has been brought by the persistent losses which state enterprises that have been running over fears. Consequently, there has been a willingness to look at alternative policy strategies for the achievement of economic development. At the forefront of these strategies is the minimization privatization of public enterprises.

In Nigeria, public enterprises are engaged in a while spectrum of economic activities including agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, commerce and services. The classification of public enterprises in Nigeria, had been made according to varieties of criteria by different authorities. The public service review commission (1975:101) classified public sector int.

Public utilities
Regulatory of service body
Financial institutions
Commercial ad industrial enterprises

Being a mixed economy, individuals also own and operate private enterprises. A firm classified as private enterprises when it is founded and managed by an individual and Ora group of individual. These firms are expected to be registered in the local government within which they operate.

The rationale for the establishment of private enterprises are numerous just like establishment of public enterprises. T hey include amongst other. Provision of employment opportunities. Generating income for the owner of the enterprises. Government interest in profit growth of the enterprises which determine the tax liabilities of the firms, improve the performance of the public sector through competition. Moreover, the general public is concerned with the contribution which makes towards social upliftment which is exhibited to the environment in which the business is loaded and its willingness to contribute to the development of the environment.

The activities of the public enterprises have been on the increase in resent times which necessitated the introduction of the accounting practice to check and monitor the financial activities of these enterprises. In this book, titled principles of accounting, by Bimage (1985) accounting is defined as a process by which data relating to the economic activities of an organization are measured, recorded and communicated to interested parties for analysis and interpretation.

The earliest method of accounting records were kept in physical quantities. These records came from the Eastern (early) civilization which involved in the countries around the Mediterranean sea such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Crete, Italy etc. money was recorded as soon as money took the place of barter as a medium of exchange and unit of accounting practice has been closely related to the economic development of the country. If the business organization grows in size and complexity, management and outsiders became more clearly differentiate from the outside groups which include owners of the firm (stock holder) creditors, government employer and the general public.

The differentiation necessitated the need to have accounting department in the enterprises to give accurate financial of the management and to satisfy the outside demands or the general public who are already interested on whether the enterprises in growing or not.

The role of accounting in public enterprises in Nigeria is primarily to ensure accurate accountability in these sector and present the time and fair financial position of the enterprises. The role is of utmost importance in any organization. An organization can only grow or profit when the resources are well managed and effective observed over expenditure. These resource can only be well managed if accounting department of the organization give an accurate financial information to know how ,much the enterprises having. It is only when this is done that the firm allocate its resources and knows what is to be done.

The role of accounting seems to be more pronounced in the public enterprises. In recent time there are cases of misappropriation of funds in the public enterprises and improper accountability. These factors have led to a lot of public enterprises going into oblivon. If the government has reorganized the role of accounting, all these febles should not have arisen. No enterprises can move forward without having a well organized financial departments to give accurate financial; information about the firm.

This is because if improper accounting records are not minimized or where possible eradicated these is bound to be cases of public enterprises failure. Consequently, staff of such enterprises will forced out of their job. This will result to economic and social; activities in the society.

1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CBN (A PUBLIC COMPANY)

The formation of CBN started gradually in the early 1950’s but gathered momentum by the middle and towards the decade. Precisely CBN was established in 1958. Among the factors that led to the formation for an apese financial institution in the early “50s” were the dissatisfaction and short coming to the west African currently board. The WACB established in 1912 was playing the role for an apese monetary institution in the British West Africa especially in areas of the country.

The issue of West Africa Currency exchanging this with the existing currencies, investment of reserve mainly in London and the repatriation of existing currencies. However, because of the anomalies and short coming of the WACB especially as if could not perform the monetary management, Nigeria nationalist continued to amount pressure on the colonial administration for the establishment of a central Bank that should have all pioneers of a central bank, and not just a glorified currency exchange house.

In 1952 at the floor of federal house of Assembly (First sitting) Lagos-Chief Anthony Enahoro Summoned up courage and mored a private member motion calling for the establishment of central Bank for the purpose of rapid economic development in all its phases.

However, as result of the composition of he house then and lack of awareness of the importance of central bank on the part of some Nigeria members the bill failed. Even though the motion was not successful, it stirred the hornet comb. It gingered the colonial office in London Administration appointed Mr. Fisher, a Senior staff of Bank of England, to inquire into the desirability and practicability of establishing a Central Bank of Nigeria as an instrument for promoting the economic development of the country.

Fishers in his report as an agents of colonialism and on orthodox bank stated that central Bank cannot be established in a financial environment where all factors that make a central Bank perform are not existent.

In the same year, while fisher was submitting his report to another independent term of financial expects were in Nigeria from world Bank (international Bank for reconstruction and development) with a mission like that of fisher at examining the desirability and practicability of establishing a central bank of Nigeria.

The world Bank mission were more objective in their report and less inclined to perpetual economic dependence. They really agreed with the recommendation of fisher on the instability of the financial environment as a result of weak money and market instruments but they were quick to add, that the continued political and economic advancement of Nigeria is bound to lead to the establishment of a central bank. To postponed the day when functions of currency issue and the management of foreign assets are performed in Nigeria will also postponed the day when trained Nigeria will be able to perform these functions responsible by themselves.

In 1957, even though Nigeria had not totally got her indigence, but she gained the antonomy of self internal rule. The nationalists did not wash time in commissioning another financial expert from Bank of England J.B Loyness to advise then as:

i. The establishment of a federal institution to perform appropriate central banking functions.

ii. The introduction of Nigerian currency and the administration of such as currency so as to presence in external value and its acceptability within the country.

iii. The relationship of the federal institution to the federal and regional government, to government institutions, to the commercial Bank and to the public and

iv. The role of such an institution in the development of a local

money and capital market. The report of JB Loyness led to establishment of the central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) by the Central bank of Nigeria ordinance of 17th March, 1959, The bank officially commenced business on 1st July, 1959.


OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CBN

The 1959 Central bank ordinance of Nigeria established the CBN with an authorized capital of $1.5 million (123m) which was fully paid up by the federal government of Nigeria. The Bank was 100 percent a public company, and there was no provision in the ordinance of 1958 establishing the bank and subsequent amendments there of required the bank to maintain a general reserve fund from profit arising from its operation the rate of the reserve and was dictated by the prevailing economic condition at that point in time.

Furthermore., the 1958 central Bank ordinance provided that the Bank should transfer one eight (1/ of the net profit made every year to the fund (general reserve) until the fund is equal to the paid up capital (the proceed should be used to pay the federal government for the amount contributed) and therefore only 1/16 of the profit for each year was to be transferred to the fund. Meanwhile the balance of the profit would be appropriated in the following manner.

50% of the balance to be applied for retirement of any outstanding obligation of the federal Government to the Bank in respect of cost of printing, mining shipment of the initial of the Bank notes and coins.

ii. The remaining 50 percent as to be paid to the president appoints the governor of the CBN (on the advice of the senate 1979 constitution and 1995 draft constitution). Infact CBN is directly under the federal ministry of finance i.e. the governor who in turn reports to the president. This war amended by the military in 1997.

In 1997, with the presidentialization of key ministries in Nigeria, the CBN has been sent the presidency, and the governor who is solely appoint by the military president reports directly to him (the president). The board of Director of the bank under this system is equally appointed by the president.

In 1999, when democracy returned Back to the state/country (Nigeria). The president appointed the Governor of the CBN, but the Governor report to the ministry of finance. The CBN governor Mr. Solud Economist by profession. The ministry of finance is Mrs. Ngozi Okonjo Iwuani, Doctor by profession.


ORGANISATION

The central Bank of Nigeria took after the British pattern (the Mother of all central Banks) in many respects especially in organization and management. Infact, the first governor of the bank in British Mr. Fanton, was seconded from the bank of England.

The apex policy making body of the Bank is the Board of Directors. At the incept, the enabling law establishing the bank shall comprise seven members the governor (who is the chairman), the Deputy governor and five part time Directors. The ordinance went further to stipulate that it was the responsibility of the governor general to appoint the governor and the deputy governor of the bank while the appointment of the part – time director was responsibility of the prime minister.

To cope with defects of the economic development couple with the recommendations of the international finance experte the CBNs Board was re-organized for more efficiency. In order to be able to face the challenge of the time, the membership of the Board was enlarged to thirteen, the Governor, the Deputy Governor, three executive Directors and eight part-time Directors, (The central Bank of Nigeria Decree No 24) of 1991 went further to enlarge the Board by increasing the member to eleven made up of a Governor, five Deputy Governors and five Directors, while the Decrease (1991) assigns the responsibilities of policy and general administration of he affairs and business of the Bank to the Board, the fire major department see figure 1.1 below. The decree also stipulate that the governor and the Deputy Governor should be appointed by the president in the first instance for a term of five years and each should be eligible for re-appointment for another not exceeding 5 years.

Some of he activities of the bank as we shall see are decentralized while others are not, while the ministry and policy formulations are done at the Bank lead office in Lagos (now Abuja), the banking operations of the Bank is decentralized. To facilitate the efficient execution of the bank functions over the Nigeria’s vast territory, some central banking activity are decentralized and operate through four zones. Bauchi, Enugu, Ibadan and kano. In addition to the zonal centres, there is a branch network whereby each state capital in the federation has a CBN Branch.

However, in the newly-created states currency centers are set up by CBN, pending the time full-fledged branch as could be established the respective heads of each zone, branch controller and the currency officer respectively. As at the end of 1992, the CBN had in operation four zonal officer, 15 branches and 6 currency centres. As at May 1993, the CBN had 19777 members of the staff comparising 23, executives of whom 22 were departmental director 2581 senior and 6965 Junior staff

THE 1958 CENTRAL Bank ordinance placed the bank CBN under the federal ministry of finance and Development so that the Board of Directors reported to the Minister who in turn reported to the head of state. However, in 1988, as part of the military re-organizations in the country aimed placed under the presidency. This arrangement is still stating under this arrangement CBN is independent of the Federal Ministry of finance and report directly to the president. This nites has been reserve again in 1997. CBN Government now reported to the federal ministry of finance



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/532/the-role-of-accounting-in

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EXPORTATION OF MADE IN NIGERIA GOODS AS A TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY


ABSTRACT

An investigation into exportation of “made in Nigeria” goods as a tool for the development of Nigeria economy is an interesting topic.
The population for this study consists of all the workers of the Nigeria export promotion council information was gathered using questionnaires from thirsty-one employees of which only twenty of them were returned.
Findings showed that exportation of made in Nigeria have much role to play in the development of the Nigeria economy. It also shows that in order to achieve this purpose incentives should be provided for producer of exportable goods, stiff prohibitive measure restricting export of goods should not be adopted and also to manufacture exportable goods to meet international make goods enhances the standard of living of Nigeria. The so much needed foreign exchange depends on exportation of goods made in Nigeria goods enhance the standard of living of Nigeria they include prohibitive tariffs, lack of export market.
The Nigeria export is dominated by a particular product serving as a major foreign exchanges and revenue earner, the federal government has may roles to play in strengthening the export sector of the Nigeria economy.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The issue of exportation of good in Nigeria dates back to the beginning of this country.
Its importance cannot be over emphasized because it contributed immensely, to the development of the Nigeria economy.

After the Amalgamation of the two protectorates that formed Nigeria in 1914, exportation of goods because an economy element but mainly agricultural materials which were semi-finished. After independence, expectation because the main stay of the Nigeria economy. If stood the only sources of foreign, exchange to a very great extent that if because a development stimuli of the economy exportation is the act of making available goods produce in one nation to another nations.

It is an international trade variable. It is an international trade variable. It is difficult to write a detailed descriptions of export, its importance and implications because writers have not been interested in this field.
The exportation of made in Nigeria goods is in its infancy. This study tends to emphasize the importance of exportation of made in Nigeria goods in order to ensure a fast growing economy.


1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Nigeria has been marketed as one of the industries state in Africa exporting some of her goods. If has also been showed that agriculture, products, constituted export in the early stage. From the 1970’s, Nigeria has been know to be endowed abundant natural resources industrial institution has taken the economy sphere of Nigeria. Despite this great achievement in the years that most made in Nigeria goods are not exported. This project tends to emphasize the importance of exported of made “in Nigeria” goods as a tool for the development of the Nigeria economy.


To find out what constitutes Nigeria export and its economic effect.

To find out what reasons account for the non exportation of Nigeria goods that is to say can the goods be exported and how, there are problems a researcher is faced with and for which this study will by to solve.


1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Motivation and interest for this study is stimulated goods dwindling exports and continued under development of the Nigeria economy.


Specifically, the purpose of this study are:

1. To ascertain how “made in Nigeria” good can be exported.

2. To ascertain what should constitute export in Nigeria

3. To know what caused the non-exportation of goods in Nigeria.

4. To know the effect of export on the economy.

5. To ascertain the factory leading to effective exportation


1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The study is faced with the following question.

1. What constitutes export in Nigeria?

2. Can their goods be exported?

3. How can they be exported?

4. Can Nigeria export all her goods?

5. Which do you think is not liable to be exported?

6. Should Nigeria satisfy all her citizen before exporting ? why

7. Do you referee Nigeria exporting only one for her goods to two or more?

8. Is export regulated, how?

9. Who is responsible for export regulation of goods in Nigeria.

10. what are the factors that retain export of goods in Nigeria.

11. why the need for Nigeria to export?



1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study when completed will emphasize the importance of exportation to exporters, manufacture and government. They will be familiar to the economic effect of exportation of goods produced or manufactured by them. They will come to know how, they can go into production of goods suitable for export. Finally the importance of export will be exposed to every individual as a result of its impact on the general economy.


1.6 DEFINITION

The study could have be extended to other area of study such as level of demand by consuming nations, their economy, word market prices of commodities and such other areas as international relations, economic, section. But for the purpose of effective study, the researcher have decided to concern trade effect on the economy.


1.7 LIMITATION


The following are some of the problems that hindered the researcher study.


1. Financial constraints: The researcher could not effect the money to carry out more research work on the subject.

2. Lack of time: Enough time was not given to the researcher to effectively collect enough data for the work

3. Inadequate of secondary data:The secondary data available are not enough. This hindered the researcher ability to gather enough information to effectively carryout the work


1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Export : These are goods produce in a country which are not domestically consumed

Goods: These are the out come of production

Development: This is a change brought to a place as a result of growth in economic activities.

Economy: The general activities that take place in a give area.

Foreign exchange: This refers to the currencies of consuming nations.

Raw materials: The material used in the production of goods.

Infancy: The early stage of development of a particular thing or place.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/2269/exportation-of-made-in-nigeria

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THE PROSPECTS OF SECRETARIES IN OFFICE ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T ENUGU)


ABSTRACT

This area of the research is to acquaint the reader on the prospects of secretaries in the office researches in office administration and management. It is the research conviction that neglect of these prospects possesses are the mirror in which the office uses to seen, this is as a result of what they play in an organization. However, the research tries to x-ray the prospects of secretaries in office administration and management. Further more, a rundown of what the researcher have in the study are;
Chapter one- this is where the background of the study, statement of problem purpose of study scope of study, research question and significance of the study was elaborated.
Chapter two – This has to do with literature review where authors gave their view of the secretary the following are there in Types of secretaries the role of secretaries secretaries, prospects and characteristics problems of secretaries prospects of secretaries and summary of related literature review.
Chapter three- it has to do with research methodology applied by the researcher which includes, Deign, Area of study, population, sample, instrument, Reliability and method of data collection and analysis.
Chapter four- It has do with Data presentation and results, How data was analyzed.
Chapter five –This chapter contains Discussion of Results conclusion, Recommendation, implication, suggestion for further study and lastly limitation of the study.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The prospects of secretaries have been giving a lot of concerns to intending student of secretarial administration and many other segments of the society especially those in secretarial field.

The word secretary coined from letin word secretes’ which literally means a secret; this definition shows more or one of the function of secretary. (Okafor 1987).

Prospect on the other hand according to Oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary of the English Language is defined as the chances of being successful.

Harding (1988) define secretary as someone holding a very responsible position with in an organization, who provide a full range of management support which cells upon variety of skills and ability that would not be pre-requisites of office generally.

Hot (1996) also defines a secretary as an employee in office who deals with correspondence keeps records, makes arrangement and appointment for a particular member of staff.

Ofuru (1997) sees secretaries as the image makers, who combine both official and one-official duties for overall success of their bosses as well as the organization where the work.

The American secretarial Association defines a secretary in the most acceptable way as an assistant to an executive, possessing mastery of office skills and ability to assume responsibility initiative, exercise judgement and makes decision with in the scope of his authority.

With the above definitions, in mind one can easily seen the need for a secretary in any organization or institution be it secondary or tertiary can not be over emphasized.

A secretary is a major communicating link between the executive and his association the office staff and the public. He/she is the life wire of that organization.

As a result of this important linking position, a secretary can display vital roles in helping to create and maintain the smooth running of business organization

For a secretary to perform his/her to undergone some educational studies and obtain the basic office knowledge and skills Days are gone when any person that works in an office is being regarded as a secretary.

However, for one to quality as a secretary one must have taken courses in shorthand, typewriting, office practice and secretarial duties and must be computer literate for easy adaptation in morden office challenges.

A close look at some selected higher institution like the institute of management and technology Enugu, Federal polytechnic Oko, Anambra state, federal college of Education current problems and prospects of secretaries.

Some of these problems include the following:

1. poor placement of their sartorial staff

2. lack of good working environment

3. Lack of modern office equipment like computers printers modern electric typewriter etc.

4. Lack of attending external course or seminars or even in-house training.

5. In a situation where the above mentioned facilities are lacking the advancement of the secretaries both in academics and otherwise will be a mirage.



THE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY I.M.T ENUGU.

The institute of management and technology Enugu was established in the year 1972 and was known ass institute of public Administration then east central state (ECS) . it was later re-named institute of management and Technology in 1976 by then old Anambra state Government. The institution is now owned by Enugu state government after the creation of Enugu state form the old Anambra state. A survey shows that the institution has produced many and famous professional who have excelled in their endeavors.

Since its inception and it is still leading in academic in Nigeria as far as polytechnic education is concerned inspilt of all constraints

Various higher institutions these days have realized and on their stressed on the impact of modern technology on their secretaries.

The service of secretaries are utilized by various organization and institutions. Secretaries work directly with management of those organization as supporting staff and they help in realizing effectively the missios and objectives of the organizations.

In view of all these facts, the problems and prospects of the secretaries in these higher institutions are critically investigated in this study.


1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The state of a secretary in the civil service has been a vexed issue for quite sometime. While some think of the secretary as a mere servant of the boss while others regard her as another boss. While she perform every work in her office her position is still relegated to the ground thus lead the research to investigate these factors that prospects secretaries in office administration and management.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/2749/the-prospects-of-secretaries-in

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AUDIT AS AN AID TO ACCOUNTABILITY (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)


ABSTRACT

The research study is concentrated an audit as an aids to accountability in public service. The project research commences with an introduction and over view of the history of audit in Nigeria. Sequel to this effect, data were collected from primary and secondary sources, primary sources involves the design and distribution of questionnaires to 106 respondents of the ministry of finance and economic departments and Enugu State Audit. The secondary source extensively reviewed the opinion of some scholars who had earlier drawn written conclusions that are related to the project topic. Data collected were analysed and tested using percentage and formulated hypotheses.

The main findings were based on the analysis and subsequent test, which showed that auditing is a strong tool for accountability in the public service. Poor and irregular payment of staff salaries and remuneration has caused diversion of public fund to private purposes. Moreover, management skill has not improved operational standard in the state service.

Based on the findings, the researcher made possible recommendations to correct the negative conception of an audit and to appraise audit standard in the state public service.

This project research is therefore, beneficial to both the students, lecturers, politician, public and private sectors.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The question on how to increase efficiency and positive result in audit work in public sector is a perennial problem in Nigeria, and one that is increasing warning the generality of the people of this country. The response has been to upgrade the quality of audit staff ad powers conferred on audit institutions in the public sector. There is also the for training of audit staff in modern techniques of auditing to enhance effectiveness and result oriented rather than restricting them to the traditional methods of trick and turnover which is inadequate and outdated.

Public sector auditing is conferred towards ensuring the proper and efficient use of public funds, development of sound financial management, the orderly executive administrative activities and the communication of information to the public through the publication of objective reports. These are necessary for the stability and development of the nation. There is a need to map out the machineries and method of carrying out a research functions effectively as to achieve a desired result.

In the past, the emphasis of an audit was on the traditional approach which ha been mainly the compliance audit to ensure that all books and records comply with the laid down procedures and regulation. But in the modern time, there is the need for a shift of emphasis to modern concept of effectiveness and efficiency.

Based on these individual views of auditing and its functions, the researcher took a keen inherent to rest empirically auditing as an aid to accountability with a particular reference to Enugu State Ministry of Finance and economic development.

The increase incidence of fraud and misappropriation of public fund and property by the accounting officers and chief executives in the public sector/ service passes a question as to whether auditing plays any role towards ensuring proper accountability in the public service especially the state government and particularly the ministry of finance and economic development.

Auditing is to control, deter and find out any fraud or misappropriation of public fund or property by officers entrusted with such duties.

It is because of this onerous task that the Enugu state audit department was established to appraise the work of those entrusted with responsibility of accountability.

Government undertakes various transactions through its representatives or agencies and as such, they are required by law to give account of their stewardship. To achieve these purposes, the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria provides a law established audit department both at the Federal and State levels. Section 125 (1) of the 1999 constitution provides that there shall be an Audit General for the federation and for each state of the federation who shall be appointed in accordance with the provision of section 126 of this constitution. The sub-section (2) of this section provides that the public accounts of a state and all offices, ministries, parastatals, and the courts of the state shall be audited by the auditor-general for the state who shall submit his reports to the House of Assembly of the state concerned. Therefore the auditor general or any person authorized by him in that behalf shall have access to all the books, records, returns, and other documents relating to those accounts. The sub-section (2) (3) of this constitution shall be constrained as authorizing the auditor-general to auditor-general to audit the accounts of or appoint auditor for government statutory corporations, commissions authorities, agencies, including all persons and bodies established by law but the auditor general shall, (a) provide such bodies with,

(i) A list of auditors qualified to be appointed by them as external auditors and from which the bodies shall appoint their external auditors and;

(ii) A guideline on the level of dues to be paid to the external auditors and;

(iii) Comments on their annual accounts and auditor’s report there on. The sub-section (4) of this constitution also states that the auditor-general for the state shall have power to conduct a periodic check of all government statutory corporations,

Commission, authorities, agencies, including all persons and bodies established by a law of the House of Assembly of the state.

Inspite of all these provisions and safeguards, there is always an increased rate of fraud and misappropriation of public funds and parties by those entrusted with their safeguards. In view of the foregoing, this study is aimed at appraising the functions of the Enugu state audit department, problem affecting its efficiencies performance, and suggested solutions to enhance its effectiveness.

The researcher aims to examine the major cause of fraud or misappropriation of public funds in the state public service and offer useful suggestions to arrest the ugly situation. This study will also be of immense important for it will appraise the performance of the Enugu state audit department and assess the extent it has been able to achieve its objectives. The researcher will in addition offer valuable solutions on how to achieve accountability in the state public service.

The origin of audit department is as old as Nigeria. The present Enugu state audit department had its root from the colonial administrations. During colonial administration, there was one audit in the federation known as the colonial audit. The colonial masters have their representatives in Nigeria. These representatives were responsible and report to the Queen of England. The country was divided into four Regions as follows: Northern Region, Southern Region, Eastern Region and Western Region. Each of the regions had its own audit department but reports under the control of the colonial administration. This gives rise to regional audits.

Section 61 (1) of the Eastern Nigeria 1958, constitution states, and “There shall be a director of audit for the region whose office shall be an office in the public services of the region. In 1976 there was a further creation of states in the country and it was then that Anambra state and Imo states was created from the former Eastern central state. In 1992, the old Anambra state was further divided into Anambra state and the present Enugu state. Following this, each state now has her own audit department with a director of Audit or Auditor general of the state. The state was empowered by section 25 (2) of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and section 4 (2) of chapter 13 of the audit law to have its audit department. The internal audit department in the ministry of Finance and economic development is being leaded by the state auditor-general.


1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

There has been an entry of poor accountability in the public service particularly Enugu state civil service of Nigeria. There has been various radio and television news and the report from the daily newspapers about fraud, embezzlement of public fund and misappropriation of public properties. Enugu



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/1849/audit-as-an-aid-to

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LINKAGE BETWEEN EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND LOYALTY TO THE HOTEL INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF TOSCANA HOTELS ENUGU.)


ABSTRACT

This project is on the linkage between employee satisfaction and loyalty to the hotel industry. Most of the hotel industries now a day face many difficulties in making their employees satisfied. So they are failed to find out the reasons that made their workers satisfied and loyal. This study includes different variables of employee satisfaction and 3 variables of employee’s loyalty. Three variables of loyalty include employee service, future of employee in the company, employee recommendation in the company. The study also shows the loyalty of employees in hotel industry in Pakistan. Results of the study show a relationship between the said variables. The other variables as like relation of employee with boss, performance appraisal, the situation and place of working, group work, and coordination have a strong correlation with three variables of employees’ loyalty. The study will give the hotel industry a great help in lowering the cost and give much output as like increase in profit and then it will gives a higher satisfaction to the workers and their loyalty in hotel industry


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Service organizations are increasing tremendously with the passage of time and have a high value for the organization as well as in the field of study from last 20 years. Most of the countries are transferred towards service companies from manufacturing sector (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 2006). Due to this, service sector has attained vital position in topic of discussion in academia Heskett et al. (2013) provides a strong model for the researchers to adopt in this sector. But in our literature, we have just taken one part of this model which shows relationship of loyalty of employee and their satisfaction.

In Nigeria, the hotel industry had been recognized as industry of getting high growth in service industry but the profitability of this sector is reduced by the high dissatisfaction of the employees. Whenever the employees are more contented, they have less intent to leave the job and ultimately turned towards loyalty (Hussain, 2012).

Employees are provided satisfaction to make them loyal to hotel. But most of the organizations are still fail to satisfy their employees and to receive their loyalty at all because they do not know about the factors that help in getting employee loyalty. Our study will help these organizations to identify their shortcomings and also the factors those help in gaining the loyalty of their employees. They can easily then judge the association of satisfaction and loyalty of the employees. Most of the industries make their different training programs like worker’s training, their performance appraisal system, working conditions, different rewards according to their different company’s laws and policies.

The aim of these types of rules is to get employees loyalty with the organization and make their tenure long with the organization. If an employee will spend long time with the organization, he will have more value with his organization. Still some retail companies only sees and observe satisfaction of the employee but they have less concern with the long term relationship of the employees with them. This investigation will help these different industries in hotel sector to organize different training to achieve their loyalty in order to achieve the loyalty of employees service in the sector.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Employee satisfaction and loyalty are fundamental issues that must be handled carefully by managers of hotels or any hospitality industry outfit. When this is done it will ultimately rub off on the guests or customers. More satisfaction of employee means more guests, and more guests means profit to the industry.

The study shows a strong relationship between employee loyalty and profitability. Loyalty of employee is attached to clients satisfaction and client contentment its brand image employee satisfaction is attached to employee loyalty and will ultimately increase productivity (Hosleett etal, 1997).


1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To find out if there is any element of employee satisfaction and loyalty in the hotel

2 To investigate whether there is link between employee satisfaction and loyalty?

3. To determine if there is an affiliation between profitability and employee loyalty in LandMark Hotels Enugu

4. To suggest ways of improving employees satisfaction employees satisfaction and loyalty in LandMark Hotels Enugu.


1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Is there element of employee satisfaction and loyalty in the hotel?

2 Is there linkage between employee satisfaction and loyalty in your hotel?

3 Is there affiliation between profitability and employee loyalty?

4. How can employees satisfaction and loyalty be improved?


1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this project cannot be overemphasized. This is because employees satisfaction and loyalty is a key to success in every business organization. Therefore, this work reveals ways in which organization can improve employees satisfaction and loyalty. Also, it will aid the increase of profitability in the hotel industry since employees are the mechanisms of all operations.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is focused on linkage between employee satisfaction and loyalty in the hotel industry. And it revolves around LandMark Hotels Enugu.



1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitations of the project include difficulties encountered during the period of research such as time constraints and inadequate responses from the respondents.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/529/linkage-between-employee-satisfaction-and

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PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF BREAD USING FLOUR BIENDS OF WHEAT (TRITICUM ASETIVUM) AND CASSSAVA (MANNIHOT ESCULENTA) FLOUR FLAVOURED WITH GINGER (ZIGIBER OFFICINALE)



ABSTRACT

The research work was carried out to produce and evaluate bread made with wheat (Triticum eastivium) and cassava flour (Mannihot esculenta) flavoured ginger. (zigiber officinale) The flour samples were blended into ratio of 90:10,80:20,10:30,60:40,50:50,for sample WCA,WCB, WCC,WCD,WCE WCF, respectively. Sample WW containing 100% wheat served as the control. The cassava roots were processed into flour using modified Dziedzoave et al, 2003 method. The fresh cassava roots purchased were peeled, washed, soaked for 12hours, grated, pressed and dried in the oven at 50oC for 6hour. Then, it was milled, sieved to obtain cassava flour of uniform particle size. The bread samples were produced using modified Igbabul et al 2014. The raw materials were measured and prepared, mixed, kneaded, weighed, moulded, panned and afterwards proofed at 32oC for 90minutes, baked at 180oC for 45minutes, cooled and packaged. Proximate analyses were carried out on both raw materials and bread samples. The functional properties of the blends were determined. Then, the physicochemical properties and the sensory evaluation were also carried out. The result of the proximate analyses showed that the ash content, fibre content and carbohydrate content increased with increase in cassava flour substitution in concurrence with the proximate composition of the raw materials. The ash content ranged from 0.71%-1.10%, the fibre content ranged from 1.15% 1.43%, the carbohydrate ranged from 41.96%-56.89%. The fat, protein and moisture content of the bread samples decreased with an increase in cassava flour substitution. The result of the functional properties increased with an increase in cassava flour substitution, the water absorption capacity ranged from 1.00ml/g-1.70ml/g oil absorption capacity ranged from 0.89ml/g -1.47ml/g, Bulk density ranged from o.68g/ml 0.79g/ml, dispersibility ranged from 76.10ml -79.70ml. The result of the physicochemical properties of the bread samples decrease with an increase in cassava flour substitution. The sensory evaluation showed that bread sample WCA and WCB compared favorably with control WW in texture, taste, mouthfeel, colour and general acceptability.


RAW MATERIALS

The raw materials used for the seminar work were purchased from Ogbete market, Enugu. They include wheat flour, salt, fat, sugar, improver, water, yeast, improver, ginger extract. The cassava roots used were obtained from Orie-agu market, Udi, Enugu.


EQUIPMENT

Kneading table, Rolling pin, milling machine, Oven, weighing balance, grater, baking pan, knife, bowl, measuring cylinder, soxhlet apparatus, centrifuge, spatula, desicator, conical flask, fume cupboard, volumetric flask, crucibles, muffle furnace, petridishes, pipette, beaker.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/777/production-and-evaluation-of-bread

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THE GEOLOGY OF AMANGUWU AND ENVIRONS


ABSTRACT

The Main objective of this work is to study the geology and carry out the facies analysis of the Cretaceous Sediments of AFikpo at Ebonyi state and produce a geologic map of the study area. The work was done in the field making observations, taking measurements using the GPS, Compass, hammer etc, and taking down recordings, Laboratory analysis were also carried out on the samples from the field, Bivariate And Univariate analysis were done on the samples. The results from this analysis helped us decipher the facies found in the area which includes; Mudstone facies, Sandstone Facies which include; laminated Sandstone Facies, Biourturbated Sandstone Facies, Massive Sandstone Facies, Meandering River Sandstone Facies and Environments of depositions which incudes; possible dominant Marine Environment, Fluvial, Beach Environment. From the study this has pointed out that this area is dominantly a Marine, Beach, and from previous works carried out fluvial Environment. From previous works carried out I agree to the that fact that the area is a Marine, and Fluvial Environment and I want to also decipher from the result of the Bivariate analysis carried out that it is a possible predominantly Beach Environment, and from observations of field structures such as Biogenic structures e.g. skolithos that it is a predominant Marine environment


CHAPTER ONE (Introduction)

1.1 Background Information

Geology is an applied course that has been designed to enlighten and expose students to the procedures of practical field geologic mapping. This involves the study and practical significances of the study of outcrops on rocks in a study area to deduce important information. Research on the study of sedimentary rocks have shown that sediments, pieces and fragments of sedimentary old and pre-existing rocks have created some features and rock attributes which are especially distinct and useful in the sedimentary terrain. This concept makes up about 80%-90% of mineral products that are being utilized in our day to day living and up building. Product of sedimentary rocks which have been a major commodity which has sustained living economics of major developed or developing nations and detailed study on its further use and maintenance is necessary so as not only to develop new uses but also to preserve products of sedimentary rocks for future generations.Thus the field work at Afikpo provided a better practical understanding of the Geology of the area which involves its Geomorphology, regional/structural Geology,Hydrogeology, Economic Geology, Sedimentary facies of the area.

In the course of this research we would be looking at the facies analysis of the cretaceous sediments of Afikpo,facies deals with the chemical and biological aspects of sedimentary beds of the same geologic age. Sedimentary facies is defined as a mass of rock which can be defined and distinguished from others by its geometry, lithology,sedimentary structures, paleocurrent pattern and fossils. Facies analysis is done to construct a geologic model that describes an ancient sedimentary environment and this agrees with Ly’ells doctrine of uniformitarianism which means that (the presence is the key to the past) i.e. modern equivalences are used as analogs of ancient environment. In industries that exploit earth resources such as fossil fuels, facies analysis is very important in research apart from examination of rock specimens, this kind of analysis may also rely heavily upon the geophysical properties of the rock such as density, radioactive electrical and even magnetic properties of the rocks but for the cause of this research we would be using just examinations of rock specimen, biological and geological structures to analyze our facies.

1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF STUDY

The major objective of this field work is to:

To study the facies of the area using lithological, physical characteristics and laboratory analysis
To create a geologic map that gives a detailed structural and lithological description

1.3 LOCATION AND EXTENT

Afikpo and its environs is in Ebonyi State and is located geographically in the South-eastern part of Nigeria within the co-ordinate of latitude 5053’N and 5055’N, and longitude 7054’E and 7057’N. Afikpo is bounded by Owututu to the South, Abba-Omega to the North, Oso to the West, Nko (Cross River) to the East. Afikpo lies at an elevation of about 170m above sea level.

1.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE AREA

1.4.1ACCESSSIBILTY

The primary access was through either the Amasiri-Akaeze road or the Abakiliki-Afikpo express road. Other accesses to the field area mapped are through minor roads and footpaths linking the various towns and communities around the area.

1.4.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE AREA:

Geomorphologically, the study area is undulating, composed of alternating highlands and lowlands with some of the low lands being occupied by surface water bodies.

The highlands are mainly the ridges and hills which are made up mainly of sandstone lithology, minor siltstones/mudstones and claystones which serve as cementing material that bind the quartz grains. Shales and then some siltstones usually underlie the lower areas. On a regional scale, Afikpo is a trough or sub-basin but in terms of local topography is commonly undulating.

1.4.3 DRAINAGE

The drainage of the study area is controlled by relief, topography and geology. The drainage pattern of the study area is dendritic (tree-like pattern). Some of the

streams are seasonal due to the fact that they dry up during the dry season and are restored during the rainy season.

1.4.4 VEGETATION

Afikpo is in transition between the tropical rain forest and guinea savannah. The field area comprises mostly of perennial trees, grasses, stubs and climbers. Its vegetation is affected by various factors such as:

Human activities
Annual rainfall
Topography, and various climatic factors

The valley terrain produces thick, green vegetation even during the dry season due to availability of surface water caused by the shale which does not permit water to percolate deep into the soil, while partially withered grasses are found in the hills.

1.4.5 CLIMATE

The prevailing climate is typically tropical, with an average temperature of 250C and average rainfall of about 200cm and 250cm (Offodile, 1992); though the temperature may be higher than 250C during harmattan season. The climate is marked by 2 seasons:

Rainy season (from April to October)
Dry season


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/5019/the-geology-of-amanguwu-and

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTER BASED LOAN SCHEME MANAGEMENT SYSTEM


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Loan service for small organizations individuals was initiated after a number of considerations on the banking system. Major Banks are mainly guided by financial profit for their shareholders. They are after minimization of financial risks. Such strategies don’t leave much room to people on low income or even small organizations that strive for their survival.

This research studied the computer-based loan scheme management system-as was done in Harvard Trust Bank Enugu. Loans are readily given to people who have an account (mostly current Account) in the Harvard Trust Bank. Apart from being a customer to the necessary for giving him loan. Such conditions may include: provision of collateral security, having at lest one guarantor and filling the bank loan management form. The collateral security must be a landed property before the bank will accept it. Also, the guarantor must have an account in that bank and must be a reputable person in the society.

The role of computer in loan scheme management can never be overemphasized. The computerized bank loan management form enables bankers to work without stress. Information can be updated as soon as a positive change occurs.

I therefore recommend this project to all who may like to have a look at what the topic is all about. The research work will enable them know the importance of computer in loan scheme management which yield fruitful results as that of other fields of human endeavour.


1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The events of loan scheme management system have been documented. This research will evaluate the perceived motion of computer-based loan scheme management system.

In doing so, attempts will be made to answer the following questions:

a. What steps are taken in designing a computer-base loan scheme management system?

b. How can a computer-base loan scheme management be implemented?

c. What are the implications of not meeting the above requirements?

d. How far have the computer-base loan scheme management system gone in achieving the desired goals?



1.2 PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to bring to check the anomaly associated with the Harvard Trust computer-based loan scheme management system.

As the loan scheme management is done by man, irregularities are bound to be associated with it.

If these loan scheme management systems are effectively carried out in the computer, it will yield fruitful results.


1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This project will have the following aims and objectives:

a. To shed light on the issue of computer-based loan scheme management system.

b. To create awareness of such management to other banks who may be interested.

To suggest the ways in which a computer-based loan scheme management can be enhanced.



1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research work will access the design and implementation of computer-based loan scheme management system in Harvard Trust Bank Enugu. It will look into the operations of this bank in the aspect of loan management system. The interest charged on loans as well as the updating of information as soon as they are received.



1.5 CONSTRAINTS

This project will be limited to the data available at hand, data outside the researcher will not be made use of.

The limitations militating against this research are financial constraints, time factor and other circumstances.



1.6 ASSUMPTIONS

Accuracy, efficiency and reliability is associated with computer-based loan scheme management system.

For the purpose of this research, my assumptions can be stated as follows:

1. The application of computer in loan scheme management system has led most banks in business expansion and development projects.

2. A computer-based loan scheme management system leads to fast, accurate and concise deals.


1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

A. LOAN: This is money lent to an individual or an organization on interest payable at a stipulated time.

B. SCHEME: This means plan or arrangement

C. MANAGEMENT: Group of persons controlling a business.

D. LOAN SCHEME: A plan or arrangement on how to lend money to an individual, a group or an organization.

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/4019/design-and-implementation-of-a

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THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY


CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION

The financial Institutions are essential agents in the development of an economy. They engage in financial inter-mediation, which provides the needed financial resources to the various sections of the economy where they are required for purposes of development. These institutions because of the vital role the play in the economy are regarded key agents in the economic development process of every cation both the developing and the developed economics.


1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In our country (Nigerian) to day, there are various roles expected of the international financial institutions to enhance the development of the Nigeria Economy. The institution are the international monetary fund (IMF) international for reconstruction and development (IBRD) etc. The international monetary fund (imf) the role expected from imf.

To promote international monetary co-operation through permanent institution which provides machinery for consultation and collaboration in international money problems.

To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of high level of employment and real income and to develop the productive resources of all member nations.

The international Bank for Reconstruction and development (IBRD) The roles expected from IBRD.

To shorter the loans extended to developing nations including Nigeria.

To support for a wide variety of project related to agriculture, education industry, electricity rural development tourism, transportation population planning, water supply and telecommunication.


1.3 PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

These expected roles is to assess how international monetary find (imf) and international Bank for reconstruction and development contributes to the development of the Nigeria Economy. This study is to assess the various problem and prospects of international financial institutions (imf, ibrd) the aim of the study is.

1. To investigate how to provide financial and technical help for the development of poor countries.

2. To investigate how the interest rate are charge by the bank.

3. To investigate how to finance substantial economic development needs of the nations.

4. To examine how the bank emphasizes repayment capacity in its lending.


I.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work will help as many that are interested in financial institutions like IMF, IBRD.

INVESTORS: The research work will be of immense benefit to the investors. It will help them to know how to invest in commercial enterprises in developing countries.

Banking and finance students: that will serve as a source of secondary data for student in banking and finance it will also lender their scope of research.

Government to know the problems facing all the international financial Institutions (IMF, IBRD).


1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Banking is defined as the business of receiving monies from outside source as deposit, irrespective of the payment of interest, and the granting of money bank and acceptance of credits.

Financial institution refers to those organizations that are legally established either by the government or individuals to directly or indirectly control and manage the volume of money and credits in circulations.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/4004/the-role-of-international-financeial

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MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC FUNDS IN INDUSTRIES (A CASE STUDY OF LIFE BREWERIES LIMITED ABA)


ABSTRACT

For some time now, many developing third world countries especially Nigeria has been suffering a wide variety of problems raging from economic political, social, cultural, religious and a host of other problem to mention but a few. Nigerian government in attempt to solve these problems, have been investing some of the public at her disposal in industries to enhance quick economic growth of the country.

As a result of the current economic recession, many industries have liquidated and gone out of production while some others are yet making it. This research is aimed at finding out the problem of these industries that have survived and the steps being taken by the public fund manager to remain in the market.

Life Breweries Ltd. Onitsha viz-a-viz other industries in the public sector was discovered to be having problems like other of finance, raw material, spare parts, foreign exchange and also mismanagement of available funds by the financial managers of the company have been taking lots of steps to see to their existence in the productive sector applying their financial management skills effectively and efficiently.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the past financial management was concerned with the raising of funds whenever the need arises and much attention was not paid to the uses of the funds so raised. But in recent times there had been a change.

The emphasis shifted from financing to the managerial financial problem from only raising of funds to efficient and effective use of funds.

As a result of this widening in scope of financial managers and others entrusted with the management have equally increased. It is no longer the issue of providing funds but it’s provision in good time for the right length of time and it’s correct use or application.

In light of this, it is necessary to investigate how these financial mangers are achieving this having known that public funds are often times misconceived by some people as no body. Funds and as a result should not be cared for.

The researchers choice of the industry for this study is mainly because of this believe that life bear posses the major feature, of any typical industry financed with the public funds in Nigeria.

These features include the acquisition of funds from investors over time it’s investment, the expectation of returns by the firms on investment over time and the periodical distribution of these return to the investors (share holders) in the form of dividend. In view of these special feature, the researcher believes that it is a good representation of the public establishment in Nigeria and as such suits the purpose of this study. A case study of Nigeria Life Breweries Aba, Abia State will therefore provide a birds eye

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/2010/management-of-public-funds-in

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ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT IN THE SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF LIMCA BOTTLING PLANT OKIGWE)


ABSTRACT


The utmost aim of this study is to clearly define the factors necessary for the design of an efficient production system with a medium scale industry as the case study. It is also hoped that in the course of the study definition will be given to the design of a production system as it is manifested practically in commerce and industry

Taking Limca bottling company Okeigwe as the case study it is aimed to find out if overall performance of production of the company is a direct consequence of the nature of system and the criteria for the selection of the system design and management

In carrying out this research obvious efforts were direct towards the following

1. Defining effective management procedures for operating efficient production system.

2. To find how an efficient production system can leas to the provision of abundant goods and service and create employment opportunities.

Due to the nature of the study only those on the management level of the study, only those on analysis of data obtained and findings the researcher was able to conclude that:

1. Effective management procedure will guarantee the operation of efficient production system

2. There exist a relationship between production

3. Efficient production system design can lead to provision of quality goods and service and also create employment opportunities

In concluding the work the researcher made the following recommendations:

i. The company should hold firm to active strategy in production

ii. Work study should be carried by the company

iii. The company has to source raw material locally

iv. They have to reduce their level of inventories

v. Try to expand the existing market of their products

It is the opinion of the researcher that if the above recommendation are looked into the company stands to gain more.

CHAPTER ONE


1.1 INTRODUCTION

Planning and forecasting are all elements of efficient.

The industrial and overall development of any nation in one way or the other is based on the efficiency in the production sector of the nations economy this efficiency can only be achieved through the adequate and proper utilization of all the factors of production in conjunction with designing a good production system.

In analyzing production system the following decision are involved

Decision about the quality of production facilities required and their respective location’s need to be made; there are also decisions about the required level of performance and the more decision have to be made on the desired method of production and the management procedure that is to be introduces.

When all the above have been adequately taken care of the task of operating the production system is then considered in tackling this problem the management will have to formulate the production scheduling and control quality control and inventory management. To undertake these operations efficiently they will need to be properly defined in their design as in their relationship to the production system other wise management will run into a brick wall it is only when all facts of the production system are sequentially organized that the system can be efficiently operated



1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

This Limca Bottlers Plc was incorporated in Nigeria in 1985- it is owned by an incline national at inception they opened a plant at Warri which is still being regarded as their head quarters.

The Okigwu plant of Limca bottlers was commissioned in May 15th 1973. at the Okigwu plant they produce a range of three brands of soft drinks namely: Limca Gold spot and Pearle soda their production machines which includes the horst corller Hansa serving increasing and justice citer where all imported from harmony. The plant is located along the Enugu to Okigwe express road



1.3 STATEMENTS OF PROBLEM

The Nigeria nation is so complex and diversified that the we can not afford a poor production system design the attendant problems of a poor production system design are numerous some of these are that it results to inefficiency in production which in turn leads to scarcity of goods and service which is a fall-out of constant break down in machines wastages in time and material delay in supplies and orders when it is obvious all these are available coupled with very inferior method of production.

Poor organization may sometimes lead to a situation where the work standard in one sector being higher than in another sector with in the same production system leading to the production of substandard goods and service which may not meet market standard. These are the problems that the researcher seeks to proffer situation to



1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Production efficiency is best improved by finding the best possible production system design efficiency in production is of utmost importance to a developing nation like Nigeria

It is obviously true that in any field of human endeaviour improvement are achieves by learning what people do how they do them with what efforts (positive and negative) and possible need for adjustment. Therefore the analysis of production system design and management in the soft drink industry is no exception the finding of this study shall be an indispensable impute for successful administration in our country like Nigeria it will improved an efficient production system design which will lead to provision of quality goods and service and also create more employment opportunities for the nation.



1.5 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

In carrying but the study the following objectives are held on view

1. To examine and analyze the probable relationship between production system design and production efficiency

2. Defining effective management procedure for operating efficient product system

3. To identity most of the possible solution to problem of production system design

4. To find out best out of various operation in the design a product system will have to achieve efficiency in production



1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION

In the course of this study the researcher intends to provide the answers to these questions

i. Does the effective management producers guarantee operation of efficient production system

ii. What are the relationship that exist between production system design and production efficiency

iii. Does production system design lead to provision quality goods and service and create employment opportunities

iv. What are the problems in production system design and production efficiency?



1.7 SCOPE

This study covers five soft drink plant spread over four states Imo Abia Enugu and Anambra they are 7 up bottling company Aba Nigeria bottling company Enugu and Onistsh Limca bottling company Onitsha and Limca bottling company at Okigwu was taken as the case study. All the various economic factors were taken into consideration carrying out the study. The existing government legislation in these areas were looked into sight was not lost of the present economic depression and its effect on the company’s sales revenue and growth. the study will be limited to the present capacity and production lines as efforts will not be directed into areas of strategies for company’s growth and or introduction of new products



1.8 LIMITATIONS

The seemingly narrow scope of the study was as a result of constraints occasioned by inadequate time. The study involved a lot of oral interviews with personal and physical observation of operation but it will be impossible to ration enough time to all these activities and have enough left for other academic works

Another constraining factors is finance the times are hard economically and the transport fares from base to location of study are so high that their provision is nearly impossible

There is also the problem constant changes in the economy which makes. It imperative that regular visits be made to study location to up data



1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

PRODUCTION:Any process or procedure which is designed and organized to transform a set of impute variable and components into a specific set of out put element

MANAGEMENT: The utilization and combination of organization’s resources to achieve goals and it involved planning organizing stating direction and controlling

SYSTEM: Any set of various working together in relation to one another.

SYSTEM MANAGEMENT: The co-ordination of various inputs in the process of production and the out put stage to achieve the desired result in the system

LABOUR: This involves the human input whether mental physical directed towards production activities. It include all the production line from the lowly to the bard of directors

EMPLOYMENT: All those working for payment in a business organizaiton in government institutions and are subordinates to the authority of the employer

PLANNING: A process for selecting the future course of action armed at achieving desired objectives

PRODUCTION DESIGN: All decision on performance requirements output level production facilities and locations

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/2009/analysis-of-production-system-design

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SUSTAINING NIGERIAN FIRMS THROUGH STRATEGIC ALLIANCE IN THE EMERGING COMPETITIVE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ( A CASE STUDY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY YOLA)


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Joint venture is a popular strategy used by two or more companies to capitalize on opportunity or to minimize threat. It is a strategy that allows companies to put their resources together in order to achieve their strategic objectives. International joint venture involves two or more companies that put their stock and/or other resources together in an agreed percentage to establish a subsidiary company in a foreign country. This strategy is used when the distinctive competencies of the two or more companies concerned complement each other (Aloko, Odugbesan, Gbadamosi and Osuagwu, 1997). On the other hand, strategic alliance is where two or more companies come together to share resources and activities together, in order to pursue a strategic objective. This option might be resorted to due to a number of reasons which include; high cost or capital requirement for the resources concerned, environmental factor, legal requirement, technical expertise required by the resources, and so forth. In Nigeria, strategic alliances have become popular as a means of surviving the ever complex environment. Its uses cuts across sectors of the Nigerian economy; banking, oil, Manufacturing, to mention but a few.

Joint venture and strategic alliances have existed in Nigeria since early 1980s. However, the two strategies became more obvious in recent years due to the effects or pressure of globalization on local firms, unfavourable rivalries among firms, global economic meltdown and lately, minimum capital requirement as demanded by regulatory authorities. For instance, the Nigerian Central Bank request for a minimum operating capital of 25 billion naira for Commercial Banks operating in Nigeria in 2005 led to a number of strategic alliances and joint venture of a number of Banks. However, while some joined their capital and formed brand new Banks, some acquired others, while the remaining formed strategic alliances. Some international business literature argued that there are benefits for companies that engage in strategic alliances. These benefits according to them include: higher return on equity, investment and improve effectiveness of the firms in the strategic alliance.


1.2 Statement of the Problem

A number of organizations across the world today are either dead completely or operating below their normal capacities due to some or most of the following challenges: cross border market penetration challenges; the challenges of raising adequate capital to acquire enough operational assets, competition among firms producing similar product and in the same market, while others are faced with vertical and/or horizontal integration challenges to minimize operational expenses that accrues to firms that are into strategic alliances. In Nigeria, the major problem asides competition facing most firms across the sectors of the economy is the minimum capital requirements as set by the regulating bodies. For instance, in 2005 the Central Bank of Nigeria fixed Twenty-five Billion naira (N25b) as the minimum acceptable capital for any commercial bank that must operate in Nigeria. The policy brought a number of them into forming strategic alliances, while those that could not were either acquired by others or went into liquidation.



1.3 Objectives of the Study

This research work titled “Sustaining Nigerian firms through strategic alliance in the emerging competitive business environment with particular reference to Federal University of Technology Yola. The specific objective of this research works includes the following;

1. To examine the effect of strategic alliance on the development of Nigerian firms.

2. To evaluate the relevance of strategic alliance on the performance of Nigerian firms.

3. To ascertain the correlation between strategic alliance and the development of Nigerian economy.

4. To identify the challenges of strategic alliance in Nigeria and also proffer possible solutions to the problems identified.

1.4 Research Questions

1. To what extent does strategic alliance affect the development of Nigerian firms?

2. How relevant is strategic alliance on the performance of Nigerian firms.

3. Is there any correlation between strategic alliance and the development of Nigerian economy?

4. What are the challenges of strategic alliance in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

Ho: Strategic alliance does not have any effect on the development of Nigerian firms.

H1: Strategic alliance has significant effect on the development of Nigerian firms.

Ho: There is no correlation between strategic alliance and the development of Nigerian economy.

H1: There is significant correlation between strategic alliance and the development of Nigerian economy.

1.6 Significance of the study

This research work will be of immense help to the researcher as it will help him to know more on Sustaining Nigerian firms through strategic alliance in the emerging competitive business environment. It will also be of great importance to Nigerian firms as it will enrich their knowledge on the benefits and usefulness of strategic alliance.

This study will be of great importance to the students and other researchers since it will serve as a reference point for the upcoming researchers.

1.7 Scope Of The Study

The study shall focus on Sustaining Nigerian firms through strategic alliance in the emerging competitive business environment with particular reference to Federal University of Technology Yola.

1.8 Limitations Of The Study

The researcher in carrying out this study encountered numerous problems, which include:

a) Money: One of the major factors that contributed to the limited scope of this study with regard to the population sample and distance is lack of fund. This research work was sponsored by the researcher and full time student prudence was the watch word and rather than expand the research it was pronged down to one company only.

b) Time: The scarcest resources of all the constraints that besieged that researcher are time since the research was carried out at student level. The time used had to be compatible to the demand of other curses and assignments.

c) Data collection: Another serious problem added to the above is the issue of information disclosure, companies feel relevant assisting researcher by providing adequate information. This under-operative tendency usually keeps researcher to coming to the institution until they are given audience. This statistical and logistical constraints are serious limitation that hinders a work of this type in addition of security of reliable data which might be classified as top secret by the management staff and as such would lead to getting little or no information of importance to the study.

Despite the above constraints the researcher were able to carry out extensive study on Sustaining Nigerian firms through strategic alliance in the emerging competitive business environment with particular reference to Federal University of Technology Yola.

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/400/sustaining-nigerian-firms-through-strategic

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ENSURING POSITIVE CONSUMERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS INSURANCE CONTRACT IN NIGERIA A STUDY OF IGI ENUGU STATE


[center]ABSTRACT[/center]

This project is designed to determine the attitude of the general public towards insurance contract in Nigeria. The topic to be discussed is “ensuring positive consumers attitude towards insurance contract in Nigeria. A study of IGI Enugu”. In chapter one of this work, I treated the introduction, significance of the study, statement of problems and definition of terms and also limitations of the study. In chapter two, I reviewed some related literature. Chapter three is the research design and methodology which focused on the method employed in the course of this work. It related to the type of sample method of collecting data, it also provide the types of data used and its sources. In chapter four, I presented the summary of findings and discussion. Finally, in chapter five I presented the conclusion and recommendations. Where I for saw the need of the insurance practitioner putting more efforts towards attracting the general public in adurring the important of insurance

CHAPTER ONE


INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research work will first look into insurance is all about; insurance as a risk management device is, therefore a contract to the economic well-being of man. It is also endemic in any society as a way of averting and ameliorating the financial consequences of misfortune has been engaging the attention of man at every age. Before the advent of the British Merchant in Nigeria, there was no organized insurance business as we know it today. There has been some existed traditional system of risk sharing, which could be described as crud or primitive forms of mutual and social insurance schemes. The extended family system, age-grade association, town union were some mutual insurance like schemes for showing benevolence to their members who had suffered some misfortunes such as death, ill-health, fire ravage or court case. Both the extended family system and clan or town union still exists in Nigeria today, but most of their insurance function ahs been taken over by an organized insurance system. Similarly, the age grade system still plays on important role in some parts of the country, especially in matters relating to moral development, but like the extended family system and clan unions, they no longer render any noticeable insurance servicers to their members. Then the determinant of every marketing is the ability of the producers to provide for the consumers the quality and quantity of goods that will satisfy then at affordable price, provided at accessible place. In event to provide these goods, the producer should consider and see the customer or clients as the “king”, this is because without the clients, there will be no insurance business.

According to Philip Kotlers, 1977:100, he said the fact that their customers clients as the case may be, are getting more educated and have better tools, such as the internets as the proposed to buy with more discrimination. Power has been passing from the manufactures to the distributors and now is passing to the customers I.e. “client”, therefore, the customer is the king. It is vital that markets ever before, continually strive to meet customers need because that is the only way they will succeed in this increasingly competitive market practice. In insurance practice the insures therefore, the insurers should strive to see that the needs of their insured is if the insured fail to their then, the insured attitude will change.

Insurance marketing consist of the buyer, the intermediaries and the sellers of the insurance policies. Individuals as well as co-operate organizations toward insurance. Contract is greatly influenced by customers attitudes. Apparently, the attitude of clients towards insurance service is a function of two broad group of factors namely, the controllable factors are bordering mainly on the usually marketing mix which comprises the element of insurance market namely product, planning, distribution channels, advertising and sales promotion.

In the contract of insurance, the insures will ensure that in the practice have to articulate the products, planning, distribution, channels, advertising and sales promotion in a such away that the insured attitude for the business will be enticing. For example an insurer that wants to boost the number of insured in motor insurance business will make sure that all the above mix are well put in place to meet the desires of the consumers.

According to Philip Kotter (1993), he said it is a combination of those controllable internal marketing variables, comprising the four Ps (4ps) which is the; price, place, product and promotion, which the firm uses to operate successfully within the marketing environment. The uncontrollable factor are socio-economic technological psychological, political and legal forces, outside the direct marketing of insurance. W.J Withrich (1989:102). Some social risk also contributed for the need of insurance cover. Theft, burglaries etc. has progressed tremendously during the centuries especially in the period of inflation. As a result of introduction to new business which brings about increase value and product line insurance contract in Nigeria has progressed tremendously as far as insurance is concerned, Nigeria are easily spurred into action only when they heard that insurable disaster has behave on some or others, in recent times there has been proliferation of social clubs, more of these clubs guarantee the payment of fixed sum of money to the deceased brothers or dependents, the deceased who was the members.

Experience shown that these clubs make such payments with reasonable dispatch on the death of their member, on the other hand, insurance payment condition stressed the satisfaction of certain legal requirement and hence the payment look for some time. The level of illiteracy is still high in Nigeria, this is itself couples with the per capita level also affects the consumer attitude toward insurance contract in Nigeria.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

The problem associated to this research are as follows:-

1. Non settlement of claims by insurance companies affect the attitude of the consumers.

2. Ignorant of the general public on the important and benefit of insurance.

3. Lack of professionals in insurance company that will help in fashioning out the market mix to marketing insurance product.

4. The technical words used in drawing up insurance public.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.

The objective of the study is as follows:-

1. To improve the settlement of claims by insurers.

2. To provide a mechanism framework that will help in educating the general public on the benefit of insurance.

3. To improve on the construction of policies with such words that not is confusion to the public.

4. To portray insurance as a service capable of taking care of loss occasional by the insured and not like a social club.

5. To improve on how to increase public awareness of insurance such that will be more informative.

1.4 Research question

The following research questions are formulated for the purpose of this research study:

1. How does non settlement of claims by some insurance companies affects the attitudes of people?

2. Does the general public know about the importance and the benefit insurance?

3. How do you get the information about insurance contract or business.

4. How does poor awareness of insurance affects the people attitude towards insurance contract?

5. Can insurance as a service provide capable of taking care of losses occasionally by the insured.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this study is to ensure positive consumers attitudes toward insurance contract. Apart from this, there are other important attached to it, they are:

This study will be of immense help to the general public to employ a professional, such as broke that will guide the client according. It will also help the insurance company to observe the effects of non–settlement of claims. This study wine encourages the insurance companies to always use qualified personal “intermediaries” that wine guides the customers according to the norms or the contract. This project work wine be of important to the insured to suggest the best time and low to exercise his rights throughout the contract.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research on the ensuring positive consumers attitudes towards insurance contract in Nigeria aught to have been carried out to cover all the nation, Nigeria, but due to some unforeseen circumstance or contingencies, the study will be concentrated on the IGI insurance company, Enugu in Enugu state.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

The research work is limited only to the Nigerian consumers of insurance service and the insurance companies, because of its wide area of coverage, the following constraints abound and outside this may be classroom work. There are other study that help me in writing this project. The greatest limitation was that of financial Inadequacy, this there fore affected my movement in terms of traveling to and some states like Imo, Abia, and Anambra state which I could not be able together some information needed for the study. The unco-operating attitude of some respondents imposed some problem to his research, it is known that many respondent are usually very reluctant in discussing some important information.



1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Contract: This is legal binding agreement between two parties, which must have quality of valid contract, for eg. Consideration, after an acceptance, capacity etc. which is traceable by law.

Policy: This is a guidance of insurance contract: it is also provided proof on the term of contract at insurance.

Insured: This is a party to the insurance contract who agree to pay small amount of money called premium so as to enable him to be entitled to receive indemnity or compensation whenever the risk insured against occur.

Risk: This is a chance of loss.

Insurers: This is the party to insurance company who access the risk of the insured to know whether to accept or not, if yes at what condition.

Indemnity: This is a method of putting the insured back to the financial position which he was before the risk occur.

Premium: This is a monetary payment that flows from the insured to the insurer so as to enable him to be entitled to receive indemnity if the risk insured against occur.

Claim: This is a way of bringing to the notice of the insurer or the insurance company about the occurrence of the risk which they insured against by the insured.

Insurance: Insurance is a safeguard against risk any device aimed at reducing the chance of a risk occurring, and when it happens reducing the extent of it’s damage and providing the affected persons with compensation is a form of insurance.

Agents: Agent is an intermediary who works according to the direction of his principal.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/67/ensuring-positive-consumers-attitude-towards

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AN ANALYSIS OF CASH DEPOSITS – PATTERN IN COMMERCIAL BANKS FROM 1998 TO 2007. (A CASE STUDY OF FIDELITY BANK PLC, OWERRI)


ABSTRACT

The success or failure and effectiveness or ineffectiveness of any banking or financial sector depends on extent of customer’s patronage and the financial resources available to form and procure the required service oriented facilities. In Nigeria, there are lots of problems associated with banking. The problems include in adequate financial capacity, that is weak capital base, lack of sound technical planning, bad implementation of formulated policies linking the banking operations, inadequate supervision and monitoring of economic changes and large scale financial embezzlement. Due to these problems, many financial firms are distressed and subsequently are closed up. The study therefore examined the cash deposits pattern of commercial banks for the past 10 years with fidelity bank Plc, Owerri as a case study. Data used for this technical research were obtained from secondary source these data were out-puts of cash deposits of customers patronizing fidelity bank plc Owerri from 1998-2007. The data was systematically analyzed using time series models. The study found that there is an annual decrease in the rate of cash deposit patterns in fidelity bank plc Owerri as a study unit of commercial banks. Finally, the study suggested some solutions and also made some fine and worthy recommendations.


TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page - - - - - - - - - i

Approval Page - - - - - - - - ii

Dedication - - - - - - - - iii

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - iv

Abstract - - - - - - - - - v

Table of Content - - - - - - - vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 1

1.1 Statement of Problem - - - - - 4

1.2 Purpose of Study - - - - - - 4

1.3 Statement of Hypothesis - - - - - 5

1.4 Scope of the Study - - - - - - 6

1.5 Limitations of the Study - - - - - 6

1.6 Significance of the Study - - - - - 7

1.7 Objective of the Study - - - - - 7

1.8 Definition of Terms - - - - - - 8

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - 9

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology

3.0 Source of Data Collection - - - - - 30

3.1 Sampling Procedure - - - - - - 30

3.2 Methods of Data Analysis - - - - - 30

3.3 Time Series - - - - - - - 30

3.4 Time Series Models - - - - - - 31

3.5 Estimation of Trend - - - - - - 32

3.6 Method of Least Square - - - - - 32

3.7 Method of Moving Average- - - - - 33

3.8 Percentage Moving Average - - - - 33

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis- - - - 34

4.1 Statement of Cash-Deposits in Quarters - - 39

4.2 Statement of Production (Annual) - - - 39

4.3 Data Analysis - - - - - - - 40

4.4 Projections - - - - - - - 42

4.5 Original Data - - - - - - - 43

4.6 Seasonal Index - - - - - - - 47

4.7 Test of Hypothesis - - - - - - 50

List of Graphs

Figure 1: Bar chart showing the annual cash-deposits - 49

Figure 1: Diagram showing the annual rise and fall of cash-deposit pattern of fidelity bank Plc, Owerri.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Findings - - - - - - - - 57

5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - 58

5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - 60

Bibliography - - - - - - - 61




CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The need to monitor, evaluate and make adequate plans for the future compels managers, scientist of various calling and researchers alike to collect data on regular basis on processes that vary as time passes. Observations on such processes when arranged in chronological order (in time sequence) are called time series. A time series is a group of data that has been collected successively over a period of time. Some examples of time series are: the daily cash-deposits of customers, the weekly recorded cash-deposits of the bank, and the weekly or monthly stock levels of a company, the number of patients treated by a particular hospital per annum.

The method of analyzing and interpreting these data is referred to as time series analysis. Time series analysis is very important in business and economic for forecasting purposes.

As we tend to base our forecast of cash-deposit results on what has happened in the past. The statistical series which tells us how data has been behaving in the past is the time series. It gives us the values of variable we are considering at various points in time each year for the last ten years. Time series may be classified as follows:

SECULAR TREND: This is refers to the general direction in which the figures appears to the going over a long interval of time. It is important to distinguish between trends resulting from cyclical influence on the economy. Example, a change in task of customers buying habits. The observation of a secular trend might show an upward trend or downward trend or a steady trend.

SEASONAL VARIATIONS: It is a common knowledge and a clear view to all that the value of many variables depends partly on the time of the year in question, every one knows that the rate of cash-deposits of customers is usually high in the month of March to November, during which customers stock their cash in banks, that is in order of months.

CYCLICAL VARIATION: As the economy expands during the period of boom, we would expect to find that such data like cash-deposits, cash withdrawals or customers expenditure and sells rate will show a rising trend, and during the period of slump, we would expect them to show downward trend. Thus a wave-like motion may be observed in the pattern of our data.

IRREGULAR VARIATION: These are random external events which affects our variables. May are also referred to as random variations because they result from sporadic events such as strikes, earth-quakes, floods, fire disaster, riots and this events are unpredictable.

It is very clear that time series analysis will help in finding the trend to guide this industry or sector in forecasting and other management decisions that pertain to competition. In order to create a conducive condition or climate favourable for business, sponsoring the national football league and all national volley ball league or basket ball league is just a few. Their management slogan is “We keep our word”.



1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Cash-deposits and withdrawals are the main determinant of banks financial status. In a highly competitive industry like the banking sector, this issue posses some serious challenges and responsibilities to baking sector which also the fidelity bank plc Owerri is a victim.

What is their recorded cash-deposit level and level of financial base? Do these records not measure up to the standard that merited them their position in the financial or banking sector? Analysis made on the cash-deposits transactions are only information services, and as such must be conditioned by the process to which they are applied unless that may only lead to false sense in the industries. It is in the light of these questions that I wish to carry out this research.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is due to the growing need to monitor the performance of an economy. Time series analysis is used to determine, the trend of deposit which might be use to forecast or predict future results.

Managers and governments need an understanding of the past and current pattern of change in the cash-deposit rates and provide clues about future patterns to aid in forecasting.

This study is initiated out of the desire to provide to those who may need it, as a basis for forecasting and decision making, which are tools for economy growth and standardization.

1.3 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

A study of this nature of phenomena will require stating some hypothesis.

Hypothesis is a statement which stands to be opposed or supported depending on the outcome of the result of the analysis.

H0: There is no significant difference on cash-deposits for the past ten years.

H1: There is significant difference on cash-deposits for the past ten years.

H0: There is no growth in the cash-deposits rate.

H1: There is growth in the cash-deposits rate.

Ho: There is no significant change on the cash deposit output rate in time series data.

H1: There is significant change on the cash deposit output rate in time series data.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the cash-deposits made at fidelity bank Plc, Owerri and it covers a period of ten (10) years from 1998 to 2007.

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The financial or banking sector has been characterized by strict and uncompromising competition and rivalry. Due to this, basic information relating to cash-deposits and withdrawal are always treated in strict confidence. This is one of the set backs or problems encountered in the course of the data collection from the sector.

Management uneasy compliance to release the authentic data for the fear of other sister industries having knowledge of their financial performance and level of their been patronized by customers since they are in a competitive environment, contributed a hydra-headed limitation to this research.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this great effort is to examine the rate of cash-deposits in the Fidelity Bank Plc, Owerri, it is very relevant to both management and staff of the company. It is believed that it will help management and staff to plan effectively for desirable change and improvement geared towards accessing and revealing the strength and weakness of the cash-deposits segment of fidelity Bank Plc, Owerri.

1.7 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To examine the cash-deposits pattern of fidelity bank, which forms the basis for its growth?

To determine the trend of its cash-deposits rate and use it to forecast future estimates.

To deseasonalize the data on cash-deposits recorded from 1998-2007.

To offer suggestions and remedies for improvement on banking.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cash deposit here refers to the action of bank customers putting their money into their bank accounts for safe keeping and other numerous purposes.

Traditionally, the term “Cash-deposits” refers to the act of financial collection and recording by financial institutions. Banks use these deposits collected from customers for business such as lending out money to both governmental bodies and non-governmental bodies and in return creates more money due to the interest rate attached to the loan, etc.

For the purpose of this work, a “time series” refers to record of the values or a collection of observations of a random process made sequentially in time. Usually at equal interval.




Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/66/an-analysis-of-cash-deposits-ndash

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