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Choosing a good project topic for your final year research work requires careful consideration and a systematic approach. Here’s a detailed guide on how to choose a good project topic:

1. Self-Reflection and Personal Interests:
— Reflect on your personal interests, passions, and academic strengths. Choose a topic that aligns with your field of study and excites you. A genuine interest in the topic will keep you motivated throughout the research process.

2. Literature Review and Gap Identification:
— Conduct a comprehensive literature review to explore existing research in your field. This will help you identify gaps, unanswered questions, or areas that require further investigation. Look for topics that contribute to expanding knowledge in your discipline.

3. Consultation and Expert Guidance:
— topicsng.com.ng is an online platform that provides resources and assistance for academic projects and research work. The website offers a wide range of project topics, materials, and guidance for students, researchers, and professionals across various fields. They can provide valuable insights, suggest potential research topics, and offer feedback on your ideas. Their experience and expertise can help you refine your topic.

4. Define Research Objectives and Scope:
— Clearly define the objectives of your research. What do you aim to achieve with your project? Ensure your topic is specific, focused, and has clear research goals. Avoid broad or vague topics that may be difficult to address within the scope of your project.

5. Assess Feasibility and Available Resources:
— Evaluate the feasibility of your chosen topic. Assess the availability of resources, data, and research materials required to conduct your study. Make sure you have access to the necessary tools, equipment, and support to successfully carry out your research.

6. Research Relevance and Significance:
— Assess the relevance and significance of your topic in the context of your field of study. Consider its potential impact on academia, industry, or society. Choose a topic that addresses a current issue or fills a gap in knowledge.

7. Brainstorm and Refine Topic Ideas:
— Brainstorm potential research topics and write them down. Evaluate each topic based on its originality, feasibility, research potential, and personal interest. Narrow down your options by considering the strengths and weaknesses of each topic.

8. Seek Feedback and Finalize the Topic:
— Share your shortlisted topics with your advisors, professors, and peers. Seek their feedback and suggestions. Their input can help you identify the most promising topic and provide insights you may have overlooked. Based on the feedback and evaluation, make a final decision on your project topic.

9. Stay Open to Adaptations:
— Keep in mind that your project topic may evolve and adapt as you progress with your research. Be open to making adjustments and refining your topic as you gather more information and insights.

Remember to choose a topic that aligns with your interests, has research potential, and is feasible within the given constraints. Take the time to thoroughly evaluate your options and seek guidance from experts to ensure you choose a strong and meaningful project topic for your final year research work.

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Selecting a project topic depends on your field of study and personal interests. Here are some broad areas and potential project topics across different disciplines:

1. Computer Science/Information Technology:
- Development of a mobile application for a specific purpose.
- Design and implementation of a database management system.
- Analysis and optimization of algorithms for a particular problem.
- Development of a cybersecurity solution or vulnerability assessment.
- Creation of a machine learning model for data analysis or prediction.

2. Engineering:
- Design and construction of a renewable energy system.
- Development of an autonomous robotic system for a specific task.
- Analysis and optimization of a structural component or system.
- Creation of a smart home automation system.
- Design and implementation of a new manufacturing process.

3. Business/Management:
- Analysis of market trends and consumer behavior for a specific industry.
- Development of a marketing strategy for a new product or service.
- Evaluation of the impact of technology on business operations.
- Assessment of organizational culture and its effect on employee performance.
- Study of financial management practices in a specific sector.

4. Social Sciences/Humanities:
- Investigation of the impact of social media on society or relationships.
- Analysis of gender inequality in a specific field or region.
- Study of the portrayal of a particular culture in literature or media.
- Evaluation of the effectiveness of a social intervention program.
- Examination of the influence of political factors on policy-making.

5. Natural Sciences:
- Study of the effects of climate change on a specific ecosystem.
- Analysis of genetic variations and their relation to disease susceptibility.
- Investigation of the properties and applications of new materials.
- Evaluation of the impact of pollutants on water quality.
- Study of the behaviour of certain species in their natural habitat.

Remember to consider the feasibility, scope, and resources required for your project topic. Additionally, consult with your supervisor or faculty members to ensure that your chosen topic aligns with the requirements and objectives of your final year project. Get project topics and complete Research materials at www.topics.com.ng

Delivering an expository speech involves presenting information, explaining a topic, or providing analysis in a clear, organized, and informative manner. Expository speeches are focused on providing factual information, educating the audience, or conveying a specific point of view on a particular subject. Here are some key elements and tips for delivering an effective expository speech:

Choose a topic: Select a topic that is interesting, relevant, and appropriate for your audience. Ensure that you have sufficient knowledge and expertise on the subject.

Conduct research: Gather relevant and reliable information from credible sources such as books, articles, academic journals, or reputable websites. Ensure that you have a comprehensive understanding of the topic to convey accurate information. Get unlimited research materials at www.topics.com.ng

Organize your speech: Create a clear and logical structure for your speech. Consider using an introduction, body, and conclusion format. The introduction should capture the audience's attention, provide an overview of the topic, and state the main points you will address. The body should present your information or arguments in a coherent and organized manner. The conclusion should summarize the main points and leave the audience with a memorable takeaway.

Use clear and concise language: Express your ideas in a clear and straightforward manner. Avoid using jargon or technical terms that may confuse the audience. Define any complex concepts or terms to ensure understanding.

Provide evidence and examples: Support your statements with relevant evidence, statistics, examples, or anecdotes. This helps to reinforce your arguments and makes your speech more engaging and credible.

Use visual aids: Consider incorporating visual aids such as slides, charts, graphs, or images to enhance understanding and illustrate your points. Visual aids can make complex information more accessible and visually appealing.

Maintain eye contact and use body language: Establish eye contact with your audience to create a connection and maintain their attention. Use appropriate body language, gestures, and facial expressions to convey confidence and enthusiasm.

Speak clearly and confidently: Enunciate your words clearly and speak at an appropriate pace. Vary your tone, volume, and pitch to add emphasis and maintain the audience's interest.

Engage the audience: Involve the audience through questions, interactive elements, or real-life examples. Encourage participation and create opportunities for the audience to ask questions or seek clarification.

Practice and rehearse: Practice your speech multiple times to improve your delivery and ensure smooth transitions between ideas. Rehearse in front of a mirror or record yourself to assess your body language, clarity, and timing.

Remember, the goal of an expository speech is to inform and educate the audience. By following these tips and effectively organizing and delivering your information, you can engage your audience and deliver a compelling and informative expository speech.

During their final year, students can make several mistakes that may hinder their progress or impact their overall academic performance. Here are ten common mistakes that students should try to avoid:

Procrastination: Delaying tasks and leaving them until the last minute can lead to rushed work, increased stress, and subpar results. It's important to manage your time effectively and start working on assignments and projects early.

Lack of planning: Failing to plan and organize your tasks can result in confusion and disarray. Create a schedule or a study plan that outlines your deadlines, milestones, and priorities to stay on track.

Inadequate research: Insufficient research can weaken the quality of your work. Take the time to gather relevant and reliable sources, critically analyze the information, and use it to support your arguments or findings. Visit www.topics.com.ng for project topics and research materials.

Poor time management: Mismanaging time can lead to missed deadlines, incomplete assignments, or a lack of preparation for exams. Develop good time management skills, set realistic goals, and allocate sufficient time for studying assignments, and personal activities.

Neglecting self-care: Neglecting self-care and focusing solely on academics can lead to burnout and negatively impact your well-being. Prioritize rest, exercise, healthy eating, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle to sustain your energy and focus.

Overcommitment: Taking on too many extracurricular activities or commitments can spread you too thin and leave you with limited time for academics. Be selective and choose activities that align with your interests and goals, while ensuring you have enough time for your studies.

Poor communication with professors: Failing to communicate with your professors or seek their guidance when needed can lead to misunderstandings or missed opportunities for clarification. Maintain open lines of communication, attend office hours, and ask questions when necessary.

Lack of collaboration: Isolating yourself and not engaging with peers or study groups can limit your learning and growth. Collaborating with classmates can provide different perspectives, enhance understanding, and help overcome challenges together.

Inadequate proofreading and editing: Neglecting to thoroughly proofread and edit your assignments can result in grammatical errors, unclear writing, or incomplete thoughts. Allocate time for reviewing your work and consider seeking feedback from peers or professors.

Ignoring feedback: Disregarding feedback from professors or not taking it into account for future assignments can impede your progress. Embrace constructive criticism, learn from your mistakes, and make necessary improvements in subsequent tasks.

By being aware of these potential pitfalls and taking proactive measures to avoid them, you can enhance your final year experience and maximize your chances of success.

Writing a final year project can be a significant undertaking, and the specific approach may vary depending on your academic institution, subject area, and project requirements. However, here is 12 general outline that can guide you through the process:

1. Choose a topic: Select a topic that aligns with your field of study and interests. Consult with your advisor or professors for guidance and ensure the topic is feasible within the given timeframe. Get unlimited project topics and research materials at www.topics.com.ng

2. Research: Conduct thorough research on your chosen topic. Review existing literature, scholarly articles, books, and other relevant sources to understand the existing knowledge and gaps in the field.

3. Develop an outline: Create a structured outline that includes sections such as an introduction, literature review, methodology, findings/results, analysis, conclusion, and recommendations. This will provide a framework for organizing your project.

4. Write the introduction: Start with an engaging introduction that provides background information on the topic, highlights its significance, and states the objectives or research questions you aim to address.

5. Literature review: Summarize and critically analyze existing research and literature on your topic. Identify key theories, methodologies, and findings relevant to your project. This section should demonstrate your understanding of the existing knowledge and its relevance to your work.

6. Methodology: Explain the research design, methods, and tools you employed to conduct your project. Justify your choices and provide sufficient detail for others to replicate your work.

7. Findings/Results: Present your findings or results in a clear and organized manner. Use appropriate graphs, tables, or charts to illustrate your data. Interpret the results and discuss their implications.

8. Analysis and discussion: Analyze and interpret your findings in the context of your research questions or objectives. Relate your results to the existing literature and theories, identifying patterns, trends, or relationships. Discuss any limitations or challenges encountered during the project.

9. Conclusion: Summarize the main findings of your project, restate the research questions or objectives, and discuss their implications. Reflect on the significance of your work and suggest areas for future research.

10. Recommendations: Provide recommendations based on your findings and analysis. Identify practical steps or strategies that can be implemented based on your research.

11. References: Include a comprehensive list of all the sources you cited in your project. Follow the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) recommended by your institution.

12. Appendices: If needed, include any additional materials or data that support your project but are too detailed or extensive to be included in the main body.

Remember to follow the formatting guidelines provided by your institution and consult with your advisor or project supervisor throughout the writing process. Good luck with your final year project!

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AN APPRAISAL OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION IN ENUGU STATE: CHALLENGES AND PROSPE
AN APPRAISAL OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION IN ENUGU STATE: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS


ABSTRACT

This research work focuses on appraisal of development administration in Enugu state challenges and prospects. The research investigated the various methods of development administration used in Enugu state, impact of development administration in Enugu state, challenges of development administration in Enugu state and recommendations on improving development administration in Enugu state. The method of data collection were based on primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include oral interviews and questionnaire while the secondary sources are documentary materials ranging from books, magazines newspapers, journals, articles to internet materials. The available data were analyzed using the simple frequency and percentage tables. The findings showed that political and constitutional environment; federal and local Government character; economic environment of the Nigerian administrator; shortages of skills and tools; difficulties of organization and structure; political difficulties; and cultural and attitude barriers are the challenges confronting development administration in Enugu state. Based on the analyzed data, the following recommendations were made: Planning process of Enugu state government should be effective, Enugu state government should maximally develop the political will to implement her polices and programmes, development activities of Enugu state government should be participatory proper enlightenment of the masses for effective mobilization and some vices like nepotism, favouritism, parochialism and others should be eliminated in the state policy process and civil service.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

Development administration represents those aspects of public administration and those changes in public administration which are required to carry out programmes polices and projects to improve social and economic conditions. In other words, it denotes administration for development, administration for changes, development of administration.

Development administration is an important instrument or strategy in the development stages or process of any country. It is the use of public institutions like marketing boards, public corporation, Tribunals, commissions, committees and certain essential administrative methods employed to attain quicker development government all over the world use its, administrative authority in achieving national development government task. It achieves this by formulating, organizing and implementing large scale action programmes. It is in these public organizations and their proper functioning that developing country like Nigeria can translate their political will into concrete policy measures and of course put them into practice for actualization of national goals. Development administration played a vital role in the development of most industrialized and other advanced countries of the world.

In this study the researcher wants to explore the extent which Nigeria has met the various indexes of development in the quest to develop such issues as in economic and social system, improvement in income and output, radical changes in institution social and administrative structures will be highlighted. This research work will evaluate how the economic system seek to raise living standard, widen extensively the scope of productive work at the community level and create or strengthen the necessary foundations or infrastructure for higher large and more beneficial changes in the economy. This work will also evaluate the impact of social system on education, health, housing, sports, culture and social justice. The study should also highlight the political system and how it seeks to create better pattern of legitimacy which are good and value.

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS 3

Development administration must be able to adopt itself to the changing circumstances for it to be a mechanism of development process. One of the most important components of development administration is the administrative strategies and yet it is itself one of the resources that is highly needed in the developing countries like Nigeria and even in the social transformation of the society, administrative strategy or capability has much to contribute.

Development as a concept of economic and social indicators. It covers other areas as improvement of human resources and positive change in their behavior, indeed development includes increase in citizen access to water and shelter, information and means of communication and quality health care delivery.



1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY4

1. To evaluate various methods of development administration used in Enugu State

2. To determine the impact of development administration in Enugu State

3. To ascertain the challenges confronting development administration in Enugu State

4. To make recommendations on improving development administration in Enugu State

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS4

i. What are the various methods of development administration used in Enugu state

ii. What are the impact of development administration in Enugu State

iii. What are the challenges of development administration n Enugu in Enugu State.

iv. What are the possible recommendations on improving development administration in Enugu State.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY5

This study will be relevant to Enugu State government as well as other state governments in Nigeria in their quest to attain enviable and admirable development. In addition, the study will contribute immensely to Nigerian development administration.

1.6 SCOPE OF THIS STUDY5

This study concentrates of the appraisal of development administration in Enugu State. It also examined the impact of development administration in Enugu State. The study equally evaluated various methods of development administration used in Enugu State as well as provided recommendations on improving development recommendations on improving development administration in Enugu state.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY5

It was not easy to get people to cooperate diving the questioning and interviews. It was difficult to get approval for the background of the study. The time of administering the research instrument was limited. Also, money services as a limiting factor as there was not enough money available to administer and conduct the research.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS6

DEVELOPMENT: It can be defined as a progression, movement and advance towards something better. It is improvement on the material and non- material aspect of life which involves actions, reaction and motions.

It is a process which involves radical changes in attitudes and in many cases customs and beliefs. Hence for development to take place it must involve the economic political, social and psychological transformation of communities in order to raise their living standards.

PUBLIC POLICY: It can be defined as the principled guide to action taken by the administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs.

Appraisal: It can be defined as an act of assessing something or someone

Prospects: It can be defined as the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring

CHALLENGES: It can be defined as a act or statement of defiance

ADMINISTRATION: It can be defined as the process of organizing resources efficiently to accomplish a goal. It is the effective combination of human and material resources for the attainment of set objectives. Administration may be public, private, civil or military large or small scale.

DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: It represents those aspects of public administration and those changes in public administration which are required to carryout programmes, polices and conditions. In a concise manner, it denotes administration for development, administration for changes and development of administration.

1.9 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY7

There are two major contending paradigms that seek to explain the problem of development and under development in the third world namely the modernization school sometimes refereed to as the liberal or orthodox school and the under development or Radical school.

The view of the modernization school is that the persistence of under development in the third world is due to the existence of conservative culture and traditional institution as well as lack of achievement motivation and positive orientation towards changes. The modernization school of thought generally views development and underdevelopment from various perspectives. These include the psychological, cultural political institutional and economic perspective.

Existence of attitudinal and personality variable among third world producers which do not motivate them tow ands innovation is said to be responsible for the low level of development in the third world societies .

The main argument of the social-cultural theorist is that achievement motivation and innovative drive are important factors in the development process as postulated by Hagem and Mcland

The main argument of economic perspective is that economic development follow in stages which nations must of necessity pass through to achieve economic growth.

The second theory is the underdevelopment school it criticized the modernization school and argued that to understand the phenomenon of underdevelopment the specific historical experience of the underdevelopment countries in terms of the mode of their incorporation into the capitalist economy, the functions within it, and the mechanism for sustaining the conditions, underdevelopment must be considered (Ollawo, 2000). The underdevelopment school focused on the dependency syndrome, the internalization of capital and the mode of production approach.





Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/692/an-appraisal-of-development-administration

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THE IMPORTANT OF COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY PHILOSOPHY FOR CHILDREN SYSTEM OF EDUCATION (COPI4C) IN OUR SCHOOLS IN ENUGU STATE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO UDI L.G.A.


ABSTRACT

The Important of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for children system of education (COPI4C) in primary schools give rise to a whole set of higher order thinking and the appearances of wonderful change from failure classroom to a dynamic faith. Therefore with the important of COIP4C, analytical spirit, critical spirit and creative endeavors, we can acquire the democratic habits of taking turn thinking together, community information the whole value of teaching for thinking. The study is based important of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for children system of education (COPI4C) in our primary system in Udi Local government Area. A sample of thirty teachers was drawn from ten primary schools out of ninety one in Udi L.G.A. Furthermore, some research questions were raised such as -There are low performances of academic activities among pupils in primary schools at last, the major findings from the study showed that the important of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for children system of education (COPI4C) system of education, insists mainly on self-correction, tolerance and Inquiry oriented system.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The important of community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education is the strategic life planning and management that set the components of a system into action to produce an output beneficial to all parts, mutually and cumulatively. The values focus on the vision that will direct our actions for the betterment of education in the society. Therefore good environmental scanning and improvement will ensure the realization of the education of our dream-education buttressed with reasoning and empowered by critical, creative and caring thinking. Only the values of community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education will make primarily schools in Udi L.G.A raise a generation that will imbibe the culture of dialogue, non-violence, tolerance, selflessness and self realization.

The important of community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) in our schools is to provide the avenue for observing and acting on the environmental changes to ensure that there are no external barriers to success of our visionary ideal educational system in Udi L.G.A.

Moreso, the values of community of Inquiry philosophy for children focus on the creation of an enabling environment for our thought pattern to accept that nobody knows it all, but is as internal part of a learning process that builds a strong society.


1.2 POINT OF INQUIRY

Infact, lack of community of Inquiry philosophy for children contributes to the poorly performances of our pupils in schools.

This lack of community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education makes our products from schools to be educated illiterate and certificated but not certified.



1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The common thread in all activities is thinking the fates and fortunes of young people will be intimately connected to their capacity and their desire to think well. The system makes all the participants seek for holistic knowledge in making special effort to prevent violence and gossiping in our primary schools. The system encourages the pupils to think of new possibilities, and alternatives and to use the imaginations in co-operative behavioural patterns of life necessary for success in the 3rd millennium when global citizenship will be the order of the day.

The active participation in community of inquiry philosophy for children helps us make significant corrections between what we think, say and do.

Moreso, the collaborative dimension of community of inquiry causes a sudden empowerment of the individual human persons who begin to play communal role more easily and more frequently; this means that community of inquiry strengthens the ego perspective and enriches the poorer egograms of the participants. And the participants in community of inquiry notice that the activities address communication skills such as active listening, turn-taking, verbal confidence and competent group processing and concelebration skills and buildings a correct sense of trust, mutual respect, empathy and above all, the development of a most delicate social safe-guard: the almighty value of tolerance in a problem ridden situation. Therefore with the value of community of inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C); analytical spirit, critical spirit and creative endeavours, we can acquire the democratic habit of taking turns, thinking together, community formation and the whole value of teaching for thinking.

Moreso, community of inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) makes the pupils to have the mind of balance judgements and sound decisions and also have the mind give and expect good reasons for opinions to ask questions which probe the heart of a problem and engage in dialogue with life.

Also according to Anih, pupils always try to make sense of their own experience rather than rely practically on interpretations handed down to them and the other side of the coin is never taken for granted. Moreso, pupils are sensitive to the principle of fallibilistic flexibility and they always evaluate the quality of their own thinking to find out when self-correction is needed.

The critical and creative dimension of (P4C) in the community of inquiry (COI) has a tremendous implication of vivifying the dry curriculum into a life-wire and currents of values which necessarily transform for better the personal lives of the participants; purifies the social tilt of the citizenry and causes and accentuates pyre sensitivity of an ethical development in the members to be opportune to grapple with the big problems and questions of life and think for themselves in the company of others for alternatives that makes them to see themselves not just as statical numbers in the classroom but as pupils who matter and are contributing to on-going discussion among their equals.

According to Anih (2007) in community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education, pupils don’t focus on rationality but on reasonableness, that is, rationality tempered by good judgement.

Also, community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) is mainly based on change, progress, dynamic and organic interaction which will help the pupils to subject all knowledge to the spirit of critical, creative and analytic inquiry as only inquiry can give rise to an ecumenical self-correcting process of fallibilistic flexibility.

Therefore, the end effect of this communitarian spirit of inquiry is that the very young ones participating in the community of Inquiry in a mysterious way develop mastery of the cognitive and social qualitative reasonable judgements of the existential-community.

We will begin to take great delight in evaluating others as we try to see all the sides of the coin. Community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) is the greatest weapon against frustration and intellectual suicide.

Finally the young generations who participate in community of inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education thus:

- They give good reasons for their personal opinion and often demand good reasons from themselves for their actions.

- In the community of inquiry, pupils learn the art and practice of new ideas.

- Making balanced judgement and decisions in their day to day life



1.4 SCOPE OR DELIMITATION

The researcher is a holistic individual who do not want to claimed that the information collected was fully.

Infact the hindrances were on the target audience; some of them in the selected schools had little or no idea about the values of community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education; there was little or no information collected in some of the schools.

Another hindrance is on finance; there was no money for the-transportation. And also weather condition; rain will disturb in some days of visitation.

Therefore because of the scope of the study, the researcher delimited the areas to visit to ten primary schools in Udi L.G.A. These school were:

§ Community Primary School Nachi

§ Premier Primary School Udi

§ Community Primary School Abinagu

§ Central School Umuabi

§ Southwest Primary School Amokwe

§ Community Primary School Agbudu

§ Community Primary School Udi

§ Central School Amokwe

§ Community Primary School Umuaga

§ Central School Obinagu

Also thirty teachers and few pupils were used to collect information on the values of community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education in primary schools in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State.



ASSUMPTIONS

Infact due to lack of community of Inquiry philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education, the researcher assumed that the following:

a. There will be poor performances in our schools.

Therefore in order to correct the bad situation in our academic sector the researcher formulated the following research questions:

- Government should introduce – Community of Inquiry Philosophy for children (COIP4C) system of education in our schools.

- There are examination malpractice in our primary schools

- There are poor performances among pupils academic work

- Teachers and pupils are involve in lateness to school

- Pupils attend schools regularly



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/691/the-important-of-community-of

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EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF PEACE ACCOUNTING IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF MINISTRY OF NIGER DELTA AFFAIRS )


ABSTRACT

This research work titled “An Evaluation of the impact of peace accounting in the economic development of Nigeria with particular reference to ministry of Niger Delta Affairs” the researcher investigated the impact of cost of peace-keeping in the economic development of Nigeria. Ascertained how oil induced militant activities in the region. Identified the influence of cost of peace keeping on the fund account of the federal government. Data for the study was sourced from two main sources which include Primary and Secondary sources of data Collection. Primary data: questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information from the respondents. Secondary data: journals, and other relevant materials relating to the area of my investigation will be review. The research instrument used in this study includes oral interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire is structural as to contain both close and open ended question. Simple tables and percentages were used in treatment of data. The researcher found out that That cost of peace keeping in Niger-delta region has significant impact on economic development of Nigeria. That oil induced militant activities in the Niger delta region. That cost of peace keeping has an influence on fund account of the federal government.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The exploitation and production of oil in the Niger- Delta have created some of the largest fortunes for the multinational companies and have helped to achieve impressive economic growth and development of the Niger state, but little or no attention has been directed by both the multinational companies and the Nigeria governments to the effects of such oil activities on the welfare of oil producing communities (Ikein,1990). Oil has not as expected brought prosperity, better living conditions and governmental attention and development; rather it has become a curse and impoverishes the inhabitants of the Niger-Delta region. (Akeen,2010). However a fight for their rights against the multinational companies and the Federal Government has resulted in large-scale violence, crisis, social tension, hostage taking, man slaughter, kidnapping and other social vices of the region. Which has led to the withdrawal of major oil producing companies from the region (Ibeanue, 2005)? The low level of oil production as a result of insecurity of lives and property in the region has a strong negative impact on the Nigerian economy (Ikelegbe, 2008). In their effort to bring the situation under control, the multinational companies, governments and other stakeholders have been clamoring for peace in the Niger- Delta region to boost economic development.

However, the term peace is relative and the conditions for peace differ from one society or nation to another. Ibeanue (2005) asserted that peace is a process involving activities that are linked to increasing development, respect and tolerance between people, wholeness and making whole, and the absence of war.Despite its relative nature, peace has a common denominator, i.e. the harmonious or friendly pursuit of individual and collective interest defined by rules of conduct or standard of behavior. Thus, in this context, peace is described' as a condition in which people live in agreement with accepted standards of conduct or rules of behavior that promote public good and the happiness of everyone.

Moreover, various strategies are being devised by the multinational companies and the government for the enthronement of peace in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. Multinational companies are spending so much money to hire security agents to protect their facilities and personnel from militant attacks. The government on the other hand is spending huge amount of money to maintain peace-keeping forces in the region. In 2009, the Federal Government of Nigeria under the administration of President Umaru Musa Yar,Adua, granted amnesty to militants and these former militants are currently on the payroll of the government thereby reducing government current revenue. Akeem and Erhun (2010) posited that the recurrent expenditure of the Federal Government increases on a basis at an average of 12.69 due to security measures taken by governments to ensuring peace in the Niger-Delta region. It is upon this premise that this paper tends to investigate the impact of cost of peace-keeping in Niger-Delta region and the economic development of Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of problems

The Niger-Delta had witnessed severe economic deprivation and social exclusion in sharp contrast to the enormous wealth of the area. Environmental degradation, lack of infrastructural facilities, inadequate provision of functional educational system and deplorable socio- economic standard paint the picture of the area in spite of the huge wealth carted away by the foreign workers, especially the expatiate that also live in affluence, in contrast to the abject poverty and deprivation of the indigenes on whose land the foreigners got their wealth. There had been environmental pollution, forced unemployment as a result of land and water pollution arising from oil spillage.

However, a fight for their rights against the multinational companies and the federal Government has resulted in large-scale violence crisis, social tension, hostage taking, man slaughter, kidnapping and other social vices of the region. The aftermath of these vices, is the high degree of insecurity in the region, which has led to the withdrawal of major oil producing companies from the region. The low level of oil production as a result of insecurity of lives and property in the region has a strong negative impact on the Nigeria economic (Ikelegbe, 2008).

There is need for peace and in their effort to bring the situation under control, the multinational companies, governments and other stakeholders have been clamoring for peace in the Niger-Delta region to boost economic development. The government responses since 1957 when oil was first discovered in commercial quantities at Oloibiri had not abated agitations at Niger-Delta in 2008.1.

However, in 2009, the federal Government of Nigeria under the administration of President Musa Yar Adua granted amnesty to militants and these former militants are currently on the payroll of the government thereby reducing government current revenue. Akeem and Erhun (2010) posited that the recurrent expenditure of the federal Government increase on a basis at an average of 12.69 due to securing measures taken by governments to ensuring peace in the Niger-Delta region. Therefore, it is on the light of the above identified problems that the study tends to examine the impact of peace keeping accounting in the economic development of Nigeria whereby the impact of cost of peace-keeping will be investigated, ascertain how oil induce militant activities in the Niger-Delta and finally identify the influence of cost of peace-keeping on the fund account of the federal government.

1.3 objectives of the study

The primary objective of this research work is to examine the impact of peace accounting on economic development of Nigeria with reference to ministry of Niger-Delta Affairs.

But for the purpose of making reasonable conclusion, the following specific objectives are important:

1. To investigate the impact of cost of peace-keeping in the economic development of Nigeria.

2. To ascertain how oil induced militant activities in the region.

3. To identify the influence of cost of peace keeping on the fund account of the federal government.

1.4 Research Questions

In order that relevant information could be sources to help in the presentation and analysis of data and to make reasonable conclusion, the researcher however formulate among others the following key research questions:

1. What are the factors that are militating against the cost of peace-keeping on the economic development of Nigeria?

2 Do you think that oil will induce militant activities in the region?

3. Is there any influence of cost of peace-keeping on the fund account of the federal government?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

Ho: Cost of peace-keeping does not have any influence on the federation account.

Hi: Cost of peace-keeping has significant influence on the federation account.

Ho: Peace accounting does not have any impact 0n the development of Niger-delta region and Nigeria at large.

Hi: Peace accounting has significant impact on the development of Niger-delta region and Nigeria at large.

1.6 Significance of the study

The research work will be of great benefit to both practical and academic purpose.

This study will be of much importance and great benefit to the ministry of Niger-Delta Affairs, government and these multinational companies in general to reduce the cost of peace enthronement in the Niger-Delta region and consequently improve the economic development of Nigeria.

Academically, the work will be significant to students studying on the related topic as it would serve as a resourceful materia and a well organized off-shoot for this project written.

Moreover, the data generated in this study can also be used to expand further field of knowledge of this topic from many other dimension.

1.7 Scope of the study

This project work is structured to revolve the cost of peace-keeping in the economic development of Nigeria with more emphasis to Abia ministry of Niger-Delta Affairs. Abia ministry of Niger-Delta Affairs was selected to represent all the ministry of Niger-Delta Affairs created to see for peace-keeping in the region. The choice of Abia ministry of Niger-Delta Affairs was also due to proximity reasons and easy accessibility of data and that it would serve as a good sample to examine the problem of cost of peace keeping in the economic development of Nigeria.

1.8 Limitation of the study

This study faced a lot of constraints which hindered an in-depth study and research on the topic, like the time limit allotted to the paper which made it difficult for the researcher needed for the study.

The project work is being carried thereby making it impossible for the work as there is still other academic course to attend to.

Finally, the work was constrained mainly inadequate finance traced down to the economy.

1.9 Definition of terms

It is necessary that clear definition of some technical terms and works are given to avoid any possible confusion that may arise because of its usage.

Multinational companies: According to oxford Advanced learner's Dictionary, they are company that operates in several different countries especially a large and powerful company, such as Chevron, Taxaco, Exxon-mobil, Total, Agip, SPDC, ELF and the Nigerian national petroleum corporation (NNPC).

Peace accounting: Is the systematic recording and ascertainment of the cost of peace-keeping.

Peace: According to Ibeanu (2005) peace is a process involving activities that are linked to increasing development and reducing conflict.

Justice: The fair treatment of people.

Amnesty: According to Oxford Advanced learners, it is an official statement that allows people who have put in prison for crimes against the state to go free.

Agitation: public protest by Niger-Delta region in order to achieve political change.



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THE STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF COMPUTER SCIENCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOOL.EVALUATING FINANCIAL AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS OF NIGERIA HIGHER INSTITUTIONS [A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (I.M


CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The present study is undertaken to determine the various strategies to enhance teaching and learning of computer science in secondary schools.

The major findings were that employing qualified and professional teachers and the creation of a conducive academic environment and PTA body could enhance the teaching and learning of computer science. The need for the provision of financial support by some philanthropists and communities will also enhance the teaching and learning of computer science in secondary schools.

Computer science, is science subjects who are concerned with gaining knowledge about man’s contained search for a toll that will enable him meet his computation and data processing requirement with a minimal, manual and mental effort.

Consequently, the educational implication of this finding has a for reaching effect on both the society and the general economy. Thus, a society without a computer literate workforce will definitely lack behind in an age that is variously regarded as a digital age information age and millennium era and computer age.

1.2 DEFINITION OF TERM
ST RATEGY

According to the Oxford Advanced Dictionary strategy is define as plan that is intended to achieve a particular purpose or process of learning into something. In other words, it can be the process of putting a plan into operation in a skillful way.

1.3 ENHANCE

It means to increase or further improve the good quality value or status o f something. It is also opportunity to the reputation of the company.

1.4 TEACHING

Gage (1994:4) observed teaching as any interpersonal influence aimed at changing the ways in which other persons can or will behave.

In other words, teaching deal of a particular person or group especially about political, region or society, that is taught to other people.

Teaching is a systematic, rational and organized process of transmitting knowledge, attitudes, and skills in accordance with professional principal principles.

According to Thompson (1969) observed that teaching identifies with communication, which involves the transmission of information from senders to receiver and from receivers to senders.

1.5 LEARNING

Oxford Advanced Dictionary defined learning as the process of gaining knowledge through reading and studying. It is also the relative change in human behaviour as a result of experience, training and the ability of acquiring knowledge through reading and writing.
COMPUTER

Reinhold (1964) defined computer as an electronic device that are capable to accept data as an input, process it before given it out as a result or information. He further defined computer as any electronic device that performs calculation and process information.

1.6 SCIENCE

This is a system for organizing the knowledge about a particular subject especially, one concern with aspects of human behaviour or society

1.7 IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER

The importance of computer cannot be over-emphasized considering its assistance to mankind in terms of business, industry, Government and law enforcement, banks, in biological, physical and social sciences, chemistry and physics, fine art, education and in home etc.

For instance, the computer is playing an increasingly important role in society, particularly in industrially developed countries. Its usage can be seen in various ways, which includes: -

- It helps to find a move in a game of chess

- It helps to transfer finds from one bank to another

- It helps to calculate their employee’s wages and print pay roll cheque.

- It helps record the amount of money deposited and withdrawn by customers for type setting books, magazine and documents.

- It stores a vast amount of data.

- It checks tax returns each year

- To finger print daily

- To store even crime statistics, license numbers of store cars in the computer database.

- To plan troop man over.

- To analyze experiment data used to guide telescope and other objects in space.

- To find out various major illness (e.g. in diagnosing brain turners and certain other disorders.

- It is also used for lectures through a step-by-step lesson.

Used to play the music stored in our CD-ROM used to scan picture into document for publishing used for sending mail to a friend across the globe.



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THE PERCEPTION OF TEACHERS TOWARDS INTERNET AS A TEACHING RESOURCE IN ENUGU STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL)


ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to find out the perception of teachers towards Internet as a teaching resource in Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Enugu. The work was divided into five chapters. Chapter One was the Introduction; Chapter Two reviewed the literature; Chapter Three was the Research Methodology; Chapter Four was the Data Analyses while Chapter Five was the Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation and Implication of the study. This study was guided by six research questions. Survey design was used. A portion of the entire population served as the sample size. The entire population was 56 teachers and the sample size was 22 teachers. The 22 teachers became the respondents. The instrument of the study was questionnaire. It was face validated. A reliability exercise was carried out whereby the questionnaire was given to only the permanent lecturers of Institute of Ecumenical Education, Thinkers Corner, Enugu. The questionnaire was administered to the respondents twice with the interval of two weeks. The scores that were obtained were ranked and correlated. The data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The coefficient of 0.79 was obtained. The coefficient of o.79 showed that the instrument was reliable. The research questions were answered using mean scores. The analyses were presented in tables and statements of interpretation were made after each of the tables. Findings were made. There were recommendations and implications for the study. Finally, suggestions for further study were made.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study:

Every now and then, there is always the need for a man to get an optimum result in the most convenient and safest manner. Nothing has ever contributed more to the spread of knowledge than man's invention of the ways of recording his thoughts in lasting form. Of all the qualities that make man an inventor, imagination is the foremost. It is the imagination that allows man to transcend his passive environment into the active form and meet up with other challenges within man's environment. As man has settled in his environment, the human population increases; the entire system becomes complex. The amount of knowledge being received becomes very high and technical, too. The complexity of the society and overflow of information necessitate the man's crave to provide alternative means to acquire the right and richly available information. This ushered in Information and Communication Technological revolution in the 20th century.

During the 20th century, there were many changes but none of them was as profound as the effect of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The 20th century was the century of the physical sciences, the transistors, the computer and other material sciences. New technologies and new techniques were engendered by the Information and Communication Revolution, which allow for the knowledge and the dissemination of Information and knowledge. The new technologies include the Internet, CD-Rom and other electronic media forms. Among all the new technologies, Internet remains the most effective Information and Communication Technological resource (Liverpool, 2001).

According to Abraham (2002), the Internet has been the driving force for new interest and new learning device. It is often referred to as the Net, the information super high way and the cyberspace. It has been seen as a dazzling new product, a new information system, a new way to find out things, a new communication medium. It may as well be described as a global market place, where people can find any type of information that is of great interest to them. Daly and Miller (1998) state that the Internet is an interesting and vital technical change and a basis for virtually instantaneous communication worldwide.

Internet is an educational medium. It changes the way people work, live, play, and learn. Daly and Miller in their investigation found out that over 70 million people receive education on the Internet yearly and that everyday training of people for every job on earth is readily available on the Internet. The use of Internet in educational institutions has gained grounds whereby the staff and students use the Internet for various purposes such as E-mail, E-learning, news, games, research, phone call, lottery, admission and employment.

In Nigeria, the Federal Government has prepared citizens on how to live in the Internet age through its policies and actions. In 1994, the ministry of Education commissioned the use of Internet in Nigerian tertiary schools and education. The National University Commission (NUC) established National University Network (NUNET), which was published in 1996. It was specifically established for instructional purposes, research and administrative processes through the installation of a campus wide voice and data communication network. These facts suggest that Internet has been introduced, tested and established in Nigeria for her educational values or purposes.

On these notes, Fajuyigbe and Ekubase (2001) state that gone were the days of hyper-dermic needle method of teaching and teachers' myopic and narrow-minded instructions. Then, teachers and lecturers saw themselves as the oracles and "sage on the stage" delivering lectures, giving information and transmitting knowledge to eager students whose minds were supposedly empty vessels waiting to befit. Coy (2001) in similar thoughts, opts that with the exponential growth of the Internet; the traditional methods of learning are fast vanishing. There has been a general awareness and awakening of the Nigerian populace of what Internet can achieve for the education of the citizenry.

Incidentally, Hanif (2006) observes that even though the Internet allows the citizenry, to move along on the same pace, the teachers take the lead and play the role of guiding and facilitating or assisting students to gain the skills required to acquire and utilize the knowledge available in various forms. In spite of the functional and dynamic values of Internet services to education, teachers still delve into using the traditional approaches in teaching. They still pose as the repertoires of all knowledge. Their teachings and learning are still modeled rigidly and awkwardly along the old system and style where learners are meant to memorize all rules, all forms and take in the strict definitions. The technique, which appears very prescriptive, is found with a total disregard for dynamism and eclectism. It is fraught with unfunctionality, role and parrot learning.

Emelife (2008) equally observes that people generally have been aware of the Internet but not all people perceive the role of-Internet in education. Some people have misconception about Internet. In his investigation, out of thirty people he interviewed, seventy percent was of the view that Internet is a source of corruption. Massari (1999) states that there are problems in the use of Internet in Nigeria. He outlined them as: Lack of reliable communication, infrastructure, competitive regulatory policy, fluctuation of network, high cost of equipment and Internet connectivity and lack of awareness of potential benefit. These problems suggest that the use of Internet in teaching and learning in Nigerian tertiary schools is quite unsatisfactory.

Another issue in this study is on the categories of teachers and their respective attitudes. There are four types of teachers. They are grouped as Laissez-fair, autocratic, authoritarian and democratic teachers. Ejili and Anyanwu (2006) remark that laissez-fair teachers are carefree; autocratic are rigid and strict to a fault; authoritarian teachers are high handed, strict and harsh, while democratic teachers are sensitive, friendly and open-minded. These differences in behavior pose a problem and may affect the teachers' perception.

Again, there is the issue of gender differences. On this note, Agwu (2007) in his findings confirms that female teachers perceive things better than their male counterpart. On the contrary, Aniforo (2005) from his investigation, states that male teachers are more active, and sensitive and perceive things better than the female teachers. Adebayo (2005) finds out that none of the sexes does better than the others. These findings suggest conflicting issues.

Statements of the Problem:

Government and parents are worried over the poor academic performances of their children in schools. The government through the National University Commission sets up 'NUNET' and some other Networks to enable both the citizenry benefit academically. Some parents install Internet in their private places while some other parents install Internet in their commercial houses. On 14th February 2009, the Governor of Enugu State, Barrister Sullivan I. Chime launched the Coal City WIFI (Super WIFI). The Enugu State government installs free Internet services for three months and other subsequent months at reduced cost. The state government embarked on it so as to promote academic excellence and progress in citizenry awareness.

In order to ascertain the perception of teachers, various classes of teachers abound in the society. The teacher may or may not be aware that intent can be used for instructional purpose. Intent resources may not be available in the school for teachers and students to use for their academic purposes. Infrastructural facilities may or may not be available for their intent services. Teachers may provide reasons for using or not using the Internet services. Therefore, the problem of this study is what is the perception of teachers towards the use of Internet as a teaching resource in ESCET?

Purpose of the Study:

The aim of this research is to find out the perception of teachers teaching in the Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu. Specifically, the researchers intend to

i. determine how the teachers in Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu generally perceive the use of the Internet as a resource material in teaching;

ii. determine the extent of difference between male and female teachers of Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu in the use of Internet as a resource material in teaching;

iii. elicit the percentages of teachers who use the Internet for email, research, teaching and newsgroup;

iv. find out the reasons for teachers’ use of Internet in the school;

v. find out the percentage of teachers of Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Enugu that are computer literate;

vi. determine if there are enough infrastructural facilities for Internet services in the school.

Significance of the Study:

Pekene (2000) has observed that Information Technology and media have become Indispensable tools in industry, commerce and learning institutions, whether distance education or conventional schools when properly applied to learning they lead to better teaching, increased efficiency of staff and management, better evaluation of students and positive learning outcome. Internet is a new communication 'innovation with tremendous resources yet to be fully harnessed in Nigeria.

In Enugu State, the majority of its citizens are still stack illiterates. Some few literates ones are computer illiterates. It is necessary and vital for a study of this nature. Hence, this study will expose majority of the staff, students and other researchers on tremendous resources abound on the use of the Internet. It will also energize researchers to be computer literate or see the need for it so as to tap the resources available on the Internet.

In the state, so many infrastructural facilities in tertiary schools are decaying, and the library materials are outdated, unavailable or do not contain relevant materials to the up-to-date information, the use of Internet becomes the gate-way to the up-to-date information and very crucial to teaching and learning environment.

It is the hope of the researchers that this study will direct our educational institutions at all levels. The teachers, students and all other staff of the tertiary schools will benefit immensely from the use of the Internet for their academic development and other personnel achievements.

Scope of the Study:

In this new field of study, such as the Internet, it would have been possible for the researchers to get sponsorship from the state government or any educational agency due to the huge amount of money and other logistics required for the research work of this kind.

Because of limited time and financial constraints, this study makes use of the teachers in Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu. The perceptions of fifty-six (56) teachers are studied about their perception of the use of the Internet as a teaching resource in the College. The influence of differences in the classes of teachers are measured and compared.

Research Questions:

The following research questions will guide the study:

i. How do teachers in Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu generally perceive the use of Internet as a resource material in teaching?

ii. To what extent do male and female teachers differ in their perception of the use of Internet in Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Enugu?

iii. What percentage of teachers of Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Enugu use Internet for e-mail, research and teaching?

iv. Why do teachers of Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Enugu use the Internet?

v. What percentage of teachers of Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Enugu is computer literate?

vi. Are there enough infrastructural facilities for Internet services in the College?


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IMPROVEMENTS ON INDIGENOUS FERMENTED FOODS, PROSPECTS AND CONSTRAINTS IN IGBO ETITI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.


ABSTRACT.

This is a review on indigenous fermented foods outlining their traditional status, improvement made towards developing them to the status of modern processed foods as well as the problems and constraints militating against them despite such improvements. The problem inherent in the technology of the traditional family and /or ethnic method of fermenting local staples. These were found to result from the following limitations associated with different aspect of indigenous fermentation processes, thus a production environment, lack of knowledge of the culture of the processes, absence of any control in the processing variables like PH, temperature etc, lack of awareness of the nutrition and /or toxicological implications of fermentation and its products. As a result of improvements made in the areas of production environment, process control and microbiological quality of the product yield a reduction in the duration of fermentation and emergence of products that are free of health -risks, consistent quality capable of mass production through the use of mechanized equipment and sterile packages.

The problems of indigenous fermented foods includes, poverty, illiteracy, government attitude and preference for imported foods.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Chemical Changes brought about by enzymes from living microorganisms constitute fermentation. It has been established that there are nutrient rich cross in Nigeria which are fermented and used as food or food condiments (Odunfa and Oyeyiola),1985, (Uzogara), 1990. Fermentation leads to general improvements in the self life, texture, taste, aroma as well as nutritional value (Uzo gara), 1990.

The indigenous fermented foods constitute a group of foods that are produced in homes, villages, ad small cottage industries. They are sold to the rural populace who buy them for food and social ceremonies. The fermented foods are derived from substrates like roots, Legumes, Cereals, oil seeds, nuts milk, palm tree sap etc. (Oguntunde), 1989, (Akobundu and Iwuoha), 1992. Generally, these crops are not used as foods in their unfermented State because some of them are toxic or contain anti-nutrientional factors.

In the distant past there was no verified date on the economic, nutritional, technical and quality control implications of the indigenous fermented foods. Only recently have food technologist, human nutritionist, Microbiologists and other applied scientists carried out multifaceted studies on indigenous fermented foods so that further development could be achieved. These led to application of biotechnology processes in selected indigenous fermented foods but it is strange that the commercial biotechnology sectors has shown limited interest in applying modern biotechnology to the problems of security and poverty in developing countries. The commercial firm would find it hard to recoup their investments (Gabrille, 1999). Despite these advances on indigenous fermented foods, there are a lot of constraints / problems militating against them (indigenous fermented foods) which has hindered the implementation of such findings.

Fermentation has been used for several thousands of years as an effective and low cost means to preserve the quality and safety of foods. (Camp bell –Plat,1996) Stated that fermentation is the oldest known of food biotechnology. Food fermentation involves mixed culture of microorganisms that grows simultaneous or in succession. According to Stainkerus (1995) the traditional fermented foods contain high nutritive value. Food fermentation is important in developing countries where lack of resources limits the use of technique such as vitamins enrichment of foods and the use of energy and intensive process for food preservation. Some important indigenous fermented foods in Igbo Etiti Local Government Area are cereals:- (burukuku, kunu and pap), Legumes:- (Ugba or dawada, ogiri isi), Tubers:-- (Abacha, Fufu or Utara akpu, gari, Ekwurikwu, cassava flour), Tree Sap:-(Palm wine). In Igbo Etiti Local Government area, women carry out fermented processing activities mostly. The production is Craft-based despite the dawn of science and technology .

The techniques they use are labour intensive time consuming and have low productivities, with success depending upon observation of good manufacturing practice. According to IDRC (2003) vitamin A, Iron and deficiency resulting from poor processing by rural or local farmers is widely prevalent particularly in the developing world. The world health organization (WHO) estimate that as many as 228 million children are affected by vitamin A. The report further show that iodine deficiency (IDD) even when mild reduces intelligence quotient by 10-15 points. The WHO reports identified iron deficiency as the most common nutritional disorder in the world and over one billion people, particularly women of reproductive age and pre-school children and working men. If not controlled, it leads to anemia, reduced work capacity, diminished learning ability and increased susceptibility to learning ability and increased susceptibility to infection and great risk of death associated with pregnancy and child birth. All these added to low wages and increasing poverty, high price of foods of animal origin accompanied with increasing population presents a frightening scenario in developing world.

The need to achieve food security for the growing population calls for the adaptation of improved method of food fermentation. Food security remains on unfulfilled dream from more than 800 million people unable to leave healthy and active lives because they lack access to safe and nutrious food Klaus, (1999). The fight to achieve food security for the growing population has to take place one many fronts. Technology is one of such front and genetic engineering and biotechnology are interdependent options within that front. Biotechnology clearly can solve agricultural problem that traditional technology and others can not solve or can solve in a more costly manner (Klaus, 1999). Recent development in genetics enzymology, recombination technology and fermentation technology have led to advances in technology far beyond the original traditional and scope (BOSTID, 1992).


SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENT FOR FERMENTED FOODS

Indigenous fermented foods are produced at the household level in a majority of African countries. Increasing industrialization and urbanization trends in these countries will however dictate the needs for large scale production of fermented foods of consistent quality to meet the demands of the sophisticated and varied palates of industrialized communities will eventually be required. Upgrading the production of fermented foods from the household to the industrial level will necessitate several critical

Steps:

1. Isolation and identification of the micro organism associated with the fermentation. The micro organism. associated with fermentation need to be isolated, property identified and preserved preferably in a recognized culture collection for future use.

2. Determination of the roles of the microorganisms :- The biochemical roles of the microorganisms associated with food fermentation needs to be determined through chemical analysis of products released by the micro organism under controlled laboratory conditions.

3. Selection and genetic improvement of micro organisms.:- Microorganisms responsible for affecting important changes in the food during fermentation should be selected subjected to genetic improvement geared towards maximizing desirably quality attributes in the food and limit any undesirable attributes.

4. Improvement in process controls for the manufacture of fermented foods:- Improvement in the quality of fermented foods may be achieved by manipulating environmental factors such as temperature, moisture content, aereation, PH, acidity etc and activity of micro organisms during the fermentation process.

5. Improvement in the quality of raw materials used in the production of fermented foods.:- Both the quality and quantity of fermented foods may be improved by choosing raw materials other than those traditionally used for their production.

6. Laboratory Simulation of the fermented foods.:- Prior to pilot scale production and (Ideally) after all the five stages above have been studied, fermented products, may be produced under laboratory conditions:- . Laboratory simulation of fermented foods will involve the production of fermented food by inoculating microblal isolate having desirable properties into raw materials.

7. Pilot Stage production.; The pilot stage production is the first departure from small scale production and should be based on the result of laboratory experiment.

8. Production or industrial plant stage:- The production stage is the combination of all the efforts and should lead to the availability of foods of predictable and consistent quality or a large scale.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the scientific / technological improvements made so far on indigenous fermented foods in Igbo Etiti Local Government area.

2. How did the improvements contribute to the qualities of the fermented foods.?

3. What are the advances introduced in the process / production of the indigenous fermented foods.?

4. Did the improvement have any impact in the substance of food and beverage industries?

5. What are the problems associated with the improvements on the traditional methods?

6. What are the constraints of the indigenous fermented foods.?


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IDENTIFICATION OF TEACHING TOPIC IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL BIOLOGY AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A CASE STUDY OF SENIOR SECONDARY TWO CURRICULAR IN NIGERIA.


ABSTRACT

Nigeria is thoroughly made up of different State with different languages. English language and Biology continues to perform significant and elaborate functions in almost all the facets of our life.

A particularly unique place, where variability and vitality in the use of English is greatly experienced is in the domain of the mass media, mainly in newspaper, news reporting. While Biology help us to solve health problems. Here, activities in the areas of politics, education crime and law, sports, art and leisure, medicine, etc are daily reported through the medium of English. Daily publications, in English medium, remain the largest in Nigeria newspaper industry till date. Against that background, this paper examines the bases for the overbearing influence of English and Biology in Nigeria.

Recalling the history of English and Biology , linking its functions to Nigeria’s colonial background and utility values, respectively, this writer finds that English as a second language (ESL) has for a longtime continued to exhibit overt and covert lapses in the hands of our reporters and sub-editors, while trying to evolve an acceptable standard Nigeria English variety. Three daily newspaper publications: The daily sun, the punch and Saturday tribune are purposely selected, and news stories from them serve as data. The findings reveal that some of the Nigeria reporters are gradually using intelligible English in their writing style, while some structural grammatical lapses are still observable in the writing of several others. Biology also has improved in helping human life.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The term identification is frequently used by teachers in secondary school to examine topic that are new to the students. Identification of teaching topic is the process of determining the pronunciation and some degree of meaning of an unknown. For topic that are in readers meaning vocabulary, unlocking the pronunciation leads to the topic meaning.

Until now evaluation studies on topic have not paid sufficient attention on the methodology used in the preparation of biology and English. Biology and English teaching strategies listed in the methodology curricular of biology and English education programmes in Nigeria and its relationship to the pre- service teacher educator’s instructional strategies was assessed. To achieve the objective of these stated aims, the teaching topic should depend on the provision of quality teachers education programmers. Quality teachers’ education in the content of this study implies how well the biology and English teachers in secondary school in Nigeria fit the National Education. We should know that curriculum is the set of courses, prospectors, programmed of study or syllabus offered at a school. Hence, a curriculum includes the range of topics from which students choose the subject matter to be studied in a particular programme as well as the teaching and assessment strategies to be used for those topics. Curriculum can be seen as all the activities that are geared towards the achievement of teaching goals. Curriculum can be divided into three parts. The intended, implement and attained curriculum. And all at then geared for effective topic.

In teaching and identifying topic in biology for instance, attention must be paid in biology textbooks used in classroom teaching and laboratory work. The biology curriculum in schools is defined not only by topic of study but also by textbook will reflect the current topic to identify like Animal kingdom, plants, bacteria, fungi, plant, cell, ecosystem, living and non – living things, skeletons, reproduction and many others. These topics should be identify by names and classify by the student in senior secondary schools.

Moreover, teaching English to speakers of other language can be as challenging as learning English is for non- native speakers. Both the teacher and the students must have an established protocol for gaining understanding of pronunciation, words, concepts and cultural norms. There are numerous topics that can be identify, most of which can be grouped into four categories; reading skills development, vocabulary acquisition, separation and identification of concept and evaluation. Without research, centered identification of topics like parts of speech, pronunciation, writing and reading, vocabulary, grammar, oral English, concord and many others that will help student in senior secondary school to gain knowledge.


1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In Nigeria, identification of teaching topic in schools especially biology and English are not taking serious. We refused to know that most students cannot read and write, although clearly some can. Most of them did not know that words- identification skills may allow access to the words pronunciation, but not its meaning. Being able to arrive at the pronunciation of a printed word constitute words identification in the most minimal sense, however, if the reader is unable to identify a topic and attach meaning to it , then he or she has not read the word, since reading must end in meaning construction.

Many students learn new topic without difficulty. Many teachers introduce topics by teaching emerging readers to sing the alphabet then attach them to the letters forms while knowing letter names appears to facilitate the development of word- identification skills, it would be in-appropriate to delay introducing other new topic to students who have not know them. In English language, students identify topics with remarkable speed and accuracy. Indeed, fluent word identification appears to be a pre-requisite for comprehending text. If a reader of English topic must slowly analyze. Many of the words in a text, memory and attention needed for comprehension are drained but topic analysis.

Student in senior secondary school identify very few words instantly. Through repeated exposure to the same words, instant identification vocabulary grows. It is vital that student learn to identify those topics that occur very frequently in teaching process.

In biology, teaching strategies that have been recommended for science teachers to inculcate science process skills in their students includes demonstration, direct observation, field trip, group work laboratory activities and manipulations, Biology should be taught through on method approaches where students are placed in problem solving situation and surrounding them with appropriate materials that will enable them process information to solve scientific problems. This view conforms to the recent emphasis of the federal ministry of education on the use of field studies guided discovery, laboratory techniques and skills coupled with conceptual thinking as major teaching strategies for the implementation of the senior secondary school biology curriculum.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to identify the teaching topic in senior secondary school curricular in Nigeria which includes:

_ Emphasis on function methods of teaching biology and English.

_ Identification of difficult topic in biology and English language in Nigeria.

_ Infusion of relevant and functional skills needed in recognizing teaching topics.

_ bringing and identification of intended curriculum in teaching biology and English in secondary school in Nigeria.

_To find out the extent to which student see new topic in both subject.

_To educate and suggest some measure to be used to be taken by government to enhance effective teaching of biology and English.


1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will be of importance to government policy makers and leaders. It will be of great benefit for students and researchers on teaching topics and teachers by revealing to them reasons why they should identify teaching topic curriculum in the senior secondary school in Nigeria.

The study aims at providing a clear view and understanding of the importance topic that will transmit employable skills to students. It must be added that this study is of relevance not only to any particular country but also to developed and underdeveloped to promote academic level and economics co-operation which learning provides. Finally, writers in Nigeria will also find this work very useful.

1.5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Why does a student perform low in biology and English language?

Why does teacher apply poor teaching method in teaching topic?

What type of instructional material used in teaching topic?

What are the needed steps and methods to identify teaching topic?

What factors militate against study curriculum used in teaching?


1.6. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

To treat the problem as a whole will be too much for the requirement of this work. Teaching topic is large with different subject which has different topics therefore, some topics were selected which is made up of the following. Animal kingdom, plant, fungi, skeleton, reproduction, parts of speech, grammar, comprehension and essay. These are characterized by some factors that have contributed to the negligence of the teaching. One of these factors is the large nature of the topic that S.S.2 was chosen which resulted in confusing them.

1.7. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study covers the period of (2000-2010). This period has been chosen not to be demonstrating the stages of transition of identification of topic but to show the relevance of teaching topic curriculum in senior secondary school. Above all, the instrument for data collection was of the major problems uncounted by the researcher made use of secondary sources of data collection which was difficult to get because of some factors such as inadequate library material, textbooks which should have made the research work. Again, some were faced with financial problems and inadequate library materials which lead to a lot of challenge to the students.

S.S-2 TOPICS IN ENGLISH AND BIOLOGY

There are lots of topics in biology and English language to be identified. But among these topics there are some that are very important which pose problems to the student. Some of these topics are: - English language- noun phrase, pronouns, forms of verb, phrasal verb, introduction to sequence of terms, adjuncts complex sentence structure, technical and scientific writing, letter writing under this:- Apology, Appreciation an complaint, Argumentative writing, expository writing, English language registers, word relations, pronunciation and spelling, rising tone, speaking skills , vowels and consonants.

In biology, we see topic like: - production, Ecology, roles of micro organisms, viruses’ pollution, and principles of diseases. All these topics tend to satisfy any curriculum which requires identification level.

Adequate attention has been given to the most difficult topics of the scheme and the various aspects of teaching methods have been adopted. All those topics that are seems to be difficult to students help develop them both mental and physical. It helps to develop them to the environment by

1. Train the students in reading and comprehension.

2. Make them master the usage of the part of speech.

3. Increase their vocabulary and word power.

4. Train the pupils in the art of correct letter writing and composition.

5. Familiarized them with nature and scope of question.

6. Enable them have on up to date general knowledge of worlds such as location and times, other content information for instructor and teaching assistant such as textbook, assigned reading books, calculators, lab vouchers etc. In all syllables and curriculum help student identify a topic in any subject. Also the method of teaching and ability to learn will help the student and teachers to identify topic syllables and curriculum depend on the planning that precedes it. It is designed to explore how the educational goals of a subject will be achieved.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/673/identification-of-teaching-topic-in

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sathel:
That your abstract is poor...
Also,what is my research work revealed?? In your statement of problems. If you want to have an author's position, should it come in that form? Your statement of research problem needs extensive adjustment.
.Your objectives do not align with your hypothesis..bad one there..

Please, try and learn how to write research papers or project before you start charging people up and down.

Please Rewrite and Post

SURVIVAL STRATEGIES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA (A STUDY OF SOME SELECTED SMES IN ENUGU METROPOLIS)


ABSTRACTS

The Survival Strategies of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria case study of Enugu Metropolis. The purpose of this study is to identify general problems against the effective operation of SME in Nigeria, to know their survival strategies, to provide an overview of the role of government in financing and developing SMEs in Nigeria, to determine to what extent the government policies support or hinder their growth and also to suggest strategies through which SME’s can compete with the products of emerging economies and that of developed world. The research method is by sampling method. The researchers came up with the following; majority of the SMEs do not have infrastructural facilities at their disposal, that most SMEs pay tax from the profit they generated while they are registered. Most SMEs adopt the integrated marketing strategy, some SMEs have had their products gain market access while only few of them expose their staff to seminar, in the area of implementation government policies were ranked as one of the highest problem they are facing and that government has been able to support SMEs through establishment of certain initiative schemes and through reduction of loan interest. The primary goal of government initiative/scheme such NEEDS, SEEDS, BOI, SMIEIS, etc is to build a private sector through SMEs that can take advantage of the opportunities that abound in the domestic, regional and global markets and contribute to the development of the Nigeria economy.


CHAPTER I

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter 1 introduces the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitations of the study and definition of terms.


1.1 Background of the Study

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been fully recognized by governments and development experts as the main engine of economic growth and a major factor in promoting private sector development and partnership. The development of SME is therefore an essential element in growth strategy of most economies and holds particular significance for Nigeria. SMEs not only contribute significantly to improved living standards, they also bring about substantial local capital formation and achieve high levels of productivity and capability. From a planning stand point, SMEs are increasingly recognized as the principal means for achieving equitable and sustainable industrial diversification and dispersal, and in most countries, SMEs account for over half of the total share of employment, sales and value added.

A major gap in Nigeria’s industrial development process in the past years has been the absence of a strong and virile small and medium enterprises sub sector. The little progress recorded from the courageous efforts of the first generation of indigenous industrialists were almost completely wiped out by the massive dislocation and traumatic devaluation which took place under the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) 1986. The SAP policies were rooted in the new-classical theory of perfect competitive markets whose assumptions do not adequately reflect constraints on SME in developing countries. The human and natural resources base is a significant feature that gives the country a special status in Africa. However, like most less developed countries, the country is witnessing a rapid population growth and this contrast with the less than average rate of development in communication, technological and social infrastructure. Instability and high turnover of staff have impacted negatively on the performance of primary institutions responsible for policy monitoring and implementation, resulting in distortions in macro economic structure and low productivity.

These problems constitute hindrance to development of Small and Medium Enterprises which provide the critical building blocks for industrialization and sustainable economic growth. With the dismantling of trade and other barriers, the world has been transformed into a global village. Consequently, SMEs in developing countries such as Nigeria are struggling to survive under intensive competitive environment both domestic and international. For this reason, there is an urgent need to provide the required enabling environment for the development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), so that that they could adequately play the role expected of them in transformation. Such role include mobilization of domestic savings for investment, appreciable contribution to gross domestic product, increased harnessing of local raw material, employment generation, significant contribution of poverty reduction effort through a sustainable livelihood and enhancement in personnel income, technological development and export diversification Udechukwu (2003:7).

In line with this, it is pertinent that the challenges of SMEs are well noted as well as the strategies to overcome them and grow so as to ensure effective coordination and utilization of economic resources.


1.2 Statement of the Problem

According to Kpakol (2007:2) the development and survival of micro, small and medium enterprises in Nigeria is of course critical to the sustainability and rapid transformation of Nigeria to one of the twenty largest economies in the world by 2020 because it holds the key to job creation, employment generation, enhanced productivity and wealth creation towards launching Nigeria into the class of developed economy.

In spite of efforts by many successive governments right from independence to promote SMEs in the industrialization process, the development of the sub-sector has been constrained by a number of factors both internally and externally. They includes:

a) Unstable macro-economic environment

b) Poor implementation and coordination of efforts on SMEs

c) Absence of sustainable institutional mechanism

d) Poor infrastructural facilities i.e. road, railway system, water supply, electricity, telecommunication etc. and

e) Lack of effective financial support system.

The role of government in fashioning policies and ameliorating the constraints of SMEs has been fully recognized to be very crucial in facilitating and initiating remedial action. This is more so with rapid changing of global environment moving towards deregulations knowledge-based economy, borderless trade and investment which present new challenges and opportunities for SMEs in developing countries such as Nigeria Kpakol (2007:16).

Chibundu (2006:42) the fact that has emerged from the appraisal of various past and present policy initiatives on the promotion of SMEs in Nigeria is that although finance is a major constraint.. The effective utilization of substantial financial resources provided under various past programmes was constrained by such factor as lack of skill as well as absence of the enabling environment for investing in small and medium scale sector.

However, it has been observed that more attention is paid now than ever with reference to the aforementioned constraints, especially the controllable factors such as managerial skills, effective cost control, working capital management, marketing management, monetary policy.

This research work intends to investigate the survival strategies for small and medium enterprises in Nigeria.



1.3 Purpose of the Study

The specific objectives of this study include the following:

i. To identify the general problems or challenges militating against the effective operations of SMEs in Nigeria.

ii. To identify the survival strategies of SMEs in Nigeria.

iii. To provide an overview of the role of government in financing and developing SMEs in Nigeria.

iv. To determine to what extent the government policies support or hinder growth of SMEs in Nigeria.

v. To suggest strategies through which SMEs can compete favourably with the products of emerging economies and that of developed world.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/576/survival-strategies-of-small-and

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THE EXTENT OF COMPUTER LITERACY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)


Abstract

Due to the necessity of everybody to become computer literate in our society, have made us to carry out this project work little Extent of computer literacy among secondary school science Teachers in Enugu north Local Government Area four research questions guided the student. The study has simple survey research design and area of the study is. All secondary school science teachers in Enugu North Local Government Area simple random sampling were used. The sample of the study is made up of 14 schools random selected from 15 schools. The main instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The instrument was structured according to great extent, extent, little extent and no extent. In our study we find out that secondary school science teachers are still lacking behind in the area of computer.


CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

This project is to find the extent of computer literacy among secondary school science teacher in Enugu north local government area.

Audio in GOOGLE (2010) defined the world “extent” as the distance or area volume over which something extents. Another text by NDINECHI (2001) explains (extent” as a length or range of particular thing. In opinion of Ezeudo (2003) the term “extent” is a degree of a particular something. In present researchers “view” the world “extent” could be defined as how far or the degree of computer literacy among secondary school science teachers.

According to ILOANUSI (2008) the term “computer” is an electronic device that is capable of accepting, storing and processing data with great speed an of according to give out information as output. Another text by NWOSU (2001) defined “computer” a device or machine that accept data, process data, stores data and produce result. AMAKA N. (2007) sees the world “computer” as a device or machine that under program control performs asthmatic and logical operation without human Intervention. The present researchers believe that “computer” is a very fast electronic processing machine that has strong capabilities, which can perform either in numbers and symbols. Information can be stored and retained, the common feature in all the definition is that the computer is machine that receive input treats and releases them required to note some.

It is also necessary to note some important of computer as enumerated by

OKOLO (2007) He said that computer has assumed unimaginable dimensions, it is used as a guild to the learner through a course of institution at videos displaying unit in such a manner that will facilitate the understanding of the subject matter. It helps to speed up the students learning process. He further commented on computer having other applications in education in area like W.A.E.C. N.E.C.O. J.A.M.B so on. They make use of computer in marking multiple-choice examination papers.

From the contribution of JOHN ILOANUSI (2008) computer are useful for storing information about crimes, criminals and suspects. He said it could be very useful in crime detection and prevention. Such system can be interfaced with photograph capturing and finger print system. OKORIE (2008) in his own opinion said that the use of computer makes data into a very small storage space. Information storage and retrieval are speeded up and computer records an easily be up-dated as the need arises. In these researchers point of “view” the impacts of computer in virtually every sphere of human endeavor are enormous, from the interaction we had with P.H.B. Bank manager (2010), we found out that computers plays a vital role in bank for keeping all the data and information of customers and equally used for operation of automatic teller machine (A.T.M). These researchers also had a chat with the doctor of railway crossing hospital (2010), we further found out that computer plays a tremendous role in health care delving, doctors used computer for diagnosis, perform surgical procedures and keep up with rapid changes in medicine. In fact the importance of computer in our society cannot be over-emphasized.

OZO-CHINAILFE (2005) sees the phrase “computer literacy” as knowledge about computer software and hardware knowing what they are what they can do and what they cannot do, how they are put to work and how their uses can affect the society and your profession. In the opinion of WIKIPEDIA (2010) “computer literacy” is knowledge and ability to use computer and technology efficiently. AJAJA (2010) explains “computer literacy” as an understanding of the concept terminology and operation that relate to general computer use. Another text by ANEKA (2005) defined “computer literacy” as comfort levels someone has with using computer programs and other application that are associate with computers. These researchers believe that computer literacy individual is a person that has basic knowledge in all aspect of computer: such as area of computer application, how to use Microsoft world, how to use Microsoft excel, how to use Microsoft access, how to use Microsoft power point, how to create E-mail address using Internet.

According to oxford dictionary 6th edition (2005) the phrase “secondary school” is for young people between the ages of 11, 16 and 18. In the opinion of California (2009) “secondary school” is a school that is intermediate in level between elementary school and collage and that usually offer general technical. From Encarta dictionary 7th edition (2004) “secondary school” is a school for students who have completed their education, usually attended by children in grades 7 to 12. In the contribution of the researchers “secondary school” is a school where people who have obtained first school leaving certificate and common entrance attend to attain more education. It is also the third step in educational process “secondary school” is classified into three namely private, adults and public secondary schools. The present research is basically o public schools in Enugu north local government area. We further found out that in Nigeria a secondary school consists of two levels this research in how ever interested in senior secondary schools to find out the extent of computer literacy among science teacher in Enugu north local government area.

SHEEHAN (2005) defined the phrase “science teacher” as somebody or a person who teaches science. According to WIKIPEDIA (2004) “science teacher” are those teacher that teach science subject with full knowledge of experiments. Oxford dictionary 6th edition (2005) sees “science teacher” as teachers who have basic knowledge about the structure and behaviour of natural and physical world based on the facts they can prove it. In the opinion of these researchers “science teachers” are teachers that have basic knowledge about all the science subjects: such as mathematics, biology, computer science, chemistry, physics etc. that can be proved in standard way but trained or specialized in any of these science subjects.

AKUSOBA (2000) defined “computer science teacher” as those teachers that can be able to use computer very well and teach it effectively. Another text by OLUYIDE (2008) sees the phrase “computer science teacher” as those teachers that have basic knowledge of the concept, terminology and operation that relate to general computer use. From the contribution of SHEESHA (2010) “computer science teachers” are those teachers that have basic knowledge in discipline of spans theory and practical that required thinking both in abstracts terms and in concrete terms. From these researchers point of view, “computer science teachers” are those teachers that have basic knowledge and ability to use computer technology effectively.

Enugu north local government area is located at the center of Enugu town. From our present research we found out that Enugu north local government area has fourteen secondary school respectively: such as queen school Enugu, city girls secondary school, metropolis girls, urban girls secondary school and new layout secondary school. These above mentioned school located at new layout in Enugu state. Other three schools are coal camp secondary school situated at cool camp in Enugu state. Community secondary school located at iva-valley in Enugu state and comprehensive technical collage situated at Ngwo in Enugu state.

In our society today we full understand that the propensity of information technology (IT) today has show that the world is becoming digital world with all its operation being converted from manual to computerize system. Therefore, we made this research in order to find out the extent of knowledge of computer, its uses and application that computer teachers have in different secondary school in Enugu north local government area.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The world has totally become computer age and the entire globe has become a global village through the explosion of application of computer. One can easily read from the background of this study that computer and computer science. Its uses an application software have impacted tremendously on all human endeavors today –education, medicine, military, politics, agriculture, religion, business and so on. This means that for anybody or any cooperate body to function effectively and efficiently in any field of human endeavor today, computer literacy is a basic necessity more so for science teacher to properly deliver in different field of specialization in today computer age. Computer literacy is a must for all.

The questions that agitate the minds now are to what extent are science teacher versed in the knowledge of this electronic device called computer? How much of its uses and application software are know or simply put, to what extent are they computer literate? Then, these researchers set out to find out the level or degree of computer literacy possesses by science teachers of secondary school in Enugu north local government area of Enugu state, Nigeria.

1.3 Purpose of study

In broad term, this project aims at examine the extent or degree of computer literacy possessed by secondary school science teachers in Enugu north local government area. Specifically, the project work set out to ascertain :

i. The degree of knowledge of computer and its importance possessed by secondary school science teachers,

ii. The extent of skills and or applications know-how possessed by secondary school science teachers.

iii. Whether sex has affect on the degree of computer literacy possessed by secondary school science teachers.

iv. Whether subject area of specialization has any affect on the level knowledge of computer possessed by secondary school science teachers.

v. The group of secondary school science teachers: biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, and geography. That has the best computer literacy or otherwise.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The project work shall benefit the following people/groups:

i, The government

ii. The parents

iii. The students

iv. The researchers.

It is important to give brief note on how the above mentioned people / group should benefit this project work.

GOVERNMENT: Shall benefit from this project work most in the sense that it will help it to know the ability of secondary science teachers for teaching computer science. It will equally give government the accurate number of science teachers that are computer literate.

PARENTS: Today a lot of things could be done with computer. Thus project will help the parents to know the necessity of computer literate in our society and can motivate them to give their children full support in acquiring the knowledge of computer. This can also made them to buy computer text and pay for where they are learning computer.

STUDENTS: In our educational institutions today the work of computer cannot be overemphasized. Having know the importance of computer from this project work, it will give them courage and strength to study computer with full interest. The students will equally use this work to develop their own work in writing their own project.

THE RESEARCHERS: Will benefit much from this work. It will give them knowledge about project work, research method and how to go about it. There is so much ideas and pieces of information the researchers will gain from this project that will equip them even to write book/ novel on their own. They will know the number of secondary school

and their location in Enugu north local government area. The researchers will know the number of science teachers that are computer literate in Enugu north local government area.

1.5 Scope of the study

The scope of the study is to find the extent of computer literacy possessed by secondary school science teachers in Enugu north local government area. This study is limited fourteen secondary schools located at the center of Enugu town. Computer Literacy is knowledge and ability to use computer and technology effectively secondary school is a school for young people between the ages of 11, 16 or 18
1.6 Research questions

The following questions were formulated to guide the study.

i. To what extent do secondary school science teachers have knowledge of computer and it’s importance?

ii. To what extent do secondary school science teachers have skills and computer application?

iii. To what extent does sex have effect on the degree of computer literacy among secondary school science teachers?

iv. To what extent do subject area of specialization has an effect on the level of knowledge of computer among secondary school science teachers?

V. To what extent do group of subject area of science teacher (biology, chemistry etc) are most computer literacy on the least computer literacy?


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/575/the-extent-of-computer-literacy

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ACCOUNTING PROCEDURE IN HOTEL (A CASE STUDY AT ZODIAC LTD)

ABSTRACT

Within the framework of this project topic is “Accounting procedure in hotels with reference to Zodiac hotels Limited Enugu” The researcher has attempted to explain the importance of Zodiac Accounting System as ways of helping management to improve operations in the hotel business. However, recent researcher have shown that one of the main causes of indigenous business failure in this country is due to the failure to maintain proper accounting records. This study is focused on the following identification problems Delay in the preparation of final accounts monthly transcript, delay in the statement: rate remittance/ cash transfers; inadequate method of revenue collection and control, inadequate staffing. This research work is set to proffer a solution to these constraints that militate against the effectiveness of the establishment accounting system and its subsequent impact. Therefore, in this project research work, an attempt was made to give solution to achieving the objectives of this, various investigation instruments such as questionnaire personal interview and percentage analysis were implemented in the collection of data for the study and the result from them were used for the summary of findings. Furthermore, in the researcher hopes that it will be of great help to the regulatory authorities. The recommendations were based on research findings and should not be note to be exhaustive. In conclusion, the researcher believes that the predetermined objective of the study has been achieved. Thus, the need to evaluated the benefits and manage the accounting procedure becomes more essential. This is the enrollment of accounting and its efficiency and effectiveness manifests the impact on the corporate organization.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Accounting is an information system that is used for communication purposes and for the purpose of aiding decision making.

According to Bello (2009), accounting is believed to be an information infrastructure used by economic units to achieve various economic decision. Corporate organizations use accounting to communicate to all stakeholders about their operation performance and position at a particular time period. The process through which companies communicate to the public about their operation is called financial reporting. Corporate financial reporting is the medium through which companies communication to the external society about their operational performance in term of profitability, efficiency and responsibility (Abubakar, 2010, Nzekwe, 2000) financial reporting of a corporate entity constitutes a combination of qualitative and quantitative financial reports, which are referred to as a firm’s bill of health. Various stakeholders their decisions relative to a firm’s performance and position based on the accounting information supplied by if in its annual financial reports accounts.

Financial reporting by companies is effected via the preparation and publication of financial statements. These financial statements are required to exhibit certain degree of quality in term of their information contents. Mines & Wahlen (2006) and Belkaoui (2002) opined that accounting information contained in the financial reports should possess certain qualities as relevance verifiability, understanding, neutrality, timeliness, comparability, and completeness. When the financial reports disclose quality accounting information according to Benston (2007), the decision of the users (investors, management, government, employees, creditors, analysis) of the report could as well be qualitative are informed. The users of the financial reports use the reports frequently in passing judgements on the viability of a company. According to Ghofor & Saraswat; (2008), investors in many cases are too dependent on the quality of information disclose in the financial reports of companies has been an area of debate by both accounting theoreticians and those in practice (Van Beest, Braim & Boelens, 2009).

New Economy firms are defined as telecommunication, media and technology firms (TMT).

A large part of the assets in these firms are intangible since they are rely strongly on intellectual capital, research and develop, and other intangible assets (Lopes, 2001). In many cases TMT firms majors assets is the human capital and the intellectual ability of their work force. Although all firms need strong and competitive human resources to succeed, the success of TMT firms largely depends on the quality of human resource. The characteristics that differentiate successful organization from their less successful counterparts in almost every industry is the quality of the people they are able to get and keep. These TMT firms do invest heavily in employee training to make sure that their employees skill levels are kept current (Robbins, 2001). Robbins (2001) added that money spent on improving employees capacity is one of the best investments that business executives could make.

A more recent debat in the financial accounting literature regards the relevance of accounting information for firms of the so-called New Economy (Lopes, 2001). Due to the failure of traditional accounting measures to recognize and measure the intangible assets especially relevant for TMT firms it is argued that accounting will lose relevance for valuation and users investment decision purposes (Barth, Landsman & Lang, 2008; Lu & Clowes, 2004). Where a firm is listed in the stock exchange market various stakeholders of the firm accord more attention to the accounting information revealed by the firm in its financial reports. Can we say that the accounting information of new economy firms contained relevant information for decision making purposes? To what extent does the accounting information of listed new economy firms in Nigeria, dictate or influence the share price of the firms? This study therefore investigates empirically the value relevance of accounting information of new economy firms in Nigeria. In achieving so a null hypothesis is formulated and tested during the course of the study.

The hypothesis reads

Ho: The accounting information published by the listed new economy firms in Nigeria does not significantly posses value relevance for investment decision purpose.



1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Reynolds et al, have defined “Accounting as the systematic recording, analysis and appraisal of financial data which results from activities. Undertaken in pursuit of the objectives of the firm.

Thus, accounting systems monitor revenues and expenditures and quickly establish the firms position at particular lines.

Furthermore, firms need to know the values of their fixed Assets (land, building, vehicles, plant and equipments) and current asset (Stocks, debtors, work in progress, and cash in hand). Because every transaction contributes to an increase or decrease in assets it must therefore be recorded accurately and stored in easily retrievable form. From the going accounts should show areas of inefficiency, and reveal the exact lost of al the firms activities as accurate and detailed accounts, will make policy formation easier and facilitate the well organized implementation of corporate plans.

Accounting has also been seen by Meigs (1975) consisting of gathering of financial and other economic data, just as physical measurements are provided by the metric system, economic measurements are provided by the accounting system, and are stated in financial terms.

These economic measurement are put together in report of operations, and for decision making by business units.

Thirdly, accounting provides financial reports that are needed by outside persons who invest in business units lend money to them, or extend credit to them. It also furnishes reports to be used by government agencies which regulate business and by tax authorities such as internal revenue services profit must ensure that the correct amount of tax is collected. When the unit of consideration is a non profit organization (such as school, hospital, church or other charitable group), its members of those who contribute to it need to know for what purposes and in what proportions their money is being used.

This important information is furnished by accounting

Thus accounting can be referred to generally as a set of rules and methods by which financial and economic data are collected, processed and summarized into reports that can be used in making decisions, relating to the accomplishment of organizational goals.

It is important that the accounting systems for one man business should fulfill such functions as providing essential financial information for the owners and mangers in order for them to be able to manage the business in a competitive environment, and to make informed decisions to prevent business failure and to expand the business. However, owners of one man business may have particular needs and conditions, so that accounting systems need to be flexible in order not to impose unnecessary operative burdens because of the importance of appropriate accounting information for owners and managers of one man businesses and their different stakeholders, it is therefore important to this study to analyze the types and amount of financial and various accounting system applied in small businesses and its non-regulation in Nigeria.

The practice of accounting came into existence many years ago though, there was no acceptable definite record as to when accounting developed. It should be noted that with the advent of colonial rule in Africa, the European system of accounting was introduced in most of the African countries such as Nigeria.

Then, different kinds of people were employed to take care of farms and properties of the white man and after that, they have to account for their success so far to their masters because there is a saying that “for every responsibility, there is a saying that “for every responsible, there is always an accountability.”



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research study entitled “Accounting procedure in Hotels will try to look into the nature, process, system by which various hotels in Enugu State operate will use of accounting systems and techniques taking a case study of Zodiac Hotel Limited Enugu sub problem.

As we all know that accounting is a living, practical course, there is need to know the present practices of the profession in such areas, among other as:

1. Working capital management

2. Preparation and Payments of salaries and wages

3. Books of account

4. Sales income

5. Financial report and statement

6. Assets



1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

I have particularly involve myself in the operation of a hotel. Sit is known that the researcher’s particular interest in hotel administration cannot be over emphasized.

The purpose or objectives of this research work is as follows:

(i) To examine the forms they (Zodiac Hotel Limit Enugu) take in presenting their transactions with other parties.

(ii) To determine the accounting system by which the hotel operates in terms of the “accounting concepts and conventions.



1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the accounting procedure in most hotels is adequate

2. What is the accounting procedure used by hotels affect the financial statement of the hotels.



1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

I promise that at the completion of these project it will help others who have not been opportuned which the hotels use.

For the future researchers, the work will be useful and helpful to them because they can make reference to it as they carry out their own work. It is worthy of note that presently, the researchers work load is lessened because of the guidelines on this topic that was made available for him.



1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Due to time constraint and financial, the researcher has decided to confine himself to accounting procedures in Zodiac Hotels limited Enugu. If not because of the above reasons, I wanted have like to make comparison of many hotels.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

There are many problems encountered by the researchers during the course of writing of this project, the problem encountered were:

a. Refusal of Respondent: The refusal of respondents to answer some of important question that is relevant to the study.

b. Financial: The shortage of funds also affected the number of times: the researcher would have to visit the organization in order to be through in examining all the areas. Finance restricts the researcher from conducting accounting procedures of other hotels within Enugu metropolis.

c. Time: The time delighted to this work was very short as a result of other commitment; the researcher must have gone different places to get more samples about the study.





1.8 DEFINITIOIN OF TERMS

(a) Accounting: The art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part at least of a financial character, and interpreting the results there to.

(b) Liability: Debt which is owned by a company for goods and services supplied to her which are not liquidated at the time of preparing the balance sheet.

(c) Asset: Anything which is acquired by a business entity either for a long term use within the company for the generation of income or for short term run used for the purpose of convention into cash within a year.

Profit the excess of the selling price over all cost and expenses incurred in marketing the sale

(d) Financial statement: A summary of figure, facts showing the financial condition of a business.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/652/accounting-procedure-in-hotel-a

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CAUSES OF FAILURE OF SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF IFY BAKERY BREAD INDUSTRIES NIG.LTD)


ABSTRACT

The aim of this research work is to highlight the problem facing small scale industries in Nigeria. I have briefly in the introduction examined the definitions and roles of small scale industries in Nigeria and problem facing them I have also endeavored to offer a feasible solution to these problem. This study has been divided into five main chapters. Chapter 1 I discussed briefly the importance of industrialization in fact growing economy.

Like Nigeria were highlighted. Chapter two tries to draw attention to the views of different writers, scholars as well as seasoned and expressed their opinion on the cause of failure of small scale industries. Chapter three covers research design and methodology. Chapter four covers instrument for data analysis, presentation and interpretation and chapter five covers summary of findings, conclusion, recommendation or implication for further studies. Based on the findings the researcher recommend that on the issue of finance, that adequate provision of capital find should be made to small-scale industrialists in the state so as to prevent their business in the state so as to prevent their business from being stifled at birth.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In Nigeria various criteria are use for its definition. The small-scale industries in 1973 defines, such enterprise as those having investment capital, (ie land, building, machinery, equipment and working capital of up to N 60,000 and employing not more than 50 persons).

But according to the federal ministry of commerce and industry to the Nigeria bank for commerce and industry (NBCI) in 1981/82 (for the purpose of the revolving loan scheme for industries. Such enterprise where regarded as those costing not more than N 500,000) including the cost of land but excluding working capital.

At a recent workshop on industries hold at the administrative staff college of Nigeria (ASCON) Badagry, participants agreed that a small-scale industry should be defined as an enterprise whose cost does not exceed N 750,000 (total cost excluding land). ASCON wants this definition to remain in force until 1990.

Therefore, in 1972 the Nigeria enterprise promotions decree other wise known as industrialization decree was promulgated.

The decree was aimed at affording Nigerians greater participation in economic activities especially in industrial sector of the economy, this sector in this organization-industries in Nigeria are principally concentrates in some part of the country like we have in Enugu and places in Nigeria including some local government areas that have a number of units engaged in transitional industries and it is estimated that over 5000 small-scale units are accounted to exist in this state according to the official published in 1987 by the Anambra State Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (statistics division) Enugu.

Industries although have received very little government assistance, occupies a significant position in the nation asset which has the greatest alteration for and is indeed the prime mover in any manufacturing industry, is the existence of a large market.

The decree gave impetus to Nigerians include those of fixtures publishing and allied products, jewelry, saw milling fabricated metal product etc.

The small scale industry like Ify Bakery Bread Industry apart from being hampered by finance, technical and managerial, marketing and economic problems and so on, have the problem of lack of trust among the industrialists, they are not always ready to share ownership of their business even when it involves their own relations.

This is the type of industries we need in the rural areas if we hope to cope with the problem of unemployment and continued populations drift from the rural areas to urban cities.

Industries in most cases make use of the local raw materials and labour rather than capital intensives. This encourage the development of local technologies.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

My research work revealed that the continuous failure of these small-scale industries is probing a great public interest as to its cause and effect; economy are food scarcity, unemployment increase in social imbalance, adverse balance of payment positions experienced by the country, reduction in per capital income tax etc.

The following are the outline of the problem facing small-scale business:

1. Lack of accounting Record.

2. Problem of obtaining finance such as loan and over draft.

3. Little or no research.

4. Poor state of technology and skilled manpower.

5. Problem of marketing their product.

6. Problem of obtaining raw materials and components.

Some of these problems should be systematically studies so that they could be solved once and for all. But what ever is the case, the question to be answered in this study is that problems to small-scale industries like Ify Bakery Bread Industry, What factor influence them and what should be done so as to alleviate these problems. Should these problems be properly looked into, they can provide opportunities to small-scale industries in the state in particular and country in general.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objective of the study is to provide possible solution to the stated problem of small scale business in Nigeria narrowed with the case study of Ify Bakery Bread industry and these are;

1. To let the small scale industries to know that Accounting record will help their business to grow;

2. To enable them understand some government effort and other means of substitution to the problem of obtaining loan;

3. To let them understand the important of research and invest in it;

4. To advise them on investing in technology;

5. To tell them the different market strategies involves and;

6. Finally to emphasis on matter of sourcing for raw material.

1.4 Research Question.

The following research questions were formulated:

1. What are the causes of failure of small scale industries in Nigeria?

2. What has the Nigerian government done to encourage small scale enterprise in Nigeria?

3. What step could be taking to revive the failed small scale industries to enhance economic growth in Nigeria?

4. Is there any relationship between small scale and economic growth of Nigeria?

1.5 Significance of the Study

Small scale industries are found significantly in every nook and cranny of Nigeria. They could be likened to frontline troops in the battle for every development of a nation; by and large, it provides a greater employment opportunities; it increase local raw material output, (use of local raw material) to promote greater linkages and backward integration to raise the general level of economic activity.

The significance of small scale business to any economy are noticeable. They includes contribution to the economy in term of output of goods and services; creation of jobs at relatively low capital cost, especially in the fast growing service sector providing a vehicle for reducing income disparities develop a pool of skilled and semi skilled workers as a basis for the future industrial expansion; improve forward and backward linkages between economically socially and geographically diverse sectors of the economy; providing opportunities for developing and adapting appropriate technological approaches and so on.

The study also will help the small-scale industrialist to look to know whether their resources are efficiently utilized in achieving the organizational roles.

Finally, the study exposes what could be done by government agencies or associations to help small-scale industries in the tasks facing them and what can be done by way of better management to help the individual small-scale industries to improve their operations and increase the productivity and profitability.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This work is limited to the cause of failure of small-scale industry. The scope of this study would have been unlimited but for the complex nature of the research work which ordinary involved getting in touch with the respondent who often times are reluctant towards giving information needed. So this research work is just confined to Ify Bakery Bread Industry.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

This study would have been more extensive in the absence of the following constraints from:

a. Cost and finance estimates as a student I depend solely on the little amounted of money i got from parents and relatives.

b. Time schedule and the deniel of personal comfort also the areas involved in the collectives of data and administrations of questionnaires was vast and this created financial constraints as regard transport fares.

c. There was unco-operative attitude amongst some of the respondents and officials of the various federal and state ministries of industry. On several occasion, I had to book appointment to see one officer or other.

d. Low response rate as regards questionnaires more over, some of the questionnaires not returned.

e. I cannot claim of insufficient literature on the topic to review but I could only review the ones which I could lay hand on.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/651/causes-of-failure-of-small

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