₦airaland Forum

Buhari, but you borrowed to buy your party's ticket.

Money from his nairaland mugus cos he can't bribe with his own money, just as his APC ticket is from his mugu banker. He never want to lose anything of his own knowing fully well he's going to fail.

Or commissioning Mikano generator in the name of power plant.

PointB:
Akpabio by miles, and with little noise.

You won't see him commissioning street lights, gutter, and 2 kilometer road!

Massive tuition hikes and deep cuts to university funding in England are driving increasing numbers of students to look for alternatives abroad. Germany, with a competitive price tag and a fast-growing selection of English-language programs, is hoping to reap the benefits for its own labor market.

Robert Chesters looks a bit depressed as he sits in a London café sipping his tea. The 21-year-old studies neuroscience at King's College London, one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the Anglophone world. It's February, and in just a few months he'll be graduating with a bachelor's degree.

"But, after that, I want to get out of England as fast as possible," he says. "I'd like to do my master's in Germany."

Not Oxford, not Cambridge, not the University of Edinburgh. Germany. And Robert is not alone. At the beginning of the year, the London office of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), a state-funded scholarship institution, reported a sharp increase in students interested in pursuing degrees in Germany. By the time the German semester starts in October, many more English students are expected to be sitting in German lecture halls.

Robert, now 22 years old, ended up in the southwestern college town of Tübingen. In just a few days, he'll be starting a master's degree in cellular and molecular neuroscience. All his lectures are in English.

"It's a good alternative," he says. "I just couldn't have afforded to study in England."

Tuition Cap Tripled

Like Robert, many English university students are finding it increasingly difficult to finance their education. The conservative-led government of Prime Minister David Cameron has made deep cuts to publicly funded universities and has dramatically increased the cap on tuition from £3,000 to £9,000 (€11,200). Many universities are asking no less this academic year. As a result, the number of British applicants last December was down by about 23,000, or nearly 8 percent -- a trend that may continue.

"Similarly, the money available for teaching master's degrees has been cut and so fees will also have to rise," says Claire Calender of the Institute of Education at London University. England is risking the reputation of its good universities, she adds. As a consequence, students are increasingly looking for alternatives abroad.

One of those is Sam Dolbear. In October, he began a doctoral degree in philosophy at the Free University of Berlin.

"I love the city and the program already, even though I just got here," he says. It was pure luck that he found out that an English-speaking degree program in Germany was even possible. "Most English have no idea. But I think that's going to change fast," he said. "From an English perspective, the German university system really has a lot to offer."

Potential Benefits to German Economy

The Free University has long been gathering experience in English-language education. The number of British students at the university has doubled over the last five years, with a corresponding boom in the number of courses offered in English. And it's no fluke. The website studyportals.eu, which offers prospective students a comparison of different university degrees across Europe, reported that Germany experienced Europe's largest growth in English-language master's courses over the last two years. There are now about 650.

Technical and natural-science programs in Germany are particularly popular. Engineers have their pick from among roughly 200 English-language programs across the country. And they are not the only ones who stand to benefit -- experts see potential for the German economy, as well.

"The interest in our firms among English students is big," says Lars Funk of the Association of German Engineers (VDI). "And the current labor shortage in Germany could inflict lasting damage."

Robert Chesters says he could imagine staying in Germany to work. But, for now, he's got bigger problems to worry about, such as opening a German bank account. In any case, that account is likely to be under considerably less financial pressure in Tübingen than in London. And it turns out the city's not so bad.

"I felt at home right away," he says.

http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/high-university-tuition-in-england-leads-students-to-germany-a-859447.html

kvolander: Hello everyone,

Please,does anyone know the best Nigerian University for Masters degree in Process Engineering?

only unilag offers dat.

cedaraustine: plz i'd lik 2 knw d major difference btw chemical and process engr..tried google buh couldn't get a clear msg..plz enlighten me mor..

This might help:

Process Engineering can also be called Chemical Engineering since it utilizes the basic chemical engineering fundamentals of:

Equilibrium
Thermodynamics
Mass and energy transfer
Material balance and energy balance
Economic balance

The process engineer utilizes Equilibrium to determine the vapor-liquid phase distribution in the various parts of a plant. He uses Thermodynamics for determining the availability of and predicting the energy and other properties of the substances he is processing, usually with a minimum amount of experimental data. He makes use of Mass and Energy Transfer extensively in his calculations of the many unit operations he performs. The Mass and Energy Balance principles are then used to develop the process specifications covering the overall plant design. The Economic Balance is utilized many times during and after completion of the design to determine the feasibility of operations, for evaluation of the design of heat exchangers and for energy recovery and the degree of distillation requirements.
One additional fundamental should be the “Judgment Balance”, since none of the other engineering disciplines make so much use of empiricism and trial and error methods. Many of process calculations are not completely rigorous, such as fractionator sizing, and judgment must be applied to the final answer.
Process engineering also makes use of most of the standard chemical engineering Unit Operations such as:

Fluid flow
Heat transfer
Distillation
Evaporation
Absorption and Adsorption
Extraction
Drying
Filtration

The process design engineer deals also with most of the Chemical Processes which involves many forms of chemical reaction, including:

Oxidation
Reduction,
Combustion
Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation
Isomerization, Alkylation and Dealkylation
Hydrolysis, etc.

The various phases or steps in the process engineering design of a plant are as follows:

Establish the design basis
Develop schematic flow diagram
Develop mass balance
Use V/L equilibrium for phase conditions
Make recycle calculations
Make fractionation equilibrium
Develop energy balance
Determine fractionator, and extractor internal loadings and the size of the vessels.
Develop a comprehensive process flow diagram and controls.
Issue the process design to project engineering.

Basic Fundamentals of Design

Calculable
Material balance
Energy balance
Heat and mass transfer
Equilibrium
Variable
Economic
Operational
Safety
Environmental
Judgment

Design Steps

Process Concerns
Establish basis of design
Develop schematic flow
Develop mass balance
Calculate vapor/liquid (V/L) phase conditions
Calculate mass transfer devices
Develop energy balance
Calculate vessel V/L loadings
Develop process flow diagram
Equipment Definition Concerns
Establish unit hydraulics
Establish metallurgy
Define mechanical equipment
Heat exchangers
Rotating equipment
Vessels/piping
Instruments
Construct piping and instrument diagram (P&ID)
Reference use of standard specifications & drawings
Prepare cost estimate

The Typical Design Package Contents:

Basic Engineering Design Data
Process Information
Mol balance
Heat and weight balance
Process flow diagram
General equipment summaries
Project Specifications
Specific equipment specifications
Metallurgy for equipment and piping
P&I diagram
Standard specifications and drawings

kvolander: Great Process Engineers.
Experienced Process Engineers, PLEASE, HELP ME OUT!!!

I wish to find out the prospects of working as a Process Engineer on an As-Built Documentation(field verification and reviews of P&IDs)of LNG facilities.

Please, bear in mind that I don't have the experience in Conceptual,FEED, and Detailed Design but I have an excellent experience in interpreting Process Engineering Flow Schemes (PEFS) or P&IDs and Line Diagrams as I am currently working as a contract process engineer in NLNG. Also,my past experiences(3years) before this job were not in the engineering field but I have Bachelors and Masters in Engineering.

I am currently studying materials on (Conceptual,FEED, and Detailed Design) to make up for the process design knowledge inadequacies but will like to find out if any EPC OR OPERATOR company will accept someone with ONLY Field verification experience.

Please, what else can I do to boost my chances of clinching a Process Engineer job which would involve Conceptual,FEED & Detailed Design since I do not have the basic design experience?

My current job is only field verification of Process Engineering Flow Schemes (PEFS) or P&IDs for As-Built Documentation for all the 6 Trains of NLNG.

Your advice would be appreciated.

This might help
Q What documentation needs to be prepared as part of the process engineer's job?

A. Most common process engineering documents during execution of any project may be as follows:

a. Basis of Design
b. Process Flow Diagrams (PFD's)
c. Heat & Mass Balance
d. Piping & Instrument Diagrams (P&ID's) also sometimes known as Process & Instrument Diagrams
e. Equipment Process Datasheets. These include but are not limited to:

i Atmospheric Storage Tanks
ii Pressure Vessels
iii Distillation Columns
iv Heat Exchangers
v Pumps
vi Compressors
vii Filters
viii Dryers
ix Reaction Vessels (Reactors)
x Agitators
xi Package Units (e.g. Nitrogen Generation Plants, Fired Heaters/furnaces, Compressed Air plants, Steam Boiler Plants, Water Treatment Plant etc.)

f. Process Datasheets for Instruments

i Pressure Measurement Instruments
ii Temperature Measurement Instruments
iii Flow Measurement Instruments
iv Level Measurement Instruments
v Control Valves (Pressure, Temperature, Flow, Level)
vi Automatic On-Off Valves
vii Safety Valves
viii Analytical Instruments (e.g. Moisture Analyzer, pH analyzer, Viscosity Analyzer, Gas/Liquid Chromatographs, Specific Gravity analyzers, Oxygen Analyzers, Calorimeters, Gas Analyzers)

g. Process datasheets for piping equipment

i Strainers
ii Traps (Steam, Moisture)
iii Special Valves
iv Inline sampling devices
v Piping Injection Devices
vi Special pipe fittings (spray nozzles, eductor devices

h. Equipment List (major equipment)
i. Line List
j Electrical Load List
k. Operation, Control & Safeguarding Philosophy
l. Hazard & Operability Studies (HAZOP) Review and Closeout Report


Q. When can process engineering be started?


A. Process engineering can be started based on one or more of the following:

a. Process description which normally would include the process chemistry, unit or plant design capacity, major unit operations involved
b. Drawings / documents related to existing plant / unit where the scope of work involves revamp or debottlenecking
c. Concept report which gives broad outline for various process routes to be adopted for manufacturing a particular chemical(s).

Q. What are the tools required to do process engineering?

A. Well, to start with you definitely need your scientific calculator. Other than that, a wide variety of tools can be employed to go about your task of process engineering.

Listed below are a few of them:



a. Graph sheets for hand calculations and drawing sketches. Many old-timers still use A4 or letter size graph paper for doing heat and mass balance & sizing calculations for the various unit operations of the plant/unit in question.
b. Using Microsoft Excel® for tables, sketches, graphs and calculations. This is one of the most widely practiced and popular way of doing process engineering in today's world.
c. Using specialized process engineering software for generating PFD's, P&ID's, heat and mass balance calculations, pump hydraulics, equipment sizing, line sizing etc. Some of the most widely used software for doing process engineering calculations and drawings are:

i HYSYS by "AspenTech" for heat & mass balance and equipment sizing / rating
ii PIPESIM by "Schlumberger" for steady state simulation of multiphase pipeline flow
iii PIPEPHASE by "Simulation Sciences" for steady state simulation of multiphase pipeline flow
iv OLGA by "Scandpower" for steady state and transient simulation of multiphase pipeline flow
v CHEMCAD by "Chemstations" for heat and mass balance and equipment sizing / rating
vi AUTOCAD by "Autodesk" for generation of PFD's & P&ID's

Other than the above mentioned software there are numerous other software available which may be used for process design. Many clients or operating companies specify the software to be used for process design when a project is executed for them by an engineering consultant. In such cases the engineering consultant may require to purchase or lease the software for performing the engineering. Unlicensed or pirated versions of software are not acceptable to most clients and their usage is considered as unethical. All good engineering / consulting companies follow certain self-imposed codes and guidelines for preventing and discouraging unethical business practices including usage of pirated software.

joey4jo: True talk, but some places more than others. You got to consider safety. What's the point if there's a high possibility you wouldn't finish alive. Get my point!?

Myself studied in germany, racism there is not just as people think. Racism is everywhere. Meanwhile a lot of German universities offer M.sc Mechatronics in English language(some tuition free while others charge as low as 500euros per semester)

@valacious
mayb i can be of little help to you if your considering of doing ur m.sc in process engr. or petroleum engr in germany. i jst concluded my m.sc in process engr there. many of their uni. is tuition free, but the problem is most of them require toelf and gre, and also the application deadlines for the next session has passed.

@kashif,
Pls, pls & pls, i am still waiting for the prince2 material.
pls can u send it to me. I have waited so long.
my email is udokasy@yahoo.com
Thanks.

@kashif
pls also forward to me the prince2 manual to
udokasy@yahoo.com
Thanks.