DEFINITION
Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that
usually results in mental retardation, a
characteristic facial appearance and other
physical abnormalities.
DESCRIPTION
Down Syndrome can be caused by several
different chromosomal abnormalities.
Chromosomes are the structures that contain
genes or DNA and humans normally have 23 pairs
of chromosomes (one pair that initially came
from the female parent and one pair that initially
came from the male parent). About 95% of people
with Down Syndrome have an extra copy of
chromosome number 21. Newborns with Down
Syndrome are usually placid, cry rarely, have low
muscle tone and may have extra skin around their
neck. Other physical characteristics of Down
Syndrome include an upward and outward slant of
the eyes; flattened and low-set ears; a flatness of
the face and short arms and legs. Some children
with Down Syndrome are born with heart
abnormalities and all people with this condition
are at an increased risk of developing thyroid,
hearing and visual problems. In addition, there is
an accelerated ageing process in people with
Down Syndrome that is a result of a reduced
ability to repair damage to cells and DNA. Down
Syndrome children develop slowly, both mentally
and physically, compared to other children. For
example, they may learn to crawl and walk later.
However, although they are often limited in terms
of intelligence, they can develop a wide range of
skills and knowledge.
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