Male infertility is the inability to cause a pregnancy. Male infertility is often due to low sperm count.


CAUSES

1- DNA damage


2- Tobacco smoking: Smoking tobacco increases intake of cadmium, because the tobacco plant absorbs the metal. Cadmium, being chemically similar to zinc, may replace zinc in the DNA polymerase, which plays a critical role in sperm production. Zinc replaced by cadmium in DNA polymerase can be particularly damaging to the testes.

(Male smokers also have approximately 30% higher odds of infertility).


3- Drugs: such as cimetidine, spironolactone, anabolic steroids, sulfasalazine and nitrofurantoin e.t.c


4- Untreated coeliac disease which will lead to Hypogonadism( is a term which describes a diminished functional activity of the gonads), hyperprolactinaemia(is the presence of abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. It is associated with lactation and plays a vital role in breast development during pregnancy. It leads to hypogonadism , infertility and erectile dysfunction in men).


5- strenuous riding ( horse or bicycle)


6- Obesity: obesity increases the risk of hypogonadism.


7- Testicular cancer


8- Age


9- Radiation to the testis


10- Vas deference and ejaculatory duct blockage.


DIAGNOSIS

A semen analysis is often the first step in getting help. Blood tests may also be done to check the levels of hormones that control sperm production. Genetic investigations and testicular biopsies are sometimes done.


PREVENTION

1- Avoiding radiation( avoid placing laptops on your lap and check where you place your phone due to the emission of radiation by this gadget)


2- Avoiding smoking  as it damages sperm DNA.


3- Avoiding heavy marijuana and alcohol use.


4- Avoiding excessive heat to the testes.


5- When participating in contact sports,use your hand, or  wear a Protective Cup and Jockstrap to protect the testicles. Sports such as Baseball,

Football , Cricket, Lacrosse , Hockey,

Softball , Paintball , Rodeo, Motorcross,

Wrestling , Soccer , Karate or other Martial Arts or any sport where a ball, foot, arm, knee or bat can come into contact with the groin.


TREATMENTS

Testicular-based male infertility tends to be resistant to medication. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) a form of invitro fertilization (IVF), is particularly helpful for men with this kind of infertility( poor sperm production). Sperm are collected from the semen or removed carefully from the testis or epididymis. ICSI can achieve pregnancies even when only a few sperm are produced.

As for IVF, after fertilisation the resulting embryos are then placed into the woman’s uterus.


HORMONAL THERAPY: Administration of luteinizing hormone (LH) (or human chorionic gonadotropin ) and
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is very effective in the treatment of male infertility due to hypogonadotropic hypohypogonadism.

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