South Africa refuses to let go of its nuclear explosives

By MyBroadbandMarch 22, 20153 Comments

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The Centre for Public Integrity, a US-based non-profit investigative news organisation, has published a report which says that South Africa has enough nuclear explosives to fuel half-a-dozen bombs.

According to the report, the nuclear explosives are locked in a former silver vault at the Pelindaba Nuclear Research Centre close to the Hartbeespoort Dam.

Pelindaba is operated by The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, and was were South Africa’s atomic weapons under apartheid were developed, built, and stored.

These explosives were created by the apartheid government as part of its nuclear weapons programme. According to a report by Marcus Duvenhage, South Africa had six nuclear devices, and was busy constructing a seventh, by the time the programme stopped.

South Africa ended its nuclear weapons programme in 1989, and these weapons were dismantled.

However, the highly-enriched uranium fuel was extracted, melted down, and cast into ingots.

The report states that roughly 220kg of this fuel remains, and that South Africa is “keeping a tight grip on it”.

This weapons-grade nuclear fuel means South Africa can easily become a nuclear state again. However, the biggest concern to the United States is that it will be stolen by militants and used in a terrorist attack.

According to U.S. officials and experts, South Africa’s nuclear explosives are among the most vulnerable in the world to theft by terrorists.

U.S. officials further argue that South Africa has no clear rationale for holding its nuclear explosive materials, because it no longer needs them to make medical isotopes.

The Centre for Public Integrity said that US President Barack Obama twice directly asked the South African president to relinquish this weapons-grade uranium. However, the SA president did not oblige.

The full report is available here: South Africa rebuffs repeated U.S. demands that it relinquish its nuclear explosives

Dismantling of SA’s atomic bombs

In a 2012 interview former SA president FW De Klerk said that soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall they decided to announce the dismantling of South Africa’s atomic bombs.

“We announced as soon as possible that we had broken those [nuclear] bombs down, [and] that we could account for every milli-milli-milli-milligram of material,” said de Klerk.

He added that they “would open all facilities to full inspection by the International Atomic Agency, and that is exactly what we did.”



Facts about South Africa’s nuclear weapons programme

While details about South Africa’s nuclear programme remains sketchy, there are some facts which are interesting.

Most of these are quoted from the Wikipedia article “South Africa and weapons of mass destruction”.
•South Africa’s plans to develop nuclear weapons began in 1948 after giving commission to the South African Atomic Energy Corporation (SAAEC).
•South Africa gained sufficient experience with the nuclear technology to capitalise on the promotion of the U.S. government’s Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE) programme.
•In 1971, South African minister of mines Carl de Wet gave approval of the country’s PNE programme. The date when the South African PNE programme transformed into a weapons programme is not known.
•The South African Atomic Energy Board (AEB) selected a test site in the Kalahari Desert. Two test shafts were completed in 1976 and 1977. However, when the test site was exposed by Soviet and Western governments, its immediate shutdown was ordered.
•In September 1979, a US satellite detected a double flash over the Indian Ocean that was suspected, but never confirmed, to be a nuclear test. In 1997, South African Deputy Foreign Minister Aziz Pahad stated that South Africa had conducted a test, but later retracted his statement.
•The South African Defence Force (SADF) investigated aircraft and missile-based delivery systems. The missiles were to be based on the RSA-3 and RSA-4 launchers that had already been built and tested for the South African space programme.
•South Africa ended its nuclear weapons programme in 1989. All the bombs – six constructed and one under construction – were dismantled.
•On 19 August 1994, after completing its inspection, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) confirmed that one partially completed and six fully completed nuclear weapons had been dismantled.

A full timeline of South Africa’s nuclear programme is provided below.



Timeline of South African nuclear weapons programme



Year

Activity



1950s and 1960s

Scientific work on the feasibility of peaceful nuclear explosives and support to nuclear power production efforts



1969

Atomic Energy Board forms group to evaluate technical and economic aspects of nuclear explosives



1970

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) releases report identifying uses for nuclear explosives



1971

R& approval granted for “peaceful use of nuclear explosives”



1973

AEC prioritises work on a gun-type design



1974

Work on a nuclear device and the Vastrap test site are authorised



1977

AEC completes bomb assembly for “cold” test



1978

First HEU produced; Armscor assumes control of weapons programme



1979

Vela Incident; First bomb with HEU core produced by AEC



1982

First deliverable bomb built; work on weapons safety



1985

Three-phase nuclear strategy reviewed



1987

First production bomb built



1988

Armscor prepares Vastrap for a nuclear test



1989

Nuclear weapons dismantled



1991

Accedes to NPT


Photos of South Africa’s nuclear progamme

Building 5000 at Pelindaba was the critical assembly facility, where the first experimental nuclear weapon designs were assembled.


Building 5000 at Pelindaba

A new dedicated Armscor facility for the development and manufacture of nuclear weapons was constructed 15km east of the Pelindaba facility near Pretoria. This new nuclear weapon development site was called the Kentron Circle facility, but was later renamed Advena.


Advena Central Laboratory


Entrance to the bomb storage building at Advena.


Nuclear weapons storage lockers


The weapon storage lockers used for storing the actual assembled nuclear weapons at Advena.

The following casings were made for the atomic bombs and stored at Advena.

These are probably unused casings for new bombs, since the Chicago Tribune reported on 2 May 1999 that pieces of the casings of the actual atomic bombs were beaten into miniature, ornamental plowshares, “suitable as gifts for inspectors of the International Atomic Energy Agency”.


Spare bomb casings from South Africa nuclear weapon programme


Casings made for the atomic bombs


RSA-3 3 stage LEO rocket

From 1975 to 1977 two test shafts measuring 216 and 385 meters deep were drilled at the Vastrap testing range north of Upington in the Kalahari Desert for conducting nuclear tests.

A fully instrumented cold test of the feasibility demonstrator prototype with a depleted uranium core (basically a dry run for an actual nuclear test) was scheduled for August 1977.


Kalahari Vastrap nuclear test site

We will soon develope ours. Abeg who has uranium?