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THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN NIGERIA TELECOMMUNICATION

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ABSTRACT

The research on the effects of motivation on workers in the public sector with particular reference to the Nigerian Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) Enugu state was intended to determine motivation in the NITEL, Enugu.

In conducting the research therefore, references were made to source including some related literature.

Furthermore, questionnaire and interview method were extensively employed to gather the necessary data for the study. This was supported with other forms of collecting data such as personal observation. Although getting information through some of these sources was not easy, the research therefore acknowledges that there were some limitations which in one way the other affected the findings of the research.

After the collection of data, table was used to present, analyze and interprets the data. At the end some findings based on the data were made which among other things are that the NITEL, Enugu has insufficient motivational variables such as provision of housing facilities bus services for the staff e.t.c which motivates worker to perform efficiently.

Also observed was that promotion exercising in the organization lives much to be desired. Often times this is done without talking merit criteria into consideration, other consideration such as loyalty and favoritism also more promotion in the organization coup led with this there is inadequate trained men power to help achieve the objectives for which the organization was set up.

Based on the funding, recommendations were drawn including conclusions for important.


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR ( A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN THE COMMUNICATION LTD NITEL ENUGU

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Motivation of this research is the overall provision of these individual needs that spurred them to any ambition. Such need include the need for higher pay, a perspiration title a name on the office door, the acclaim of colleagues and a host of other things that gives people a reason to perform.

The federal government as well as the money amount of the corporation has introduced a lot of innovation for the effective functioning of the corporation. The former posts and Telecommunication ( P&T) and the Nigerian External Telecommunication (NET) were incorporation into one department on 1st January 1985, and by June 1985 too, the department was split into NITEL and NIPOST ( Nigeria’s postal services). These moves were to make the organizations independents and result oriented.

Again, towards improving Nigeria’s Telecommunications system, the federal government of Nigerian spent huge sums of money in order to achieve this goal in 1989 alone, the federal government allocated the sum of N20 million to the organization for the procurement of communication equipment.

Furthermore, the management in order to bring workers into the realm of policy making has introduced the system of management by objective (MBO) whereby workers could participate in decision making the federal government too, upgraded the workers by placing them on universal salary with the hope of improving their lot thereby encouraging them perform effectively.

Also in order to improve the image of the organization was before the genera, a public relations department was created in 1967 and given night state the head of public relation money (PRM) is a very senior management positions within the Nigerian Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) in it’s zonal headquarters in Enugu.

All those various measures were introduced at the NITEL in order to improve the services in the organization. Research finding indicate that own the lowest employee needs esteem and self actualization although the levels of there needs might not be the same with various individuals.

Motivation of employees in essence increases their morals there by leading to the company’s productivity.

1.2 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of motivation on workers in the Nigeria Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) Enugu.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Nigeria Telecommunication limited (NITEL) at Enugu has been facing a lot of problem. In the territorial land zonal headquarters located at Enugu, as lot of things have been missing. The cable of the corporation which were procured at way high cost mostly sought. This incessant missing of cables and some other virtual equipment which included, telephones caused a great confusion to the policy makers in the organization.

There were familiarity relations between the staff and customers the staff and customers at the corporation in such a way that same members of made demands before or after rendering services to there customers.

Many times at the Nigeria Telecommunication Limited (NITEL), Enugu, flies missed and surface later.

There was also problem of misuse of facilities available to the corporation. Some members of staff of the NITEL made free calls to their friends and relatives thereby lowering the profitability of the corporations.

Again, some beneficiaries of promotion exercise obtained it whether they were proved productive or not. Lack of space parts for the corporations machines also has militated against the functioning of NITEL. Other exodus of inexperienced employees, inadequate financial support, managerial incompetence. Some cashiers in the organization render inaccurate accounts to the organization in a bid to defraud the organizations. There are also the problems of indebt or ness to NITEL.

Some subscribers refuse to pay their bills under the pretence of non – receipt of bills. Again E. Mbonu in “sustain that the corporation is constrained by the problems of absenteeism and employee turnover on the part of the workers.

Furthermore, the expensive mature of the corporations equipment’s has added more to the existing problems. Almost all the equipment’s have been imported

Kolade (1989) stated that “it is lack of motivation on the part of management that brings inefficiency and unproductively NITEL’s strive towards meeting subscribers expectations has always been made impossible with the countless damage by those carrying out construction work along routes.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Will the moral of workers in public sector be influenced through occasional financial award?

Is the promotion of workers in public sector a means through which their effort is recognized?

Will free bus service to staff contribute to low absenteeism and early to work/

Has poor remuneration contributed to the low productivity of workers

Has inadequate infrastructural facilities hampered development of the organization?

Could the low productivity recorded in the public sectors be attributed to the lack of motivation in the organization?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The finding of this study would be useful to the managers in the NITEL and the public sector generally as a guide to the formulation of police’s relating to workers welfare.

The study would also be of much significance to the reader. The reader will be able to realize the significance of motivation in an organization and how it help to improve the productivity of workers especially in the public sector.

In case of other organization in the Nigeria a public sector this study would also help them in the formulation of strategies that will improve the welfare of their workers thereby making them more productive.

To the government generally, the study would assist them in formulating and periodically reviewing their various policies and plans especially as they effect workers in the Nigerian public sector.

DEFINITION OF TERMS MOTIVATION

The overall provision of these individual needs that spurred them to enter an organization and work effectively towards the increase of organic rational goal.

WORKER

Those who produce or transform goods and services for their own consumption and for that of others.

TRAINING

Systematic process of attributing the behaviour our employees to increase organizational goals

NEEDS

Circumstances in which something is lacking or requiring some course of action.

MANAGEMENT

The art of using men, money and material resources to achieve organizational goals.

CORPORATION

Groups of person authorized to act as in individuals for business purposes.

STAFF

Group of assistant working together under a manager or head.

TELECOMMUNICATION

Communication by cables, telegraphs, telephones, radio and televisions.

CONTINGENCY

Uncertainly occurrence.

SATISFACTORY

The action of gratifying to the full or by contending by the complete fulfillment of a desire.

DATA

Something known or assured as fact and made the basis of reasoning or it is the raw material through which we get information.

TELEGRAPHY

The art or science of constructing telegraphs.

ESTEEM NEEDS

The need that is based on real capacity, achievement and the of others.

SELF ACTUALIZATION NEED

A need to do what one is best suited for to achieve at the level of one’s hugs potential to become everything one is capable of becoming

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SUITABLE TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ICT IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS FROM THE OPINIONS OF BUSINESS EDUCATORS

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ABSTRACT

Information and communication technology [ICT] plays a vital role in the development of any nation. It has been an instrument for achieving social, economic, scientific and technological development (Adedeji, 2010). ICT has greatly influenced the education sector, especially on teaching, learning and research. The application of information and communication technology (ICT) is not only emphasized in business organizations and in industrial sector, but is an essential part of education at all levels (Allen, 2011). Information and communication technology, including computers are generally believed to make learning much easier. Information and communication technology (ICT) encompasses the use of equipment and programmes to access, retrieve, convert, store, organize, manipulate and present data and information in a more simpler way [Gray and Blads, 2005). The terminologies Information and communication technology (ICT) and information technology (IT) can be used interchangeably. Information can be seen as an “idea” conceived in the human mind, while communication is the transfer of that information from the original source to the destination where it is needed with the intention of producing a change in behaviour of the receiver. When information and communication drifts away from the orthodox, verbal and print media towards the more recent electronic media, then the concept is known as ICT. This is why Badru (2002) defined “ICT” as the science and activity of processing, storing and sending information by using computers. The author further defined communication technology as the use of hardware and software to enhance communication. In other words, there is an overlap between the function of information technology and communication technology.

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THE IMPACT OF BIO-DATA OF DRIVERS ON THE LEVEL OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN NIGERIA



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The occurrence of fatal road accidents in Nigeria is alarming. Road accidents in Nigeria overtime have witnessed an unprecedented geometric rise. This has been a major concern to both the populace and the government, this is because a lot of properties loved ones and other valuables have been lost as a result of this malady. Road accidents don’t just occur, they are caused. Given the fact that Nigeria has one of the highest road accidents rate as well as the largest number of death per 10,000 vehicles (Bala 2010), one may be prompted to believe that the level of awareness on the major causes of road traffic accidents is very low among Nigerians. On the contrary, however; Okoro (2010) has shown that Nigerians a well informed on the major causes of accidents. Accidents are defined as anything that happens by chance or anything occurring unexpectedly; Odegbami (2011). Road traffic accident is therefore an unexpected phenomenon that occurs as a result of the use of vehicles on highways. Accidents can either be fatal; it is fatal when it leads to death of the victims or minor when victims sustain serious injuries whether physical or mental. The dividing line between fatal and minor is however thin. As it has been defined, accident would scarcely give warning although careless drivers should anticipate the consequences of their recklessness. In total, accidents do not just occur but they are majorly brought about by human carelessness, recklessness or negligence. Even when the immediate cause of a road accident is traced to mechanical factor, carelessness in the form of omission to check and maintain the vehicle at the right time would have scarcely contributed. Constant checking and maintenance of the vehicles could avert and imminent accident. Road accidents also occur as a result of one of the following factors: Human factors; Vehicle factors; Road and environmental factors according to AUSTROADS (1995). Driving faster or slower than the flow of traffic-which may or may not come with the posted speed limit-has majorly been demonstrated to increase the likelihood of crashes, as shown by the Solomon Curve (OOIDA,2003).The factors of traffic accidents are drivers, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron 1999). Most traffic accidents often involve the three elements. Most road traffic accidents involve motor vehicles (Stutts and Hunter, 1999). A high proportion of road traffic accidents can be apportioned to bad roads and unsafe human acts. The drunken drivers of motor vehicles make the clearest example (Hijar et al., 2000).

1.2.STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM

The rise in the road traffic accidents in Nigeria has overtime been a cause for major concern. A lot has been said about the age grade, gender, marital status and educational qualification of victims of road traffic study, this also has led us in undertaking this research work with a view to knowing if the bio data of drivers has an effect on how they drive which will ultimately rub off on the level of road traffic accidents in Nigeria.

1.3.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The impact of bio data of drivers on the level of road accidents in Nigeria is centered on the following objectives:
To know if the victims of road traffic accidents is gender related. To know if the victims of road traffic accidents is age related. To know if there is a relationship between marital status of victims and the level of road traffic accidents in Nigeria. To know if there is a relationship between educational qualification of victims and the level of road traffic accidents in Nigeria.

1.4.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to benefit both the research and readers, for it makes for a very interesting and educational reading, since the study will attempt to make everything in detail which will attract readers and researchers. The research hypotheses and date analysis will also enable organization to determine whether or not bio data of drivers has an impact on how they drive which in turn leads to the level of road traffic accidents.

1.5.SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is on the impact of bio data of drivers in relation to the level of road traffic accidents in Nigeria.

1.6.LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

A study of this nature will normally entails investigation into a variety of issues to be able to achieve a comprehensive study of the problems, a lot of constraint would be encountered in form of collection of data, lack of adequate information and scarcity of researchers infrastructures. A principal limitation of this survey is the difficulty in getting accurate information on the bio data of victims of road traffic accidents.

1.7.DEFINITION OF TERMS
Accident: an unpleasant event, especially in a vehicle, that happens unexpectedly and causes injury, death or damage. Traffic: the vehicles that are on a road at a particular time. Fatal: causing or ending in death. Malady: a serious problem or an illness. Vehicle: a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to another.

1.8. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis 1

H0: there is no relationship between the age of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

H1: there is a relationship between the age of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 2

H0: there is no relationship between the gender of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

H1: there is a relationship between the gender of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 3

H0: there is no relationship between the educational qualification of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

H1: there is a relationship between the educational qualification of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 4

H0: there is no relationship between the marital status of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

H1: there is a relationship between the marital status of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

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MATERIAL BALANCE APPLICATION FOR BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT

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ABSTRACT

The need to re-develop one of the Brown fields located in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria was necessitated by the fact that there are still three undeveloped reservoirs in the field.

A total of six stacked reservoirs, A100 to A600 (all oil bearing with associated gas) were penetrated between 8552 ftss and 10652 ftss by APV-1 well. Reservoir blocks A200 and A600 are the largest in the field accounting for 77% of the total field STOIIP. The well was completed with a Two String Multiple (TSM) on the two levels, with the short string producing from the A200 reservoir and the long string producing from the deeper A600 reservoir, A300 behind the sleeve.

The purpose of this research is to identify the best developmental plan to produce the reservoirs, either with a TSM completion or with a Smart well completion based on the economics. There are many single well fields in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria that have not been optimally produced, hence this study seeks to maximize the life of this field.

The reservoirs were simulated and production forecast carried out amounted to 14.55 MMstb for a period of 16 years.

After economic analysis was performed, the Net Present Value for the TSM and the Smart well completion were US $MM 241.9 and 248.88 respectively and an Internal Rate of Return of 155% and 202% respectively, hence the Smart well development plan is recommended.


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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BACKGROUND

Petroleum reserves are declining, and fewer noteworthy discoveries have been made in recent years (Abdus, 1990). The need to increase recovery from the vast amount of remaining oil and to compete globally require healthier reservoir management practices (Abdus et al, 1994).

However, technological developments in all areas of petroleum exploration and exploitation, along with fast increasing computing power, are providing the tools to better develop and manage reservoirs to maximize economic recovery of hydrocarbons (Abdus, 1990).

A reservoir's life begins with exploration, which leads to discovery; reservoir delineation; field development; production by primary, secondary and tertiary means; and abandonment (Figure. 1.1).

Sound reservoir management is the key to successful operation of the reservoir throughout its entire life. It is a continuous course, unlike how the baton is passed in traditional E&P organizations (Abdus et al, 1994).

Reservoir Management is all about excellence in the Operate phase of an E&P project life cycle. This is the only phase (Operate) that earns income, to provide the return on investment and it is the longest of the four (4) E & P business phases (Exploration, Appraisal, Development and Operate) spanning decades. (Shell WRM Operational Excellence, 2010).

Complete reservoir management requires the use of both human and technological resources for maximizing profits (Abdus et al, 1994). It requires good coordination of geologists, geophysicists, production, and petroleum engineers to advance petroleum exploration, development, and production. Also, technological advances and computer tools can facilitate better reservoir management as well as enhance economic recovery of hydrocarbons. Even a 11 small percent increase in recovery efficiency could amount to significant additional recovery and profit. These incentives and challenges provide the motivation to sound reservoir management. Reservoir simulation is the way by which one uses a numerical model of the geological and petrophysical characteristics of a hydrocarbon reservoir to analyze and predict fluid behavior in the reservoir over time. In its simple form, a reservoir simulation model is made up of three parts: (i) a geological model in the form of a volumetric grid with face properties that describes the given porous rock formation; (ii) a flow model that defines how fluids flow in a porous medium, typically given as a set of partial differential equations expressing conservation of mass or volumes together with suitable closure relations; and (iii) a well model that describes the flow in and out of the reservoir, including a model for flow within the well bore and any coupling to flow control devices or surface facilities (Lie, 1994).

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EFFECTS OF PARTIAL COMPLETION ON PRODUCTIVITY INDEX

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ABSTRACT

A new method for analysing productivity index (PI) on vertical wells is the main objective of this study. Well performance is often measured in terms of the well’s productivity which is dependent on a number of factors such as the reservoir’s configuration, the type of completion, petrophysical and fluid properties, formation damage, etc. The effect of partial completion is the main focus of making the productivity index analysis since almost all vertical wells are partially completed due to the reasons of water coning or gas cap issue, etc. It is also very expensive to fully complete a well especially when the formation thickness is so large.

Pressure behaviour solutions for both closed boundary and constant pressure boundary have been obtained, taking into consideration the effect of partial completion.

Productivity of a well is usually evaluated on the long time performance behaviour, thus the pseudo-steady state (late time) approach has been employed for calculation of the productivity index.

Several key factors have been tested on productivity index such as pseudo skin, shape factors, penetration ratio, reservoir drainage area and etc. The effects of these factors have been analysed on PI. Theoretical data were used in carrying out the analysis with results indicating that, productivity index increases with increasing completion interval and vice versa, whiles pressure drop due to skin as a result of restricted entry to fluid flow increases tremendously with decreasing completion interval.

Shape factors of various well positions in bounded reservoirs were computed and compared with results obtained by Dietz, and Babu and Odeh.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Well productivity is one of the major concerns in oil field development, and provides the means for oil field development strategy. Sometimes, well performance is measured in terms of productivity index. In order to arrive at the economic feasibility of drilling a well, petroleum engineers require proven and reliable methods to estimate the expected productivity of that well. Well productivity is often evaluated using the productivity index, defined as the production rate per unit pressure drawdown. Petroleum engineers often relate the well productivity evaluation to the long-time performance behaviour of a well, that is, the behaviour during pseudo-steady-state or/and steady-state flow of a closed system or/and constant pressure system respectively.

The long-term productivity of oil wells is influenced by many factors. Among these factors are petrophysical properties, fluid properties, degree of formation damage and/or stimulation, well geometry, well completions, number of fluid phases, and flow-velocity type (Darcy, non-Darcy) (Yildiz, 2003).

Depending upon the type of wellbore completion configuration, it is possible to have radial, spherical or hemispherical flow near the wellbore. A well with a limited perforated interval (partial completion) could result in spherical flow in the vicinity of the perforations as depicted in fig. 2.1. A well which only partially penetrates the pay zone, could result in hemispherical flow. These conditions could arise where coning of bottom water or gas cap becomes a serious issue (Ahmed, 2005). Figures 3.1 and 3.2 respectively depict the true picture of radial and spherical flow behaviour in a partially completed vertical well.

Partial completion is the completion of or flow from less than the entire producing interval. This situation causes a near-well flow constriction that result in a positive skin effect in a well-test analysis. The net result of partial completion yields extra pressure drop in the near wellbore region and reduces the well productivity.

The present analytical method of evaluating productivity index in vertical wells with partial completion does not account for the effect of pressure drop due to partial completion.

The purpose of this study is to develop analytical model for evaluating productivity index (P.I) of vertical wells with partial completion, where the effect of pressure drop due to partial completion is taken into account and compare results with conventional methods.

The partial differential equations were solved for both no-flow boundary and constant pressure boundary systems in Laplace and Fourier Transform domains before inversion to real time domain.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this work are to:

· Develop analytical model for pressure behaviour in closed and constant pressure boundary systems

· Develop an analytical model for evaluating productivity index of vertical wells with partial completion for both closed-boundary and constant pressure boundary systems taking into account the effect of pressure drop due to partial completion

· Calculate shape factors and compare with the existing ones and

· Investigate the factors and parameters that influence or control productivity index.

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