Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria that lives on healthy people's nose and skin. It does not usually cause problems. However, if there is a break in the skin or if a person is sick, the bacteria can infect the skin or the tissues underneath it. In severe cases, it can enter the bloodstream and cause infection elsewhere in the body. Doctors have used antibiotics to treat regular S.aureus for so long that some kinds of the bacteria have developed resistance. Infections with antibiotic-resistant S. aureus are also called methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. Once, MRSA infections were found only in patients who had spent time in a hospital. But now MRSA infections are common in otherwise healthy people who have never been treated with antibiotics and who have never spent time in a hospital (community-acquired MRSA). In addition, in the past 2 years, doctors in San Francisco and Boston have found forms of MRSA that are resistant to multiple antibiotics (multidrug-resistant MRSA). Multidrug-resistant MRSA infections were more frequent in gay men and in people with HIV infection. If MRSA is becoming less responsive to antibiotics and is spreading into the community, otherwise healthy people may develop infections that are difficult to treat. The name Staphylococcus comes from the Greek staphyle, meaning a bunch of grapes, and kokkos, meaning berry, and that is what staph bacteria look like under the microscope, like a bunch of grapes or little round berries.
Staph infections are contagious until the infection has resolved. Direct contact with an infected sore or wound, or with personal care items such as razors, bandages, etc. , are common routes of transmission. Casual contact such as kissing or hugging does not pose a great risk for transmission if there is no direct contact with the infected area.
Anyone can develop a staph infection, although certain groups of people are at greater risk, including newborn infants, ---feeding women, and people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, and lung disease. Injecting drug users, those with skin injuries or disorders, intravenous catheters, surgical incisions, and those with a weakened immune system due either to disease or a result of immune suppressing medications all have an increased risk of developing staph infections.
Skin infections caused by staph bacteria include:
Boils: The most common type of staph infection is the boil, a pocket of pus that develops in a hair follicle or oil gland. The skin over the infected area usually becomes red and swollen. If a boil breaks open, it will probably drain pus. Boils occur most often under the arms or around the groin or buttocks.
Impetigo. This contagious, often painful rash can be caused by staph bacteria. Impetigo usually features large blisters that may ooze fluid and develop a honey-colored crust.
Cellulitis. Cellulitis — an infection of the deeper layers of skin — causes skin redness and swelling on the surface of your skin. Sores (ulcers) or areas of oozing discharge may develop, too.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Toxins produced as a result of a staph infection may lead to staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Affecting mostly babies and children, this condition features fever, a rash and sometimes blisters. When the blisters break, the top layer of skin comes off — leaving a red, raw surface that looks like a burn.
Food poisoning:
Staph bacteria are one of the most common causes of food poisoning. Symptoms come on quickly, usually within hours of eating a contaminated food. Symptoms usually disappear quickly, too, often lasting just half a day.
A staph infection in food usually doesn't cause a fever. Signs and symptoms you can expect with this type of staph infection include:
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Dehydration
Low blood pressure
Septicemia:
Also known as blood poisoning, septicemia occurs when staph bacteria enter a person's bloodstream. A fever and low blood pressure are signs of septicemia. The bacteria can travel to locations deep within your body, to produce infections affecting:
Internal organs, such as your brain, heart or lungs
Bones and muscles
Surgically implanted devices, such as artificial joints or cardiac pacemakers
Toxic shock syndrome:
This life-threatening condition results from toxins produced by some strains of staph bacteria and has been linked to certain types of tampons, skin wounds and surgery. It usually develops suddenly with:
A high fever
Nausea and vomiting
A rash on your palms and soles that resembles sunburn
Confusion
Muscle aches
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Septic arthritis:
Septic arthritis is often caused by a staph infection. The bacteria often target the knees, shoulders, hips, and fingers or toes. Signs and symptoms may include:
Joint swelling
Severe pain in the affected joint
Fever
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