Hygroscopic, Deliquescent and Efflorescent Substances.

Solids that absorbs water from the atmosphere to form hydrate but not solution are hygroscopic substance. Most examples of hygroscopic substances include salts. Some examples are Zinc chloride (ZnCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

If the water is absorbed to form a solution then the substance is deliquescent. Most common examples of deliquescent substances include some salts; for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate, calcium chloride, etc. These substances can be used as desiccants.

Efflorescent substances on the other hand releases water when exposed to air. Examples include Na2SO4, 10H2O, Na2CO3, 10H2O, and FeSO4. A common example of efflorescence is drying of cement.

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