KIDNEY STONE DISEASE

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Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) develops in the urinary tract.
Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms.
If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 in) it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in severe pain in the lower back or abdomen.

A stone may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination.About half of people will have another stone within ten years.

In those who have had stones, prevention is by drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day. If this is not effective enough, thiazide diuretic, citrate, or allopurinol may be taken.
It is recommended that soft drinks containing phosphoric acid (typically colas) be avoided.
When a stone causes no symptoms, no treatment is needed.
Otherwise pain control is usually the first measure, using medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids.
Larger stones may be helped to pass with the medication tamsulosin or may require procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point in their lives.In 2015, 22.1 million cases occurred,resulting in about 16,100 deaths.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Diagram showing the typical location of renal colic, below the rib cage to just above the pelvis
The hallmark of a stone that obstructs the ureter or renal pelvis is excruciating, intermittent pain that radiates from the flank to the groin or to the inner thigh. This pain, known as renal colic, is often described as one of the strongest pain sensations known.
Renal colic caused by kidney stones is commonly accompanied by urinary urgency, restlessness, hematuria, sweating, nausea, and vomiting.
It typically comes in waves lasting 20 to 60 minutes caused by peristaltic contractions of the ureter as it attempts to expel the stone.
The embryological link between the urinary tract, the genital system, and the gastrointestinal tract is the basis of the radiation of pain to the gonads, as well as the nausea and vomiting that are also common in urolithiasis.
Postrenal azotemia and hydronephrosis can be observed following the obstruction of urine flow through one or both ureters.

Pain in the lower-left quadrant can sometimes be confused with diverticulitis because the sigmoid colon overlaps the ureter, and the exact location of the pain may be difficult to isolate due to the proximity of these two structures.

RISK FACTOR

1)Dehydration from low fluid intake is a major factor in stone formation.Obesity is a leading risk factor as well.

2)High dietary intake of animal protein,sodium, sugars including honey, refined sugars, fructose and high fructose corn syrup,oxalate, grapefruit juice, and apple juice may increase the risk of kidney stone formation.

3)Kidney stones can result from an underlying metabolic condition, such as distal renal tubular acidosis, Dent’s disease, hyperparathyroidism, primary hyperoxaluria, or medullary sponge kidney. 3–20% of people who form kidney stones have medullary sponge kidney.

5)Kidney stones are more common in people with Crohn’s disease; Crohn’s disease is associated with hyperoxaluria and malabsorption of magnesium.

6)A person with recurrent kidney stones may be screened for such disorders. This is typically done with a 24-hour urine collection. The urine is analyzed for features that promote stone formation.

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