The first solution is to wear thick socks or a few pairs of socks when you want to wear big shoes. Perhaps the simplest and most common way to adjust shoe size is to wear thick, alike crocs shoes. You can try thick socks or wool socks. You can also wear several pairs of socks on top of each other. The thicker it is, the less space there is between the shoe and the foot, and the more comfortable it becomes. This method is suitable for sneakers and boots.

It should be noted that this method is not suitable in summer and hot weather, especially if your feet are prone to sweating.
Put paper or napkin in shoes
The second solution is to place paper items such as paper, napkins, cloth, etc. in the shoes. You can put it on the front of the shoe. This can be a good way to feel when your foot is pulled forward while walking and the shoe is large at the toe. In addition, this method can be done in any situation and the question of how to tighten the shoe. This method is suitable for flat shoes and boots.

Note that this method is not suitable for sneakers and hiking shoes that are to be used for a longer period of time, as paper or napkins may damage the foot while walking.
Use foam
The third solution is to use insoles, using the right insole can both fit the shoe to the size of your foot and make you feel more comfortable while walking. Especially if you choose medical insoles. You can find the right insole in most shoe stores. This method is suitable for most shoes.