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Briquetting Industries in Nigeria: Is it worth the investment?

In Nigeria, the escalating cost of petroleum products and irregular electricity supply, makes fuel wood to become a major source of fuel for families and small-medium enterprises.

However, the use of wood as a fuel source comes with certain disadvantages: deforestation, climate change, soil erosion,
desertification, and health problems as a result of exposure to carbon emission during indoor domestic cooking. There is the
need to provide an alternative source of energy that will replace firewood. This alternative source should be economical and
affordable to rural dwellers.

Biomass for energy consists of any organic material that can be used as a fuel; including firewood, forest wastes, dung, vegetable
matter and agricultural residues. Raw agricultural residues have many disadvantages as an energy feedstock. These include:
relatively low calorific value, difficulty in controlling the rate of burning, large volume or area required for storage, and problems
in its transportation and distribution. Several of these disadvantages may be attributed to the low bulk density of agricultural
residues which can be converted into high density fuel briquettes.

Biomass briquettes are pressed materials of cylindrical, rectangular or any other shape with cross dimension that is not less than 25 mm and with the length of 100-400 mm. The typical diameter of a briquette is 60-75 mm, and its length usually is within five diameters. There are no standard sizes for this product.

Biomass for Briquettes
Briquettes can be made out of any biomass material, although the choice of feedstock can determine its heating potential as a
fuel. The available biomass resource consists primarily of [3,8]:
• Wood
• Agricultural Waste (field residues and process residues)
• Animal Manure
• Municipal Solid Waste (Household and Food Processing Wastes)
While wood from trees constitutes the greatest amount of biomass stock available and consequently the most used form of
biomass (including its use for charcoal), crop residues are also utilized and are receiving increased attention as awareness of the
un-sustainability of the wood and charcoal trades grows.

Roller briquetting machine
Roller briquetting machine is one of the commonly used biomass briquetting machine. Roller briquetting machines involve two adjacent counter-rotating rollers with indentations in the shape of the desired briquette. Powder is fed from above, which falls into the indentation and is compressed as the rollers turn. The briquette then exits the machine as a single pillow shaped lump.
Most of the largest producers of carbonized briquettes in East Africa use roller presses due to their large processing capacity.

Briquettes and their Potential
Briquettes have the potential to be a source of renewable energy if they are made from sustainably harvested biomass or waste agricultural residues. Crops grown in Nigeria such as maize, cereals, roots, cane sugar and groundnut all produce residues that are suitable for briquetting as does dried organic municipal solid waste. According to food and Agricultural Organisation Statistical Data base (AOSD), Nigeria contribute about 51% of the total food supply in West Africa which invariably indicates the quantity of agricultural wastes available to be used as Biomass for briquettes.

Why Briquette Businesses?
The cry for alternative energy source has put charcoal and fire wood fuel in the fore front in Nigeria and the Globe at large. The high demand of these products makes their prices to keep increasing substantially year after year. In contrast, Briquettes are made from materials that cost little or no money to obtain which makes them economical viable as an alternative for fuel and as a source of income. In Nigeria, the availability of crop residues from maize, cassava, millet, plantain, groundnuts, sorghum, oil palm, palm kernel, and cowpeas have been estimated at about 58million tonnes in year 2004 which is projected to about 80million tonnes in year 2010. These residues when converted to energetically usable forms can substitute or complement the fossil fuel energy sources in the country by more than 80%.

Market Opportunities
The market for briquettes are enormous in Nigeria, highest possible potential targets are restaurants and institutions such as schools and hospitals, which have need for large quantities of fuel and whose cooking requirements are suited to briquettes (as they are longer burning). Domestic markets on the other hand may look difficult to penetrate due to the lack of awareness (and acceptance) poised among household consumers. Media campaigns will be an effective way to reach consumers and promote awareness of briquettes.

A further opportunity worth exploring is fuel supply to small scale industries. Rural industries are increasingly making use of raw biomass as fuel for boilers and biomass cogeneration plants.

Local Dye industries, Groundnut oil industries in the Northern part of Nigeria use saw-dust with wood shavings, used engine oil, waste tires, wood (which they usually consider as expensive) and any other combustible material they can lay their hands on not considering the health effect and environmental pollution caused.

In industrialized nations, briquettes are preferred for use in biomass boilers as they offer superior and well controlled burning characteristics. Despite the extra expense of a processed fuel and the need for compatible boilers, increased attention to energy efficiency may make a case for briquettes. This is an area that requires more detailed market research and analysis.

Manual making briquettes is simple; it requires the handling of manual extruders. Very little capital is required at this level and there is abundance of raw materials from agricultural wastes and charcoal dust. It is still a good income generating activity for individuals to engage in and offers an opportunity for rural employment. Selling briquettes is often more profitable than other rural professions in places like east Africa. Chardust Ltd, Nairobi, Kenya was founded in 1999 as an alternative energy company that manufactures and sells over 2,000 tonnes of carbonised briquettes per year, mainly to poultry farms, restaurants, hotels and safari camps for space and water heating.

https://www.ijedr.org/papers/IJEDR1804019.pdf
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