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The following step, once the hypotheses have been formed, is to put them to the test in the field. This is the hypothesis testing phase, and it often entails some kind of investigation. In this context, we play with the variables. Researchers pick, assign, treat, monitor, and measure variables at random to maximize their ability to influence the outcomes of their studies. A "variable" is anything that may take on more than one value, such as an action, a state, or a quality.

A wide range of criteria, including age, gender, height, student, noise level, color, etc., are all included under this umbrella term (Aboh & Obidigbo, 1998). We will focus on the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the secondary variable for the purposes of this course. To control for in an experiment, the independent variable (IV or X) is the one that the researcher adjusts. When an experiment is conducted, the effects of a change in an independent variable are measured against changes in a dependent variable (DV or Y).

That's why it's possible to quantify the dependent variable. Extraneous variables called secondary variables (SV) are included into an experiment to muddy the results.

Students' test scores in English Literature serve as a useful case study for identifying the factors at play. Whether a person is male or female determines the independent variable. Here, this is the independent variable that may be changed. Academic achievement is the dependent variable, whereas other factors like a person's family history or intelligence may be considered independent variables. After carefully manipulating them, the researcher will reach a conclusion; based on this conclusion, he will either confirm or refute the hypothesis.

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New Hypothesis and Theory Construction

Scientists develop hypotheses by playing with different combinations of factors. If the hypothesis holds, this is consistent with the original theory; otherwise, he will need to recreate it. For instance, if the researcher accepts the null hypothesis, he or she can confidently state, "there is no difference between males and females performance on an English Literature test," while if the hypothesis is rejected, he or she may be able to develop a theory that is predicated on the observation that "there is a difference between males and females performance on an English Literature test."

New Hypothesis

After the researcher has finished developing a theory about the impact of gender on test scores in English literature, the new hypothesis may be used as the foundation for developing that theory.

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