Personal Life:

Charles Martel first married Rotrude of Treves with whom he had five children before her death in 724. These were Hiltrud, Carloman, Landrade, Auda, and Pippin the Younger. Following Rotrude's death, Charles married Swanhild, with whom he had a son Grifo. In addition to his two wives, Charles had an ongoing affair with his mistress, Ruodhaid. Their relationship produced four children, Bernard, Hieronymus, Remigius, and Ian.

Rise to Power:

By the end of 715, Charles had escaped from captivity and found support among the Austrasians. Over the next three years, Charles conducted a civil war that culminated in the Battle of Soissons against King Chilperic and the Duke of Aquitaine, Odo the Great. Victorious, Charles was able to gain recognition for his titles as mayor of the palace and duke and prince of the Franks. Over the next five years he consolidated power as well as conquered Bavaria and Alemmania. With the Frankish lands secured, Charles next began to prepare for an anticipated attack from the Muslim Umayyads to the south.

Battle of Tours:

In 721, the Umayyads first came north and were defeated by Odo at the Battle of Toulouse. Having assessed the situation in Iberia and the Umayyad attack on Aquitaine, Charles came to believe that a professional army, rather than raw conscripts, was needed to defend the realm from invasion. To raise the money necessary to build and train an army that could withstand the Muslim horsemen, Charles began seizing Church lands, earning the ire of the religious community. In 732, the Umayyads moved north again led by Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. Commanding approximately 80,000 men, he plundered Aquitaine.

As Abdul Rahman sacked Aquitaine, Odo fled north to seek aid from Charles. This was granted in exchange for Odo recognizing Charles as his overlord. Mobilizing his army, Charles moved to intercept the Umayyads. In order to avoid detection and allow Charles to select the battlefield, the approximately 30,000 Frankish troops moved over secondary roads toward the town of Tours. For the battle, Charles selected a high, wooded plain which would force the Umayyad cavalry to charge uphill. Forming a large square, his men surprised Abdul Rahman, forcing the Umayyad emir to pause for a week to consider his options.

On the seventh day, after gathering all of his forces, Abdul Rahman attacked with his Berber and Arab cavalry. In one of the few instances where medieval infantry stood up to cavalry, Charles' troops defeated repeated Umayyad attacks. As the battle waged, the Umayyads finally broke through the Frankish lines and attempted to kill Charles. He was promptly surrounded by his personal guard who repulsed the attack. As this was occurring, scouts that Charles had sent out earlier were infiltrating the Umayyad camp and freeing prisoners.

Believing that the plunder of the campaign was being stolen, a large part of the Umayyad army broke off the battle and raced to protect their camp. While attempting to stop the apparent retreat, Abdul Rahman was surrounded and killed by Frankish troops. Briefly pursued by the Franks, the Umayyad withdrawal turned into a full retreat. Charles reformed his troops expecting another attack, but to his surprise it never came as the Umayyads continued their retreat all the way to Iberia. Charles' victory at the Battle of Tours saved Western Europe from the Muslim invasions and was a turning point in European history.

Later Life:

After spending the next three years securing his eastern borders, Charles moved south to fend off an Umayyad invasion in Provence. In 736, he led a successful campaign that expelled the Umayyads from the region and for the first time integrated heavy cavalry into his formations. From 737, until his death in 741, Charles focused on the administration of his realm and expanding his influence. When he died on October 22, 741, his lands were divided between his sons Carloman and Pippin the Younger. The latter would father the next great Carolingian leader, Charlemagne.

[flash=400,400]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5itBgiz35T8?version=3&hl=en[/flash]

Like Muhammad [as] said a companion [ra] to inform the Makka pagan upon their defeating the Muslims, that the dead among the Muslism are in Jannah, while the dead of the pagans are in Naar. This was in reply to them boasting that they inflicted heavy casualty on the Muslims.

That is true in the case of what happened in Europe. inchaAllah, the dead muslims will enter Jannah. the dead of the enemies of Islam will enter where they enter. those who wish for heaven, note that there are 7 heavens and no a single one of them contains Jannah.

no one should be beating his chest that the christians defeated the muslims. before this the pagans defeated the muslims. before thing, the jews or pagan rome defeated Jesus, according to the accounts in the gospels. before this, pharaoh defeated the jews. before this according to the beliefs of the jews and christians, Jacob single handedly defeated Yahweh and man when he wrestled what he wrestled. after the most recent of these, the nazis defeated the jews.

whats the current score? which group is leading? which group will be successful at the end; on the day of Judgment? By Allah it will be the Muslims inchaAllah.

Allah says the party of Allah is the party that is the successful.
Allah says the believers in Islamic monotheism is the victorious party.

no one should be beating his chest that the christians defeated the muslims. before this the pagans defeated the muslims. before thing, the jews or pagan rome defeated Jesus, according to the accounts in the gospels. before this, pharaoh defeated the jews. before this according to the beliefs of the jews and christians, Jacob single handedly defeated Yahweh and man when he wrestled what he wrestled. after the most recent of these, the nazis defeated the jews.

whats the current score? which group is leading? which group will be successful at the end; on the day of Judgment? By Allah it will be the Muslims inchaAllah.

Brother , now I am beginning to worry about your mental state in reference to the bolded statements !!

when one hears about this so called "hero who saved christian western europe",one would imagine that thereafter these "christian angels" lived together happily.

with all the bloodshed europe witnessed from christian europeans fighting themselves in endless war and committing massacres,if all those that were killed were to be alive today,they will curse charles martel.for surely muslim rule wherever it took place brought peace and stability to that region and importantly islam gets introduced to the people.now before anyone jumps and tell about modern times and the bloodshed in muslim countries,let me remind you that this phenomenon only started after the creation of the so called state of israel on palestinian land.before that,there was nothing like "terrorism" or "suicide bombers".the only time people then heard of suicide bombers or kamikaze was when the japanese who introduced the act attacked pearl harbour.all the violence experienced and attributed to muslims came after 1948 when the zionists declared their independence on palestinian lands and european jews were exported from europe into palestine through zionism and its terror machine.infact,the christian european wars and violence and hate did not only affect christians but also targetted the jews.the christian european intolerance of the jews in europe is even more reason why they european support foreign jews to settle in palestine and leave europe.

also,many of the terrorism and violence have being linked with western intelligence efforts to cause mayhem in muslim lands.take for instance the assasinations iranian nuclear scientists have suffered in a bid to hamper iran's peaceful nuclear drive for electricity and technological advancement.also another instance is the cross sectarian violence in post saddam iraq engineered by the american CIA to cause strife between sunni and shia muslims.they always plot to make sure muslims dont live in peace and islam is not credited with progress.they are the devils yet they pretend that they are against "terrorism".we should also not forget that the americans created al qaeda and the taliban in afghanistan to fight the soviets.

all this said (as a Shia who dislikes the Umayyads) is really not to give credit to the Umayyads who were themselves corrupt rulers in the islamic world and they were by far the worse rulers of muslims.i am only giving credit to Islam and the Muslim way of life.yet still when you compare the worse rulers of the islamic world (the umayyads) to the europeans,you find out that the europeans were by far more violent and brutal among themselves as my next post woudl clarify.

Only Muslims turn history upside down and make a major defeat of their armies into a major victory

[size=18pt]WARS FOUGHT BY CHRISTIAN EUROPEANS WHEREBY THEY MOSTLY KILLED THEMSELVES[/size]

before 19th century

Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 312
Battle of the Hellespont, 324
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
Battle of Sluys from a manuscript
Battle of Nájera, 1367
Battle of Formigny, 1450
Battle of Marignano, 1515
Siege of Narva, 1558
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, 1572
Siege of Breda, 1624
Action at La Hogue, 1692
Battle of Denain, 1712
Battle of Fontenoy. 1745
Great Siege of Gibraltar, 1779-83
Battle of Marengo, 180069 Year of the Four Emperors
193 Year of the Five Emperors
238 Year of the Six Emperors
284-285 Roman civil war
306-324 Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy
350-351 Roman civil war
360-361 Roman civil war
387-388 Roman civil war
394 Roman civil war of 394 AD
535-554 Gothic War
582-602 Maurice's Balkan campaigns
~600-793 Frisian-Frankish Wars
680–1355 Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
711-718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania
715-718 Frankish Civil War (715–718)
722-1492 Reconquista
772-804 Saxon Wars
839-1330 Bulgarian–Serbian Wars
~997-1445 Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
1015-1016 Pisan–Genoese expeditions to Sardinia
1050-1185 Byzantine–Norman wars
1066-1088 Norman conquest of England
1169 Norman invasion of Ireland
1185-1204 Uprising of Asen and Peter
1208-1227 Conquest of Estonia
1209-1229 Albigensian Crusade
1220-1264 The Age of the Sturlungs
1223-1241 Mongol invasion of Europe
1256-1381 Venetian–Genoese Wars
1277-1280 Uprising of Ivaylo
1282-1302 War of the Sicilian Vespers
1296-1357 Wars of Scottish Independence
1321-1328 Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
1323-1328 Peasant revolt in Flanders
1326-1332 Polish–Teutonic War
1337-1453 Hundred Years' War
1340-1392 Galicia–Volhynia Wars
1340-1396 Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars
1341-1347 Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
1342-1350 Zealot's Rebellion
1343-1345 St. George's Night Uprising
1356-1358 Jacquerie
1366-1369 Castilian Civil War
1366-1526 Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
1371-1381 War of Chioggia
1373-1379 Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379
1381 Peasants' Revolt
1382 Harelle and Maillotins Revolt
1409-1411 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
1414 Hunger War
1419-1434 Hussite Wars
1422 Gollub War
1425-1454 Wars in Lombardy
1431-1435 Polish–Teutonic War
1437 Budai Nagy Antal Revolt
1438-1556 Russo-Kazan Wars
1440-1446 Old Zürich War
1443-1444 Long campaign
1447-1448 Albanian–Venetian War
1449-1450 First Margrave War
1451-1455 Navarrese Civil War
1454-1466 Thirteen Years' War
1455-1487 Wars of the Roses
1462-1485 Rebellion of the Remences
1462-1472 Catalonian Civil War
1466-1469 Irmandiño Wars
1467-1479 War of the Priests
1468 Waldshut War
1470-1471 Dano-Swedish War
1475-1479 War of the Castilian Succession
1478 Carinthian peasant revolt
1482-1484 War of Ferrara
1495-1497 Russo-Swedish War
1497 Cornish Rebellion of 1497
1499 Swabian War
1494-1498 Italian War of 1494–1498
1499-1504 Italian War of 1499–1504
1508-1516 War of the League of Cambrai
1514 Poor Conrad's Rebellion
1514 Dózsa rebellion
1515 Slovenian peasant revolt
1519-1521 Polish–Teutonic War
1520-1521 Revolt of the Comuneros
1521-1523 Revolt of the Brotherhoods
1521-1523 Swedish War of Liberation
1522-1523 Knights' Revolt
1522–1559 Habsburg-Valois Wars
1524-1525 Peasants' War
1529 First War of Kappel
1531 Second War of Kappel
1534-1536 Count's Feud
1536-1537 Pilgrimage of Grace
1540 Salt War
1542-1543 Dacke War
1543-1550 The Rough Wooing
1546-1547 Schmalkaldic War
1549 Kett's Rebellion
1549 Prayer Book Rebellion
1552-1555 Second Margrave War
1554 Wyatt's rebellion
1554-1557 Russo-Swedish War
1558-1583 Livonian War
1562-1598 French Wars of Religion
1563-1570 Northern Seven Years' War
1568-1570 Morisco Revolt
1568–1648 Eighty Years' War
1573 Croatian–Slovenian peasant revolt
1580-1583 War of the Portuguese Succession
1585-1604 Anglo-Spanish War (1585)
1587-1588 War of the Polish Succession
1590-1595 Russo-Swedish War
1593-1606 Long War
1593-1617 Moldavian Magnate Wars
1594-1603 Nine Years War (Ireland)
1596-1597 Cudgel War
1605-1618 Polish–Muscovite War
1606-1607 Bolotnikov Rebellion
1610-1617 Ingrian War
1611-1613 Kalmar War
1615-1618 Uskok War
1618–1648 Thirty Years' War
1620-1621 Polish–Ottoman War
1632-1634 Smolensk War
1638 Ostrzanin Uprising
1639-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1640-1688 Portuguese Restoration War
1642–1651 English Civil War
1651 Kostka-Napierski Uprising
1652-1674 Anglo-Dutch Wars
1653 Swiss peasant war of 1653
1654-1667 Russo-Polish War
1655-1660 Second Northern War
1656 War of Villmergen
1663-1664 Austro-Turkish War
1667–1668 War of Devolution
1670-1671 Razin's Rebellion
1672-1678 Franco-Dutch War
1679 Covenanter Rebellion
1683–1699 Great Turkish War
1685 Monmouth Rebellion
1688-1697 War of the League of Augsburg
1700–1721 Great Northern War
1701–1713 War of the Spanish Succession
1703-1711 Rákóczi's War for Independence
1707-1708 Bulavin Rebellion
1712 Toggenburg war
1714-1718 Ottoman–Venetian War
1715-1716 Jacobite Rising of 1715
1716-1718 Austro-Turkish War
1718-1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance
1727-1729 Anglo-Spanish War
1733-1738 War of the Polish Succession
1735-1739 Russo-Turkish War
1737-1739 Austro-Turkish War
1740–1748 War of the Austrian Succession
1741-1743 Russo-Swedish War
1745-1746 Jacobite Rising of 1745
1756–1763 Seven Years' War
1763-1864 Russian–Circassian War
1768-1772 War of the Bar Confederation
1768-1774 Russo-Turkish War
1770 Orlov Revolt
1774-1775 Pugachev's Rebellion
1775-1782 American Revolutionary War (European theatre)
1778-1779 War of the Bavarian Succession
1787-1791 Austro-Turkish War
1787-1792 Russo-Turkish War
1790 Saxon Peasants' Revolt
1792 Polish–Russian War of 1792
1792–1802 French Revolutionary Wars
1794 Kościuszko Uprising
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798

19th century

Napoléon at the Battle of Austerlitz, by François Pascal Simon, Baron Gérard
Battle of Akhalzic (1828), by January Suchodolski
Napoleon III at the Battle of Solferino by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier. Oil on canvas, 1863.
'The Sea Battle of Lissa by Carl Frederik Sørensen, 1868.1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars
1804-1813 First Serbian Uprising
1815-1817 Second Serbian Uprising
1817-1864 Russian conquest of the Caucasus
1821-1832 Greek War of Independence
1821 Wallachian uprising of 1821
1823 French invasion of Spain
1826-1828 Russo-Persian War
1828-1829 Russo-Turkish War
1828-1834 Liberal Wars
1830 Ten Days Campaign (following the Belgian Revolt)
1830-1831 November Uprising
1831-1832 Great Bosnian uprising
1833-1839 First Carlist War
1833-1839 Albanian Revolts of 1833–1839
1843-1844 Albanian Revolt of 1843–1844
1846 Galician slaughter
1846-1849 Second Carlist War
1847 Albanian Revolt of 1847
1847 Sonderbund War
1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
1848-1851 First Schleswig War
1848–1866 Wars of Italian Independence
1848–1849 First Italian Independence War
1859 Second Italian War of Independence
1866 Third Italian War of Independence
1854 Epirus Revolt of 1854
1854–1856 Crimean War
1858 Mahtra War
1863-1864 January Uprising
1864 Second Schleswig War
1864 January Uprising
1866 Austro-Prussian War
1866-1869 Cretan Revolt
1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War
1872-1876 Third Carlist War
1873-1874 Cantonal Revolution
1877–1878 Russo–Turkish War
1878 Epirus Revolt of 1878
1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War
1893–1896 Cod War of 1893
1897 Greco–Turkish War

1900-1945

Explosion of the Hawthorn Ridge mine, 1 July 1916, marked the beginning of the Battle of the Somme.
Republican International Brigadiers at the Battle of Belchite
German Stuka dive bombers in the Eastern Front (World War II)
A Soviet IS-2 tank in Leipzig during the East Germany Uprising
UN troops on their way up "Sniper Alley" in Sarajevo during the Bosnian War
A Russian helicopter downed by Chechen militants, during the First Chechen War
The Russian Army's Vostok Battalion in South Ossetia.1910 Albanian Revolt of 1910
1911-1912 Italo-Turkish War
1912–1913 Balkan Wars
1912-1913 First Balkan War
1913 Second Balkan War
1914 Peasant Revolt in Albania
1914–1918 World War I
1916 Easter Rising
1917–1921 Russian Civil War
1918 Finnish Civil War
1918 Polish-Czech war for Teschen Silesia
1918–1919 Polish-Ukrainian War
1918–1919 Greater Poland Uprising
1918–1920 Estonian Liberation War
1918-1920 Latvian War of Independence
1919 Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919
1919-1922 Greco-Turkish War
1919-1923 Turkish War of Independence
1919–1920 Czechoslovakia-Hungary War
1919–1921 Silesian Uprisings
1919–1921 Polish-Soviet War
1919–1921 Anglo-Irish War
1920 Polish-Lithuanian War
1921 Uprising in West Hungary
1922–1923 Irish Civil War
1934 Asturian miners' strike of 1934
1936–1939 Spanish Civil War
1939 Slovak-Hungarian War
1939 Occupation of Zakarpattia Oblast by Hungary
1939–1945 World War II
1939 Soviet invasion of Poland
1939-1940 Winter War
1940-1941Greco-Italian War
1941-1945 Soviet-German war
1941-1944 Continuation War
1944 Slovak National Uprising

1945-1989

1945-1949 Greek Civil War
1953 Uprising in East Germany
1956 Uprising in Poznań
1956 Hungarian Revolution
1959-present Basque Conflict
1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
1968-1998 The Troubles
1970-1984 Unrest in Italy

1989-2000

1989 Romanian Revolution
1991 Ten-Day War
1991-1992 South Ossetian War of Independence
1991-1993 Georgian Civil War
1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence
1992 War of Transnistria
1992 Ossetian-Ingush conflict
1992-1993 First War in Abkhazia
1992-1995 Bosnian War
1994-1996 First Chechen War
1998-1999 Kosovo War
1998-present Republican Dissidents Conflict
1998 Second War in Abkhazia
1999 Dagestan War
1999-2009 Second Chechen War
1999-2001 Insurgency in the Preševo Valley

21st century

2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
2002 Perejil Island crisis
2004 Unrest in Kosovo
2004 Adjara crisis
2007 Civil war in Ingushetia
2008 War in South Ossetia
2009-present Insurgency in the North Caucasus

frosbel:

Only Muslims turn history upside down and make a major defeat of their armies into a major victory

and only evil christians and "turn thy other cheek pretenders" with their monsterous and infamous zionist friends boast about winning wars and destroying fellow human lives 

how shameless!!!

^^^^

You have to admit though, that ISLAM is a blood soaked demonic cult.

It has nothing to do with GOD.

You are simply slaves of SATAN that need freedom !!!

. . .apparently this thread has touched a raw nerve among some "Muslims".

At topic: I would be loath to consider Western Europe as "Christian" in 732 AD. Just as it is said of the "Holy Roman Empire". It was neither holy nor Roman nor an empire.

@LagosShia: You can list all the wars you wish. . .it proves nothing except that men will always fight wars. But answer this question: Was it Christians that killed your precious Ali? I'm sure the answer will help you to realize your delusion and perhaps help you remember all the wars fought by you so called Muslims among yourselves.

^^

Agree with you brother, it was not Christian in any sense of the word.

It was more like Pagan Catholic against Pagan Muslim.

However if the Pagan Muslims, the ALLAH Slaves had won, Most Europeans would have been wearing long beards and wearing Arab clothes by now !!

But also remember that Europe also nailed the ISLAM Caliphate into the Coffin of history !!!

All over the world Muslims are crying out for caliphate , our caliphate, but the fact is it is gone forever. They also want to return to the golden age

Not sure what golden age we are talking about here, because infidels lived as second class citizens and paid the Jizya, tax for infidels.

So Europe has always been a thorn in the flesh of ISLAM and scary enough they are waking up to the threat of ISLAM. Not sure what will happen next, but we should pray for all humble deceived Muslims worldwide for their salvation before it is too late.

frosbel:

Not sure what will happen next, but we should pray for all humble deceived Muslims worldwide for their salvation before it is too late.

^True. May our Father in Heaven grant these ones grace to know His Son.

sure

frosbel:

^^^^

You have to admit though, that ISLAM is a blood soaked demonic cult.

It has nothing to do with GOD.

You are simply slaves of SATAN that need freedom !!!

if anything is blood soaked and demonic it is the bible you flunt around as "holy" with its pages dripping blood.

Judges 21:10-12
10So the assembly sent twelve thousand fighting men with instructions to go to Jabesh Gilead and put to the sword those living there, including the women and children. 11“This is what you are to do,” they said. “Kill every male and every woman who is not a virgin.” 12They found among the people living in Jabesh Gilead four hundred young women who had never slept with a man, and they took them to the camp at Shiloh in Canaan.

1 Samuel 6:19
And he smote the men of Bethshemesh, because they had looked into the ark of the LORD, even he smote of the people fifty thousand and threescore and ten men: and the people lamented, because the LORD had smitten many of the people with a great slaughter.



"Killing Children Is Bible Miracle!":
https://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-735998.0.html

aletheia:

. . .apparently this thread has touched a raw nerve among some "Muslims".

At topic: I would be loath to consider Western Europe as "Christian" in 732 AD. Just as it is said of the "Holy Roman Empire". It was neither holy nor Roman nor an empire.

@LagosShia: You can list all the wars you wish. . .it proves nothing except that men will always fight wars. But answer this question: Was it Christians that killed your precious Ali? I'm sure the answer will help you to realize your delusion and perhaps help you remember all the wars fought by you so called Muslims among yourselves.

it does mean something.it shows you how the christian western europe as "frosbel" called it butchered themselves over the centuries in countless wars.

citing the matyrdom of Imam Ali (as) to counter me is rather blind and foolish.as a "christian" you claim to be i expect you to understand what happened more than anyone.the trio of abu sufyan,his son muawiya and his grandson yazeed are the "judases of islam".they have always being enemies to muslims and islam from the days of the Prophet (sa).can i hold christians responsible for selling Jesus and betraying him because judas pretended to be one of his disciples?

frosbel:

^^

Agree with you brother, it was not Christian in any sense of the word.

It was more like Pagan Catholic against Pagan Muslim.

However if the Pagan Muslims, the ALLAH Slaves had won, Most Europeans would have been wearing long beards and wearing Arab clothes by now !!

let people see you christians for what you really are.your jealousy of and hate for islam and muslims is heart aching for you that you'd prefer anything anywhere to Islam.but guess what?Islam in europe is well and fine because muslims are not only muslims by name.they act as muslims and practice their religion.christianity in europe is long dead and over.europe is more atheistic than christian.and if you consider the catholics too as pagans,then be sure that your type of christians are in the minority in europe and very insignificant.

frosbel:

But also remember that Europe also nailed the ISLAM Caliphate into the Coffin of history !!!

All over the world Muslims are crying out for caliphate , our caliphate, but the fact is it is gone forever. They also want to return to the golden age

Not sure what golden age we are talking about here, because infidels lived as second class citizens and paid the Jizya, tax for infidels.

So Europe has always been a thorn in the flesh of ISLAM and scary enough they are waking up to the threat of ISLAM. Not sure what will happen next, but we should pray for all humble deceived Muslims worldwide for their salvation before it is too late.

you can be sure that i as a Shia Muslim i am the least worried about the so called caliphate.imamate is what we believe in and it has both the spiritual dimension of islamic leadership and the physical dimension (caliphate).Islamic leadership belongs to the Ahlul-Bayt (as),in particular the 12 Imams of the progeny of the Prophet Muhammad (sa) and not some self-declared sultan or caliph or emir.

going back to the topic,it was Islam that nailed the christian roman empire.the countries in the levant (lebanon,syria,jordan and palestine) are majority muslim lands that were won by the muslims from the christians.the people in those lands up to this day are muslims.likewise with Egypt and Turkey whose capital Istanbul in europe mainland ("the city that abides by islam"=Istanbul) was formerly the christian byzantine capital of Constantinopole.Islam indeed brought an end to a "christian empire" which was formerly the pagan roman empire.european countries like kosovo,bosnia,albania and azerbaijan and others have muslim majority.

the jizya is a tax like any other.muslims by far pay more tax than non-muslims.muslims pay zakat and khums and give sadaqa.non-muslims are exempte from military service and only pay a tax known as jizya to the state.

talking about "waking up to the threat of islam" is rather laughable when the i think of the below threads:

"German Priest Burns Himself To Death To Protest Spread Of Islam":
https://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-551584.0.html

"Norway Christian Terrorist Motive:"to Demand Crusade Against Spread Of Islam":
https://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-719777.0.html