TUPOCRACY AS A VERITABLE WEAPON OF WAR AGAINST CORRUPTION AND INDISCIPLINE IN NIGERIA
UDOH, OKON EFFIONG PhD


A CONTRIBUTION TO:
THE ROLE OF TUPOCRACY IN NATONAL DEVELOPENT: THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE (ED) REV DR. GODWIN AKPAN AMAOWO
AUGUST, 2021
 
This study: “Tupocracy as a Veritable Weapon of War against Corruption and Indiscipline in Nigeria” is a committed attempt and a courageous scholarly audacity to interrogate and cross-examine why the bane of bad leadership, corruption and indiscipline in Nigeria’s public and private lives as well as in the country’s public and private institutions have continued to thrive in spite of efforts by successive governments – military and democratic alike to check mate them. Tupocracy, which the world has accepted as an additional/new system of government, is the measuring rod in quintessential leadership in Nigeria. This study identified the tenets of tupocracy as a weapon to fight bad leadership, corruption and indiscipline in Nigeria as it is done in other climes. The work also identified unpatriotic and untupocratic leadership as one major problems facing Nigeria as country struggling to attain socio-economic cum political development. Our major objective was to determine the extent to which bad leadership, corruption, and indiscipline have impacted and vitiated Nigeria’s character as a country and Nigerians as a people who should have ordinarily contributed to the economic development of the country. In the course of our investigation, questions were raised as to why Nigeria has remained undeveloped in spite of huge national resources which Mother Nature has blessed the country with. Adopting the Historical and Descriptive Methods of Political Enquiry, we preferred prebendalism as the most suitable theoretical framework for this study. It was found that corruption and indiscipline predates Nigeria’s independence in 1960. It was concluded that bad and corrupt leadership is the major culprit in Nigeria’s developmental efforts and thus a big clog in the wheel of progress of the country. Among other things, it was recommended that tupocracy should be adopted as the handmaid of democracy, without which democracy becomes a misnomer and a disorder.



INTRODUCTION
Nigeria is a country blessed and favoured by God and Mother Nature. There is abundance of numerous liquid and solid mineral resources in the country. There are persons, groups and institutions, who on account of peculiar gift, talent and circumstances, are empowered and destined to bring a change to the system and thereby bring advancement to Nigeria. The vast wealth – human and material resources, with which Nigeria is blessed, bestowed on her a responsibility of leadership in Africa and the black race (Achebe, 1983). Nigerian leaders who must lead by emulatable examples are the one to help her reach her target – leading the black race. Nigeria’s land, trees, weather or the abundance mineral resources, on their own, cannot lead the country to her predetermined target – change and development. It is human beings, our leaders that have that responsibility.

The countless billions of local and foreign currencies which magnanimous Providence has put into our national coffers, for the past six decades since our independence from 1960 till today 2020 (60 years), is enough to take the country to the level of economic development found in Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and India. The poor life which vast majority Nigerians live today, would not have come to be if our leaders, past and present, did not steal and salt away our commonwealth. During the Second Republic government in Nigeria (1979 – 83), Nigeria’s national wealth was squandered in uncontrolled importation of all kinds of consumer goods from all parts of the world (Achebe, 1983:3). The story is not different with the various administrations (military and civil regimes) from Tafawa Belewa’s regime in 1960 to Muhammadu Buhari’s regime in 2020. Government money meant for poverty alleviation, through the provision of social goods and services had been stolen and is still being stolen and embezzled through inflated contracts and padded national budgets (Premium Times, 2018, News Agency of Nigeria, 2019, Akinpelu, 2019). Contracts are indiscriminately awarded to “an increasing array of party loyalists” who have neither the desire nor the competence to execute the contracts (Achebe, 1983). Achebe rightly asked: “does it ever worry or disturb us that history which neither personal wealth nor power can preempt will pass terrible judgment on us, pronounce anathema on our names when we must have accomplished our betrayal and passed on (p. 3)?” We have lost the 20th century; are we bent on seeing that our youth also lose the 21st century? If we were to answer Achebe’s question, we would answer in the affirmative ‘yes’, because in 2020 (20 years into the 21st century) there is no significant sign-post telling us that the youth has not lost it.

No effort should be spared in the nation’s attempt to right our wrongs of recruiting known corrupt leaders into new roles. Tupocratic principles in the tupocrat (the tupocrat being a man/woman with integrity, uprightness, selflessness, honesty, transparency etc) would always lead one to do the right thing at all times. Such steps would allow for institutional cleansing to be effected in the fabrics of our public and private lives. Nigeria in this 21st century needs tupocrats (leaders who lead by example) in tupocratic institutions, in order to progress and develop beyond rhetorics.

Tupocratic bureaucracy/democracy (bureaucracy/democracy plus tupocracy or tupocracy in bureaucracy/democracy) is fundamental to Nigeria’s socio-economic development. Like Barak Obama said: “Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time. We are the ones we’ve been waiting for. We are the change that we seek” (Obama, 2008). As our modest contribution, let us act now by making our individual and corporate contributions to make tupocracy – leadership by positive example – work in majority of Nigerians and Nigeria’s institutions. We may not record 100% successes in all persons and institutions but it shall be a route to the “promised land” – the target. There is the likelihood that there would be some ‘odd man out’. Remember that “in every 12, there must be a Judas”, even in heaven, there was the Devil.

Bad leadership and corruption in Nigeria have been at the root why the country has not been able to implement policies and programmes which promote good governance and facilitate development due to the prevalence of both high (political) and low levels (bureaucratic) corruption (Dahida and Akangbe, 2013). All these have resulted into what Bassey, et al (2013) refers to as “the tragic story of Nigerian retrogression since its political independence” with deep concerns that in the midst of abundant resources, favourable climate and stupendous wealth from oil, the country has made little or no substantial progress in development, with ills such as stagnation, underdevelopment, poor leadership and succession crises ravaging the polity (Bassey et al., 2013; Fagbadebo, 2007; Awofeso and Odeyemi, 2014). It then becomes imperative to interrogate how leadership activities in Nigeria has influenced the current development challenges across sectors and political divisions of the country, vis a vis the harmful outcome of corrupt practices on governance, public utilities, resource endowment and how they affect development in the social, economic, institutional and political realm.

In this chapter, attempt is made to assess the impact of the phenomenon of poor leadership and corruption on the wellbeing of the country as a whole. Argument is made that from the outset of independence attainment, successive sets of the nation’s political leaders and decision makers at all levels of public life have institutionalized corrupt acts and abusive behaviour in Nigeria, and have thus severely constrained the nation’s development potentials. We have discussed the concepts of leadership, corruption, and development in different strands. A trace is then made of the challenge of corruption in Nigeria and amongst Nigerians. An appraisal of selected government administrations (civilian and military) with respect to corrupt acts is made and a synopsis of leaders and corrupt acts relating to governance and affecting development precedes summary and conclusion.

Statement of the Problem
Nigeria as a country has one major problem. Without that monstrous problem, we would have gone beyond where we are today. Without it, we should be where Malaysia, Singapore, India etc are today because economically, at a certain point in time, Nigeria and those countries were at the same level of economic development. But today, they have left us very far behind. Nigeria’s problem can be sum up in one word: “leadership”. There are other variables but the major one which has kept us down as a people, a nation, a country and a state within the comity of nations at the international level, is leadership. Leadership has denied and robbed us of political, economic, social and cultural advancement. Professor Chinua Achebe in his book: “The Trouble with Nigeria” agrees with this view. According to him, “The trouble with Nigeria is simply and squarely a failure of leadership” (Achebe, 1983:1). There is nothing basically wrong with the Nigerian character. There is nothing wrong with the Nigerian land or climate or water or anything else; leadership has been the bane of the country’s socio-economic retardation. Achebe (1983) rightly noted that “…Nigerian problem is the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to rise to the responsibility, to the challenge of personal examples which are the hallmarks of true leadership.” Awofeso and Odeyemi (2014) could not have agreed less. While writing on the impact of political leadership and corruption in Nigeria, they said: “the situation in Nigeria has been that leadership at different levels, instead of fighting it head on, has competed in corruption scales” (p. 248). They added: “Unmitigated levels of corruption and leadership crisis have also manifested in the collapse of public facilities, with funds meant for social infrastructure diverted to private ends by both appointed and elected class of public officials and their cronies”

To demonstrate how powerful a leader’s character and traits can affect the behaviour of the led, let us revisit the events of 1975. On Wednesday 30th July 1975, (that is a day following the takeover of power in Nigeria by Gen. Murtalar Mohammed), civil and public servants were on their seats in their various offices by 7.30 am - just because the new Head of State was a no nonsense man. The new ruler’s threats to deal with defaulters with “ruthlessness” was able to transform, in the course of only one night, the style and habit of Nigerians regarding their punctuality or otherwise to their duty posts. “That the character of one man could establish that type of quantum change in the people’s social behaviour was nothing less than miraculous” (Achebe 1983, 1). But then it was evident that a social miracle (change) can happen. In the final analysis, a leader’s no nonsense reputation or his/her honesty, or his/her hard work or discipline, can induce a significant change in the followership who might want to copy the character and behaviour of the leader. However, in order to effect a lasting change, this must be followed with a well thought programme of social and economic re-engineering and re-organization or at least a well conceived and consistent agenda of reform which Nigeria is in dire need of. Nigeria is not beyond change. She can change today if she discovers leaders who have the will, the ability and the vision that would engender positive change. Such persons are rare at any point in time. It is the duty of the electorate to lead the way to the discovery of such men and women and to create an atmosphere conducive to their emergence. If this conscious effort is not made, good leader, like good money, according to the economist, would be driven out by bad ones (p. 2)

Hopefully, Tupocracy will take its seat with other systems of governments like Democracy, Autocracy, Oligarchy, Aristocracy, Bureaucracy, etc. Tupocracy is a wake-up call as well as a moral guide for all leaders, whether in Religion or civil society, who need the respect, loyalty, welfare and co-operation of their followers. There is a popular saying that when we take care of our character, our reputation will take care of itself. Leaders should know that they are Mentors who should mentor followers by positive example in all walks of life. Unfortunately, in most nations one bad leader will hand over to another bad leader to sustain the vicious circle of bad leadership and its attendant unpleasant consequences. Biblical examples of Tupocrats and what they said.
1. Abraham: When there was to be a conflict between Abraham and his nephew and mentee, Lot, Abraham as a man of peace said, “Please let there be no strife between you and me, and between my herdsmen and your herdsmen; for we are brethren. Is not the whole land before you? Please separate from me. If you take the left, then I will go to the right; or, if you go to the right, then I will go to the left." (Gen 13:7-9) This is an example of making concessions to avoid conflict.
2. Joseph: Joseph was not vindictive to punish or kill his brothers who maltreated him but he forgave them and provided a safe place for them in Egypt: “Joseph said to them, Do not be afraid, for am I in the place of God? But as for you, you meant evil against me; but God meant it for good, in order to bring it about as it is this day, to save many people alive. Now therefore, do not be afraid; I will provide for you and your little ones." And he comforted them and spoke kindly to them.” (Gen 13:7-9) This is an example of non-vindictiveness and forgiveness by leaders.
3. Samuel: As a judge and prophet in Israel, Samuel was just and transparent in all things and so he said in his valedictory speech, “Now Samuel said to all Israel: "Indeed I have heeded your voice in all that you said to me, and have made a king over you. And now here is the king, walking before you; and I am old and gray headed, and look, my sons are with you. I have walked before you from my childhood to this day. Here I am. Witness against me before the Lord and before His anointed: Whose ox have I taken, or whose donkey have I taken, or whom have I cheated? Whom have I oppressed, or from whose hand have I received any bribe with which to blind my eyes? I will restore it to you." And they said, "You have not cheated us or oppressed us, nor have you taken anything from any man's hand." Then he said to them, "The Lord is witness against you, and His anointed is witness this day, that you have not found anything in my hand."(1 Sam 12:1-5). Can the contemporary leader be bold to address his citizens and staff like this, including Asset declaration?
4. Jesus Christ: The Lord Jesus Christ was exemplary in love, compassion, humility, obedience to God and the laws of the land, righteousness, forgiveness, mercy, goodness and in all good works. He said, “Do you know what I have done to you? You call Me Teacher and Lord, and you say well, for so I am. If I then, your Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another's feet. For I have given you an example, that you should do as I have done to you. Most assuredly, I say to you, a servant is not greater than his master; nor is he who is sent greater than he who sent him. If you know these things, blessed are you if you do them. (John 13:12-17): This is an example of love, humility and service to humanity which Jesus urged His disciples to emulate. There are other examples in the Bible which could follow.

Theoretical Exploration
At this juncture, our attention is directed to the review of some relevant theories that give explanatory power to this discourse. The technical (effectiveness) theory posit that an organization is technically efficient, if it is adequate for the demand made on it. What the technical theorists are saying is that efficiency of the public administrators should be measured by how well they have performed in meeting the objectives of the organization. That is, to provide and deliver essential services and goods to the public at an affordable price and at the right time. Public sector comprises of the department, ministries and others like public corporations. It is through these organizations, which makes up the public sector that government carries it activities (Akpan, 1982:13). An organization might try to be efficient but it activities – its interdependency or inter-relationship with other departments – might affect negatively or positively its efficiency. From the aforementioned theories on how efficiency in the public sector can be measured, the best of them is target theory because, embedded in it are all other theories on public sector efficiency.


Corruption in Nigeria: Historical Perspective
Corrupt practices are not issues just beginning today in our society; its history is as old as the world (Lipset & Lenz, 2000:3). Most countries around the globe are noted for their area(s) of specialization. Nigeria is best known for her corrupt practices, and this has been on for decades. The country formally came into existence about a hundred years ago and more precisely in 1914 with the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates by Lord Lugard. According to Fawole (2013:9) there was no objective criterion for the amalgamation except for the administrative convenience of the British colonialist. The Northern and Southern protectorates had little or nothing in common. From 1960 to date, the word 'corruption' has become the order of the day in every facet of our national life. No wonder that the Transparency International (TI), an organization based in Germany has consistently rated Nigeria as one of the most corrupt country over the last one decade. During the second term of Chief Olusegun Obansanjo as a civilian president, there were rays of hope, as he indicated his willingness to hold the bull by the horn and tackle the “hydra-headed'' monster called corruption, considering several institutions established to combat corruption including the Independent Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) and Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) which came into being in 2000 and 2004 respectively under the administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo to deal with untopcratic and other unethical practices in the high and low places. This is an effort which has not been sustained by subsequent civilian administrations in the country. This is why today, some school of thought believe that the EFCC is more corrupt than when it started because after Mallam Ribadu left the organisation, the institution is yet to win a case leveled against some notorious corrupt officers. The EFCC has been rendered useless by the National Assembly and it is now a toothless bulldog.

The Nature and Causes of Corruption in Nigeria
It is extremely appalling that despite the long years of independence, Nigeria, the so called “giant” of Africa is still battling with the problem of good governance. The crop of leaders that have attained leadership position since independence had in one way or the other lacked vision, most of them have been engrossed with corruption and political bickering leading to the enthronement of maladministration and mismanagement of public resources, and consequently economic setback and abject poverty as nation heritage (Lawal & Owolabi, 2012:9). Since Independence in 1960, corruption has persisted and grown enormously in variety and magnitude. Pervasive corruption endures in both the private and public sectors of the Nigeria society; however, the emphasis here is on public sector corruption which contributes more than 70% of the corruption cases in Nigeria and as well, seen as the source of heightened divide between Nigeria‘s wealth and its poverty (Abiodun, 2012:5). Ironically, Nigeria is among the countries of the world endowed with immense natural and human resources that are capable of improving socio-economic status and living standards of the citizenry; yet the reverse has always been the case. In view of this ugly trend, one begins to wonder what kind of superficial “giant” position Nigeria claims to hold in Africa, after almost fifty three (53) years of independence with nothing to show for it.
Even though no country in the world is corrupt free, corruption in the case of Nigeria has become very worrisome because she has consistently been placed among the most corrupt nations in the world. The pervasive and deep rooted nature of corruption in Nigeria is indicated by the fact that in 1996, Transparency International (TI) ranked Nigeria as the 2nd most corrupt nation among the 54 nations surveyed. In 1998, Nigeria was again ranked the 2nd most corrupt nation out of the 85 countries polled by TI. In 2001, Nigeria was ranked 90 out of 91 countries polled. By 2009, the Global Corruption Perception Index (CPI) by TI rated Nigeria 130th out of the 180 countries surveyed. For the year, 2010, Nigeria ranked 134th out of 178 countries assessed. In 2011, the TI, in its report on corruption perception, rated Nigeria as the 143 most corrupt nations out of the 183 countries surveyed (Chukwuemeka, et al, 2012; Lipset & Lenz, 2000:244; Abiodun, 2012:7). There are varieties of corruption as they manifest in Nigeria, these include: political, bureaucratic, private, public, materialistic and non-materialistic corruption, petty corruption and grand corruption, systemic and non-systemic corruption, etc (Fawole, 2013:5). Corruption and Good Governance: The Nigeria Dilemma
According to World Bank study of sub Sahara Africa (SSA), “The problem of Africa’s Development is a crisis of governance; the study affirms that because of the countervailing power that has been lacking, state officials in many countries including Nigeria have served their own interests without fear of being called to account (Lawal & Owolabi, 2012:.

Conclusion / Recommendation
Corruption is like a cankerworm that easily eats deep into the social and moral fabric of any society or nation. It is a major factor responsible for the nation’s comatose state of underdevelopment despite the abundant wealth. It is the reason why policy makers with executive immunity divert scarce public resources to uneconomic high profile projects that are detrimental to the provision of simple basic and highly essential projects like investment in education, health and other infrastructures such as good roads, portable water and power supply. The doctrine of Tupocracy should be included into our national life, and it is recommended here that any corrupt leader should be punished adequately.

References
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REV. MKPAYEN James Sam, SPSP: ChMC.
Oyo District Secretary
B. Ed. University of Ibadan
MA. University of Ibadan
Ph. D In view

By REV. MKPAYEN James Sam, SPSP: ChMC.


Introduction

In every society and community, there are certain behaviours, which are very much detested in the course of interpersonal relationships, and group behaviour. These behaviours which have moral, ethical, legal and religious implications are detested because they are inimical to proper and decent standards. The pattern of that encapsulates all this detested attitude is corruption (Omoluabi, 2007:3). Corruption is a household name in every society and the negative impact it has on the socio-economic and political setting of a country can hardly be over emphasized. Hence, there has been a global outcry and coordinated efforts to tackle this social evil through the creation and implementation of anti-graft laws and policies across nations.

Some nations have been successful in their quest to reduce the level of corruption while others are still lagging behind. In this light, Nigeria seems to be an example of a nation state that failed in combating corruption. From the common man in the street to the highest political figure, corruption is recurrent in almost every transaction in the Nigerian society. Within the last one decade, the issue of corruption and good governance has taken the centre stage in development discourse worldwide. Corruption is shaking the foundation of the nation as there is no sector that is not affected by this monster. The challenges of corruption remain a major devastating issue facing Nigeria since the colonial period, although, this phenomena has become a cankerworm that has eaten deep into the fabrics of our system (Muhammed, 2013:120).
Over the years, public sector in Nigeria has been characterized largely by ineffectiveness and inefficiency. The situation is not different in other African countries. High-level corruption has been identified as being responsible for Nigeria’s underdevelopment and growing crime rates. It is instructive to note that the Nigerian government and citizens have not totally committed themselves to introducing and implementing measures that can prevent or drastically reduce the extent and consequence of corruption in the country.

Definition of Corruption
The meaning of corruption is ubiquitous. Defining activities as “corruption” is highly subjective and, as Levi and Nelken (1996:32) point out, ‘corrupt’ acts in some countries are seen as normal elsewhere. This made it possible for scholars to define corruption in different ways. In fact, it is easy to talk about corruption, but like other complex phenomena, it is difficult to define corruption in concrete terms. It is not surprising therefore that there is often no consensus as to what exactly constitutes this concept. There is always a danger as well that several people may engage in a discussion about corruption while each is talking about a different thing completely (Obayelu, 2007:19). Ikotun (2004:24) posit that the term corruption comes from Latin word ‘rumpere’, meaning “to break”, implying that something is broken. This something might be moral or social code of conduct, more often, an administrative rule.
On his own view, Onuoha (2005:45) describes corruption as an illegal act, which involves inducement and/or undue influence of people either in the public setting or the private sphere to act contrary to the extant rules and regulations which normally guide a particular process. These definitions bring to light the extent to which corrupt practices are indulged and perpetrated. Corruption viewed from different perspectives by scholars, share some common concern. There is a general agreement among scholars that corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It hurts everyone whose life, livelihood or happiness depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority. It is a serious societal problem about which something has to be done to reduce its occurrence and prevalence (Fatile & Adejuwon, 2012:159).

Definition of Governance
Governance on the other hand has been defined as the use of political authority and exercise of control over society and the management of its resources for social and economic development. It encompasses the nature of functioning of a state's institutional and structural arrangements, decision-making processes, policy formulation, implementation capacity, information flows, effectiveness of leadership and the nature of the relationship between rulers and the ruled (Doig, 1995:154-155). Governance can also be described as the use of authority and the exercise of control over society and the management of its resources for social and economic development. It is the manner in which power is exercised by governments in the distribution of a country’s social and economic resources. The nature and manner of distribution is what makes governance
good or bad one.
Thus, according to Ogundiya (2010:238) when resources must be distributed to promote inequality or to achieve personal or group ambitions, the essence of governance which coincides with the essence of politics and essence of the state is defeated. Therefore, resources must be distributed responsibly, equitably and fairly for the realization of the essence of the state. As noted by Okeke (2010:5), governance is said to have evolved from the need to organize society towards the achievement of a common goal. An opinion worth considering is that society derives its roots from the solitary man who later got transformed into a family person to fulfil the need for socialization. Within this union, he enjoyed the love, care and company of family members and recognised their inherent and inalienable rights in order to preserve the love, harmony and cohesion within the family. Society later grew out of the family in response to the need to fulfil other higher needs and the collective satisfiers of the people, such as security, economic well-being and survival, through negotiations and the formation of social contract between the governors and the governed. Governance, therefore, concerns not just the integrity, efficiency and economy of government but also its effectiveness in terms of the ends to which government organization and activity are directed.

Good governance, therefore, refers to government that fulfils the terms of the social contract with the people. Good governance is a fundamental right in a democracy and it implies transparency and accountability. Good governance entails an administration that is sensitive and responsive to the needs of the people and is effective in coping with emerging challenges in society by framing and implementing appropriate laws and measures. It includes strict rules of accountability. Good governance largely depends on the extent to which the general citizenry perceives a government to be legitimate, i.e., committed to improving the general public welfare deliver public services and equitable in its conduct favouring no special interests or groups. It is among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective, equitable and promotes the rule of law. Good governance ensures that political, social and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voices of the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of development resources (Richardson, 2008).
Good governance however remains elusive with no limitation of scope that commands universal acceptance. The true test of good governance is the degree to which it delivers on the promise of human, civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It ensures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society and the nation at large. Governance is good when it is able to achieve the desired end of the state defined in terms of justice, equity, protection of life and property, enhanced citizens’ participation, preservation of rule of law and improved living standard of the populace (Ogundiya, 2010). There is no doubt that in Nigeria since the return to democratic rule in 1999, good governance has been elusive which many scholars believes is largely attributable to large scale level of corruption in different facets of the society and most especially the public sector.

Definition of Tupocracy
The concept “Tupocracy” was first developed in 2006 by Dr. Godwin Akpan Amawoh and popularized by the same author Dr. Amaowoh in 2007. According to Amawoh (2006) Tupocracy is a system of government involving people who lead by positive example based on transparency, integrity, altruism, patriotism and godly character which is worthy of emulation by their colleagues and followers. He aver that Tupocracy is one word for leadership by example, coined from two Greek words, tupos (example, pattern, model which is worthy of emulation) and Krateia (government, leadership, ruler-ship or administration. One of the major challenges which the world is facing today is the absence of good leadership. This has precipitated poverty, insecurity, instability, war, ethnic tensions, criminality and corruption in the land dissatisfaction and despair among the citizenry in many nations. People are looking for role models in politics, religion, civil service, the academia, business, the Private sector and even in the family but they are grossly in short supply. The answer to this dilemma is found in Tupocracy which is rightly predicated on the age-old axiom that “example is better than precept.” Based on this, the Tupocract says, “Emulate me in all things”; “Do as I do” and not “Do as I say.” He does not contradict himself or what he says as a leader by negative example in conduct, ip so facto, he is a role model. The beauty of Democracy, as a world acclaimed political doctrine, lies in Tupocracy. Dr. Amaowoh has therefore recommended Tupocracy to be adopted as the handmaid of Democracy, without which Democracy becomes “Dem all cracy”, or “Dem on cracy” meaning, “Governance by insane people.”

Origin of Tupocracy in Nigeria
Tupocracy is a socio-political culture or doctrine developed and popularized by Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh, a Nigerian Clergyman, of Assemblies of God, Nigeria, in 2006 as the brainchild of his doctoral dissertation at Nigeria’s foremost institution of higher Education, the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Faculty of the Social Sciences. The Dissertation topic was An Understanding of Tupos in Pauline Letters on the Pastoral Ministry of the Church and its implication for Contemporary society. Tupocracy as an emerging concept in leadership and governance, was recognized by the Board of Examiners with the Rev. Fr. Prof. Vincent Nyoyoko of the University of Port Harcourt as External Examiner/Chairman.

The Board scored him Distinction, being a huge contribution to knowledge and recommended that the concept be published as an acceptable political doctrine. Hence, in 2007, Dr. Amaowoh published the book, Tupocracy: Leadership by example for the Church and Civil society. Subsequent editions, including the current one (4th edition, 2018) carried the name of his PhD Supervisor, the Rev. Prof. E. N. Chinwoku (formerly Onwu) as Co-author. For inventing Tupocracy, Dr. Amaowoh was inducted into the Nigerian Books of Record, published by the Federal Ministry of Information and Culture which saw it as a big honour to Nigeria scholarship and Africa at large.

The Need and Importance of Tupocracy in Governance
Tupocracy ensures transparency, integrity and moral rectitude in governance/leadership. Governance or leadership should not be an all comer’s affair. It should be for people whose lifestyles are worthy of emulation whether they are Presidents, Governors, Legislators, Judicial Officers, Ministers, Commissioners or Chairmen of Local Government Areas, Councilors, Mayors, Police Officers, Military or Paramilitary Officers, Traditional Rulers, Heads of Schools, Captains of Industries or Religious Leaders. Tupocracy earns leaders high reputation and respect because followers have nothing against them. It will be a huge disappointment that those we address as “His Excellency”, “His Honour”, Distinguished”, “Honourable”, etc, go to jail for corrupt practices or they hide behind immunity privilege to commit heinous and atrocious crimes.

Furthermore, Tupocracy ensures equity and equality before the law because those in governance will show example in obedience to the laws of the land. So far, although leadership by example has been a household word, its impact has not been felt like Democracy and other ethical terms. With this invention, Tupocracy will become the vehicle to popularize the maxim. Thus, Tupocratic institutions will be built alongside Democratic institutions and Politicians may say in their manifestoes that they will lead tupocratically because they are Tupocrats. Wrong styles of leadership will be branded as untupocratic. One can imagine the level of sanity, peace, prosperity, security, progress and stability that will be experienced under Tupocratic governments as there will be sanity in the electoral system, awards and executions of contracts, the independence of the Judiciary, being free from manipulation by the Executive and the Legislature, etc.

Admittedly, the fight against corruption in any nation can never be won unless their leaders lead by example in all matters, namely: financial matters, award of contracts, electoral matters, patriotism and the Rule of Law. Based on transparency, Tupocracy will checkmate greed, nepotism, personal aggrandizement, ethnic chauvinism, embezzlement of public funds and injustice in the process of governance. Tupocracy will bring about the practice of the Golden Rule, “Do to others what you would want other people to do to you.” Tupocrats are leaders who justify the saying that leaders should be above board. The bane of any society is the preponderance of unscrupulous and unconscionable leaders who have thrown moral values to the winds in their leadership styles.

DEMOCRACY
It is a government by the people, for the people and of the people. The supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. This system of government leaves room for the people to choose their governing bodies.
It is a system, which allows the elected enrich themselves over time, as they make laws that favour them, manipulate financial markets to their advantage, and create or exploit economic monopolies that put more wealth into their already fat envelopes.

OLIGARCHY
Oligarchy means the government of and by a few at the top, who exercise power for their benefit. It comes from the Greek word oligarkhes, meaning “few to rule or command.” Even a democratic system can become oligarchic if power is concentrated in the hands of a few wealthy people.
An oligarchy is a power structure made up of a few elite individuals, families, or corporations that are allowed to control a country or organization.

BUREAUCRACY
Bureaucracy is a way of administratively organizing large numbers of people who need to work together. Organizations in the public and private sector, including universities and governments, rely on this system to function. The term bureaucracy literally means “rule by desks or offices,” a definition that highlights the often impersonal character of bureaucracies. Even though bureaucracy sometimes seems inefficient or wasteful, setting up a bureaucracy helps ensure that thousands of people work together in compatible ways by defining everyone’s roles within a hierarchy.

MONARCHICAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE
Monarchy is a form of government in which total sovereignty is invested in one person; a head of state called a monarch, who holds the position until death or abdication. Monarchs usually hold and achieve their position through the right of hereditary succession (e.g. the relation of the previous monarch), although there have been elective monarchies, where the monarch holds the position after being elected: the papacy is sometimes called an elective monarchy.
There have also been hereditary rulers who weren’t considered monarchs. Many monarchs have invoked religious reasons, such as being chosen by God, as justification for their rule.
Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom. The British Monarchy is known as a constitutional monarchy. This means that, while the Sovereignty lies in the Head of State, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament.
To fix the term “democracy,” which for the purpose of clarity, involves a group of people making decision to install a leader who they believe has the required qualifications for making decisions that would be favourable to the entirety of a nation; exemplary attributes most not be set aside. Some aspects of this definition should be noted.
Firstly, democracy concerns collective decision making, by which decisions are made for groups and are binding on all the members of the group. Secondly, this definition means to cover lots of different groups that fall under the jurisdiction of such decision-makers. For Nigerian democracy to practically deliver diffidence and guarantee national unity, democracy alongside Tupocracy is recommended.
For every democratic system to completely become truly democratic, leaders should practice what they preach. It is completely hypocritical for the boss of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission to be accused of the same crime which the commission fights against – Fraud/Money Laundering.
To successfully win the war against corruption, a quick re-examination of the concept of Tupocracy would reveal the vast and hollow lands that has not been cultivated: a system in which you lead by example, a system in which you lead by what you preach, a system in which the society totally depends on your actions and inactions, a socio-political doctrine where leadership is characterized by example.
The major factor threatening the pursuit of Tupocracy as a complementary system of government to attain National Unity in Nigeria is corruption. What Is Corruption? Corruption is a dishonest behaviour of siphoning public wealth and advancing one’s interests above that of the public. This dishonest act can be practised by those in positions of power, such as managers or government officials. Corruption can include giving or accepting bribes or inappropriate gifts, double-dealing, under-the-table transactions, manipulating elections, diverting funds, laundering money, and defrauding investors.
Unfortunately, corruption has eaten deep into the heart of the Nigerian society. This troubling issue needs to be addressed. Corruption is a disfiguring element in government, private organizations and other areas of national life. Children are exposed to corruption in school, family circle and even in religious places. Overcoming corruption requires a total change of outlook to life and what is considered important. The need of Tupocracy cannot be overemphasised. For a change of reasoning to attain and sustain what national unity that is desired, there is need to start practicing an exemplary lifestyle. There must be an appreciable and a corresponding change in the way of life of every leader and follower.
When parents begin to lead their children by example, religious leaders lead their members by example, heads of governments and other leaders begin to lead by their own examples, corruption, disunity and other vices would become a thing of the past that no longer has the power to plague leaders and followers alike. Nation Unity, which brings about growth and an all round development would be realized. The above changes are not exhaustive.
Having descriptively looked at the place of leadership by example; Tupocracy as a means of good governance in the actualization of collective National Unity, policymakers should build on the progress made by the invention and introduction of Tupocracy as additional system of government, by continuous to implementation of the concept of leadership by example.


REFERENCES

Amaowoh, Godwin (2018). Tupocracy: Leadership by example for church and civil society. Digital Kings Media International. P.14
Maxwell, John (2023-12-22) Leading others requires personal integrity - BIZ Journals.

Schrage, Micheal (2016-10-05) Like It or Not, You Are Always Leading by Example. Harvard Business Review

ARTICLES
Editors, History Apartheid from apartheid fighter to President and unifier
Reuters 2013-12-05
Mother Teresa: Epitome of Compassion- Matters India 2017-09-05
Newsjaunt, History and origin of Tupocracy
Post Holy Mother Teresa’s Life of Selfless devotion National Post (2010-08-23)

Proceedings of INTCESS 2020- 7th International Conference on Education and Social Sciences 20-22 January 2020 - DUBAI (UAE)
Tupos meaning in the Bible - New testament Greek Lexicon - New American standard - Bible study tools.
What Leading By Example Really Means - Kelvin Eikenberry on Leadership and Learning 2015-03-02

WEBSITES
GODWIN AMAOWOH INDUCTED INTO THE NIGERIAN BOOKS OF RECORD. www.nigerianbooksofrecord.com

How to Lead a Team Honestly and Authentically. www.mindtools.com

Mother Teresa- Learning to Give- www.learningtogive.org.

The importance of Leading by Example. Chrisnewton/www.linkedin.com

The importance of Leading by Example. Smallbusiness.com




PROFILE

Dr David David is the Director General (DG) of Nigerian Books of Record Research Centre, Abuja, the sole researcher of NIGERIAN BOOKS OF RECORD, NBR, conceived to promote, project and drive 'Change Begins With Me Campaign' of the Federal Ministry of Information and Culture, Abuja.
The centre also researches and compiles excellent records of the thirty-six states of Nigeria. Nigerian Books of Record is updated every five years and is used as reference material for students and lecturers in all the Nigerian Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges of Education. In 2018, NBR Research Centre inspired a movement to end child labour through the READS Campaign Africa.
David was born 26 December 1984 in his hometown, Akai Ubium in Nsit Ubium Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. He attended Salvation Army Schools, Akai Ubuim for his primary and secondary education respectively, before sailing out of his little community for further studies. He holds a Ph.D. in Mass Communication from the prestigious Shield of Faith University in the United States of America.
He was the Editor of Education Excellence Newspaper, Record Breakers Intl. Magazine and Record Breakers Newspaper. He was also the Editor of a Charity Journal, Healing Word and the former Editor of the Priceless Jewel, a journal that addresses social responsibility in Africa.
David is in summary a Poet, Playwright, Editor, Essayist and Novelist (PEN). A writer who wears three different writing hats; theatrical Arts, Radio and Television and has won many awards in these regards. As a poet, his poems pave ways through the minds and sub-conscious of the 21st century people, seeking redress against injustice and other social maladies that trouble the common person.
As a prolific novelist, some of David David's short stories and novels are currently in use in schools with over fifteen titles in circulation in West African States.
He is the Convener of the Nigerian Image Revolution (NIR); a coalition of pro-democracy group and individuals with a clear mandate to launder the poor international image of Nigeria through celebration of Nigeria's best, promotion of political knowledge and participation of the Nigerian citizens in governance. He is one of the few championing the cause for a new Nigeria and the reformation of the black image as a whole.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Promoting National Unity in Nigeria through TUPOCRACY is important because it holds the leader accountable to the people being led. It also encourages the masses to ask if their leader has qualities worthy of emulation. For a sustainable National Unity, Tupocracy is equally important during elections as it helps the masses decide excellent leaders. Tupocracy as a system of Government promises to implement comprehensive reforms, designed to improve the accessibility, affordability, and quality of our National Unity irrespective of tribe and religion.

OBJECTIVES: To review the factors influencing the decision to pursue Tupocracy as a complementary concept of governance and summarize the evidence on the effects of not leading by example, in addition to the absence of Tupocracy as it affects our National Unity. This study recommends actions that could improve the quality of present-day leadership in Nigeria.

EVIDENCE: Analysis of publicly available data; newspapers and magazines. Data obtained from published research findings within the period of this article.

PROPOSAL: This article seeks to determine the role of National Unity in Nigeria through TUPOCRACY. The concept of National Unity and leadership by example is interwoven with each other. However, leadership by example produces a prosperous society that results in National Unity, more often than not. It is often said that no country can develop beyond the boundaries of its leadership. The predicament of Nigeria in terms of underdevelopment and corruption can be adduced to the problem of good leadership and National Unity. Nigeria needs committed leaders who will govern with integrity and doggedly influence its human and natural resources towards the actualization of sustainable National Development. This article descriptively looks at the place of leadership by example as a means of good governance in the actualization of collective national growth.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Policymakers should build on the progressive concept of Tupocracy, invented to strike a balance between the current system of government and the leader-follower relationship. Accepting leadership by example is a foolproof plan at taking actions to reduce abuse of public offices. Continued implementation of the novel concept guarantees a delivery system reform, increased national development and national unity to boot. Although Tupocracy and Democracy demonstrate a strong art of leadership, Tupocracy is not just a form of leadership of, for or by the people, but also a leading flame that directs the steps of the leaders and the led in the right path.



INTRODUCTION

Tupocracy, generated from the Greek word 'Tupos' means an example worth imitating. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh, a Nigerian, brought the concept to life as a doctoral student.
In his thesis, Tupocracy was defined as a system of government, which involves people who lead by positive example based on integrity, transparency, patriotism, altruism, and godly character worth emulating.
This system of governance is a socio-political doctrine, where leadership is characterized by example. This body of knowledge came into being, following the requirement preceding the award of Amaowoh's doctoral degree in 2007 at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Amaowoh in his dissertation claimed that 'the beauty of Democracy as a world-acclaimed political doctrine lies in Tupocracy. He recommends that Tupocracy be adopted as the handmaid of Democracy, without which Democracy becomes “Dem all crazy”, meaning, “Governance by insane people".
The background of his research work drew inspiration from the biblical character, Paul the apostle, who called on the people in Corinth to imitate Him even as He imitates Christ. Imitate me, just as I also imitate Christ. (I Corinthians 11:1 New King James Version).
Compared with Democracy, Oligarchy, Bureaucracy, Monarchical system of governance, where the characters are often not the basis for governance and administration, Tupocracy exercises its power in an image reflection and imitation style of ruling.
Amaowoh established in his findings that actions and deeds are more influential to drive great responses from followers, most especially when such actions are good ones. In other words, convincing a set of people to do as you do won't be tedious.

The study will without bias, compare and contrast Democracy and Tupocracy, state the similarities, strength, and effects on the quality of present-day leadership in Nigeria. It will also suggest the form of leadership that Nigeria needs at this time and identify some painful lessons learned from not practising exemplary leadership with the case study of the current state of the nation involving the leader of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, accused of money laundering. The case study mentioned above will aid the clarity of the value of Tupocracy and prove how urgent Nigeria needs it, especially at this perilous time of National disunity.


NATIONAL UNITY THROUGH TUPOCRACY

National Unity in Nigeria is a task of unifying the various ethnic, religious, political, and socio-economic groups in Nigeria. This has been one of the greatest challenges of Nigeria ever since the amalgamation of the southern and northern protectorate in 1914 over a hundred years ago. This is surprising considering the effort of government since independence in 1960.
Even though National Unity continues to take the centre stage in governance in Nigeria, attaining a satisfactory result has remained the subject of controversy. The establishment of important programs, policies, and mantras, including the institutionalization of the Federal Character Principle, the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), Unity Schools, National Symbols, Nigerian Books of Record (NBR), National Orientation Agency (NOA) show how determined the nation is to find a firm footing for National Unity. Yet the gap between the various groups seems wider as the nation is still plagued with ethnic rivalry, religious intolerance, political exclusion, the quest for self-determination, power-sharing, and violent agitations just to mention a few.
The current situation of the nation, which includes youth uprising and unrest, terrorism, general insecurity, and corruption need not be a burden saddled on the shoulders of the government alone but rather a duty that involves all hands being on deck. Ranging from the organized private sector, the non-governmental organizations, religious bodies, and individuals, commitments must be made to win the war to gain a satisfactory state of Unity in Nigeria.
On Thursday, September 8th, 2016, President Muhammadu Buhari during the official launch of the National Reorientation Campaign at the Banquet Hall of the State House, Abuja, appealed to all Nigerians to support and be part of ‘Change Begins With Me Campaign’ of the Federal Ministry of Information and Culture. This is proof that everyone’s effort is important to the national development of our nation. We all have a role to play in national unity in Nigeria.
This is one of the reasons why Amaowoh’s innovation of Tupocracy is timely. If practised, the potential of National Unity would be sufficiently delivered.
Several global scholars have agreed with this theory since its invention. Leadership expert, Kevin Eikenberry in an online post stressed that proactive actions and accountability lead to greater engagement from followers. Michael Schrage in Harvard Business Review while explaining some cardinal elements attached to leading by example, stated that stories of how one lead by example, carries less weight, but some dominant elements like your content of leadership, influence and reciprocity go a long way to determine if you are leading to be followed.
The overwhelming acceptance of the concept of Tupocracy by all and sundry, including global experts and scholars in the leadership structure, provides the basis for this study. The study examines the major factors influencing the pursuit of Tupocracy as a complementary system of Government to attain National Unity in our country Nigeria. It also recommends a proven methodology that will promote National Unity in Nigeria.
Since the promotion of TUPOCRACY holds the leader accountable to the people being led and encourages the masses to ask if their leader has qualities worthy of emulation, attaining National Unity would be like a walk in the park. In the tedious effort in choosing a leader, exemplary records of the leader to be would be most appreciated, thereby leaving little or no room for a blind installation of an unwanted leader. Tupocracy as a system of government promises to implement comprehensive reforms, designed to improve the accessibility, affordability, and quality of the National Unity irrespective of tribe and religion. Leading by a positive example builds trust, sincerity and transparency. It reduces the vote of no confidence by the diverse ethnic, religious, political and economic groups.
According to Atiku (2017), unity is still a scarce resource among the Nigerian people due to the manner the country was created by the British colonial authorities and the failure of the Nigerian elites to create a true and viable nation out of these diversities.
The amalgamation of the Southern and Northern Protectorates led to the creation of a medley country with over 350 religious, economic, and ethnic groups that vie for space and attempt to coexist, despite obvious differences in culture, aptitudes and level of development. This, according to Ojo (2009), created unique problems not experienced by any state in the world past or present. This problem, for Onifde and Mhonopi (2013), is how to achieve solidarity in action and purpose in the midst of hundreds of ethnic nationalities each exerting both centrifugal and centripetal forces on the central issue of the nation, bound in freedom, peace and unity where justice reigns.
Osibanjo (2019) argues that diversity in and of itself is not a problem; it is what is done with it that matters. According to him, whether or not sociocultural variety results in strife or collective success entirely depend on how a society chooses to manage it. However, disagreements and controversies over the best political structure to be adopted, size and responsibility of government, the nature of the relationship between and among component units, the type and system of government, as well as how resources are acquired and shared among the people.
In 1960 when Nigeria gained its independence, it entered a period of rapid social and economic change, and many people were quite optimistic about its future. Few people imagined that the next fifteen years would be the uprising of political chaos succeeded by military coup d’état and a thirty-month long civil war. However, no one could deny the awakening slaps those experiences were.

In the intense desire for independence, Nigerian leaders reached compromises without realistically facing their differences. Like the minority problems, issues of equal opportunity and proper sharing of the nation’s wealth, the issue of disunity constantly pricked the nation in the side until everyone could nothing but groan from the pain. After independence, the New Country tried to restructure the nation, taking cognisances of the gnawing reality of disunity which was enhanced by ethnicity, tribe, religion and many other differences. This eventually led Nigeria into a civil war that drained the country of its human and natural resources, further leading to pronounce the differences that weigh down the young country. Nigeria, a country richly endowed with natural resources and high-quality human capital, is yet to find its rightful place among the nations of the world.
The major culprit of this socioeconomic stagnation is the phenomenon ugliness of corruption. It is an incontrovertible fact that corruption remains the bane of Nigeria’s development. Thus, without mincing words, the slow poison has ravaged the country and destroyed most of what the country holds dear.
Unfortunately, the political class saddled with the responsibility of directing the affairs of the country has been the major perpetrator of this unseemly act. Regrettably, since independence, a notable surviving legacy of the successive political leadership, both civilian and military that have managed the affairs of the country at different times, has been the mastermind of corruption in all agencies of the public service, and like the workings of a deadly virus, has subsequently spread to the private sector of the country.
Indeed, it is paradoxical that Nigeria, the world's eighth-largest exporter of crude oil, a country endowed with many resources, still has more than 70% of its population living below the poverty line as a result of corruption and economic mismanagement.
Pathetically, the logic of the Nigerian political leadership class has been that of self-service as some of the leaders are mired in the web of selfishness and personal interests at the expense of broader national pursuits. Consequently, the emphasis has been on personal aggrandizement and self-glorification with the result that corruption has become a euphemism for explaining political leadership in Nigeria in relation to the management of national wealth. History has shown that no nation of the world grows and enjoys steady development in virtually all spheres of its national life without experiencing good and selfless political leadership. This is due to the undeniable truth because qualitative growth and development have always been an outcome of good governance. The current situation in the country naturally re-emphasizes the rightness of TUPOCRACY in governance.

Amaowoh in his thesis, defined Tupocracy as a system of government involving people who lead by positive example based on characteristics of a good leader, thereby showcasing a true and selfless leader. Tupocracy in its own right breeds a new people that have been connected to the sun to reflect light.
Democracy, Oligarchy, Bureaucracy, Monarchical and many others have been part of the human race for a while now. As familiar as they may seem, they are each unique in their own way in the execution of governance. To picture the differences and similarities of the above system of governance to Tupocracy, clear definitions are stated below.

(a) Importation of fake and non-functioning hospital equipment— it is not uncommon news to hear that equipments used in some hospitals in Nigeria are fake and non-functioning. This scenario usually poses a big clog in the wheel of medical practice in Nigeria. Fake and non-functioning hospital equipments jeopardize a patient’s health condition and can even cause death. Procurement of fake and non-functioning hospital equipments is possible in a corrupt society where selfish ends are placed over the lives of the patients. In the contrary, when leadership is by example as is obtainable in tupocracy, people in the management positions within the health sector consider the supremacy of human life over personal aggrandizement. Hence, they procure standard equipments that will give best services to the patients as if they procure the equipments for themselves.

(b) Fake drugs— fake drugs and poor-quality medicines used in the treatment of chronic and infectious diseases, causes disease progression, drug resistance, and death. Reliable, good-quality medicine supply is essential for health, but it is often missing in countries with weak regulatory systems. Some of the most compelling stories of pharmaceutical fraud are those of frank poisoning. Between November 2008 and February 2009, 84 Nigerian children died from acute kidney failure brought on by the industrial solvent diethylene glycol in teething syrup 8, 9. The contaminated product, My Pikin, was registered with the Nigerian regulatory authority and made in Lagos, the national manufacturing hub8. Inspectors traced the problem back to deliberate fraud by a chemical dealer in Lagos, eventually leading to 12 prosecutions.


One of the causes of fake drug provision in the hospitals is greed and lack of regard to the sanctity of human life. Tupocracy is one form of governance that abhors the deliberate provision of fake drugs to the hospitals. In this form of governance, therefore they will not like to be treated with fake drugs. A Tupocratic leader and his people resort to the same hospitals his environment for their medical needs, and would not want to be treated with fake drugs. For this reasons he forbids and abhor the production, importation and supply of fake drugs.

(c) Corruption— is a form of dishonesty or criminal offense undertaken by a person or organization entrusted with a position of authority, to acquire illicit benefit or abuse power for one's private gain 10. Corruption also is an effort to secure wealth or power through illegal means for private gains at public expense. Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement. This evil practice has eaten deep into the fabrics of many countries, especially developing countries like Nigeria. No meaningful development takes place in a society where bribery and corruption is rooted. In such setting people embezzle funds that are meant for the development of infrastructures for the general welfare of the society.

The offshoots of corruption can be clearly felt in healthcare sector where greed and ineptitude by the government and heads of health facilities lead to wanton loss of lives. In such settings, substandard drugs and hospital /health equipments are procured for healthcare services. This kind of evil does not thrive in a system where tupocratic leadership is practiced. In tupocratic government, both the leader and the subjects make use of the same health facilities, unlike what is obtainable in corrupt government where the leaders travel abroad for their healthcare needs only to restrict the poor masses to the underequipped healthcare facilities.

(d) Poor health infrastructure— quality healthcare infrastructure is pivotal to quality healthcare service/ delivery in any society. Both government and non-governmental bodies have failed to make such provision for the masses. In Nigeria, and most other developing nations, government has in the past introduced numerous developments and programmes to improve health care, for all users 11.

Despite a number of commendable goals having been set by government for improved quality of service delivery in healthcare settings, recent reports by media and communities revealed that services in public health institutions were nonetheless failing to meet basic standards of care and patient expectations 12. This has caused the public to lose trust in the healthcare system. Experts have blamed bad government for this ugly incidence13, and we therefore enthroned tupocracy as the answer for the provision of standard health infrastructure in any society.

(e) Inaccessibility of quality health care— in Nigeria and beyond, a significant number of people do not have access to quality healthcare, disregarding the saying that “a healthy nation is a wealthy nation”. The people most affected are the ones living in the rural areas who are often neglected in this regard. Equally affected are those who are financially underprivileged. There is need to galvanise the efforts of relevant stakeholders including the patient in charting a new agenda for health care improvement in Nigeria. The government should make adequate and equal provision of quality healthcare facilities to the public in every part of the society. The public should recognize the presence of such provision and avail themselves of such opportunity for a healthy living. The final end would be a healthy society which is veritable with strong workforce in the development of the society. Tupocratic leadership is the type of governance fully disposed for ensuring adequate accessibility to quality healthcare by the public in any society.

(f) Poor annual budget by the government for the health sector— no meaningful development takes place where there is poor funding of developmental projects. Government should place priority to the healthcare needs of the people by making adequate annual budget for the healthcare delivery system. Findings showed that Nigeria’s healthcare system has not been receiving adequate annual budget for efficient running of her healthcare delivery to the public. This backdrop has been linked to widespread corruption and misappropriation of funds by the government leaders and heads of the healthcare delivery systems. All hands must be on desk in other to correct this anomaly in our nation. This can only take place if tupocracy is embraced, and the leaders see themselves as stakeholders to the nation’s healthcare delivery system. In this scenario, everyone both the big and small depend on our healthcare system and not the people at the top resorting to the healthcare systems of other developed nations.


(g) Frequent industrial actions by healthcare personnel due to poor numerations— frequent industrial actions by the Nigeria’s healthcare personnels has been pointed as the clog in the wheel of development of our healthcare system. Whenever health workers embark on industrial actions a lot of lives are lost, and the country also loses huge economic gains. The government and the healthcare workers should have premium regard for human lives and hence always embrace dialogue and other legal means in resolving their differences instead of embarking on industrial actions.
There is no gainsaying the fact that government sometimes fail to take adequate care of the welfare needs of healthcare workers. A nation with sound leadership model, like tupocratic leadership, would not experience breakdown in her healthcare system. Because everyone (both the leader and the lead) is a stakeholder in the nature of the healthcare delivery, no party would like to allow the system to collapse. Tupocratic government, therefore, is underscored as a vital tool for the smooth running of the healthcare delivery of the nation.

(h) Appointment of people with poor leadership skills as heads of healthcare facilities— effective leadership is a vital component of healthcare systems and has an extensive range of functions in improving organizational effectiveness and efficiency. People in the helms of affairs in different units of the healthcare system should acquire excellent leadership skills in other to manage personnel and non-human resources under their care for optimum healthcare delivery. Studies have shown that most of the problems of healthcare systems are due to leadership and communication problems14.
Poor leadership could increase cost of health services, reduce efficiency and effectiveness, and cause dissatisfaction among staff, ultimately resulting in lower patient satisfaction and societal health level. On the other hand, good leadership skills among the heads of a health institution fosters an organizational structure that is committed to quality health delivery, reducing conflicts, improving efficiency and productivity of teams, enhancing staff’s satisfaction, advancing hospital performance, and finally, meeting personal and organizational goals15.

5. Solving the problems of healthcare sector through tupocracy/tupocratic leadership
Tupocratic leadership is the best form of leadership that should be able to meet the increasing demands of our healthcare systems. Because the leaders take responsibility of the outcomes of their leadership in tupocratic form of governance, they would strive at all times to put in their best and eschew corruption and other practices capable of jeopardizing their leadership. Tupocracy will ensure cordial relationship between the heads of the healthcare systems and their staff. Research has shown that when personnel in any establishment are sufficiently motivated, there is often a maximum output delivery in such an establishment.

When tupocracy is adopted, cases of fake and non-functional hospital equipments are controlled because the leaders know that they also depend on the available healthcare system for their healthcare needs. As such, they would not engage in practices capable of putting their health and that of the common man in danger. They would always procure standard drugs and equipments for the healthcare systems. Tupocratic leadership when adopted will minimize cases of fund embezzlement, corruption and misappropriation of funds in the healthcare systems. The leaders being stakeholders in the system will always make sure that funds are generated and properly managed for the best interest of the healthcare delivery system.

Incessant industrial actions by the healthcare workers in our country and beyond have been blamed partly on the adoption of poor leadership model. In an efficient leadership model like tupocracy, the leaders place the welfare needs of the health workers very high and in return, the workers put in their best in their services. When the welfare of the workers are taken care of, industrial actions are prevented leading to improved patient satisfaction and general output. There is no gainsaying the fact that tupocratic leadership is the type of leader urgently needed in our country Nigeria, which is experiencing collapse in virtually every facet including the healthcare system.




REFERENCES:

(1) WHO global conference on health promotion – character, declaration and other documents. Available at https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/en. Accessed Sept 22, 2020.
(2) Gwatkin R.D, Guillot M, Huveline P (1999). The burden of disease among the global poor. J. Public Health 354 (9178): 586-589
(3) WHO, Poverty and Infectious Disease – A Problematic Relationship 2012 Chapt. 1 Pg. 1
(4) Bruce, N. et al, The health Effects of indoor air pollution exposure in developing countries, WHO, Geneva, 2002
(5) WHO, Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, Micronutrient Deficiency Information System Working Paper No. 2, Geneva, 1995
(6) World Health Organization: WHO report executives summary- Achieving health for all. Available at https://executive.int/whr/1998media_center/executive/summary6/en. Accessed Sept 21st 2020
(7) Noak H. (1994): Concept of health and health promotion. Copenhagen: WHO regional office for Europe (goggle scholar)
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By Prof. Ben Udoh


Abstract
The health sector in Nigeria is faced with numerous problems arising from bad governance, government and leadership. Tupocracy if introduced as a form of government in Nigeria, would surely address most of the challenges which have their bedrock on corruption and greed. Tupocratic government demands that the top has a model - a guiding policy principle of leading by positive example. A tupocratic leader leads the followers by exhibiting good examples that would not tolerate or allow the rots in the nation’s political and health policies to continue. A good healthcare delivery system policy usually starts from the top and gets down to the common man in the villages and its environs. Leadership by example (tupocracy) would solve most of the numerous challenges being faced in the health sector in Nigeria today.

1. Definition
• Tupocracy is a system of government involving people who lead by positive example based on transparency, integrity, altruism, patriotism and godly character which is worthy of emulation by their colleagues and followers. Tupocracy is one word for leadership by example, coined from two Greek words, tupos (example, pattern, model which is worthy of emulation) and Krateia (government, leadership, rulership or administration), in the family of Democracy, Autocracy, Aristocracy, etc. This system of government was invented by Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh, a Nigerian Clergyman, in 2006 as the brainchild of his doctoral dissertation at Nigeria’s foremost institution of higher Education, the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Faculty of Social Sciences.
• This is an efficient system of governance in that it goes a long way in terminating common vices that compromise good governance. One of the major challenges which the world is facing today is the absence of good leadership. This has precipitated poverty, social unrest, insecurity, instability, war, ethnic tensions, criminality, corruption dissatisfaction and despair among the citizenry and other crimes in the land and in many nations. The answer to this dilemma is found in Tupocracy which is rightly predicated on the age-old axiom that “example is better than precept.” Based on this, the Tupocract says, “Emulate me in all things”.

This system of government maintains that positive change starts from the leader and flows down to the governed. The governed find it very easy to follow suit when the leader has taken the lead. Tupocracy has been viewed as the bedrock for the success of other systems of government because it nurtures sincerity and commitment among the leader and the lead. For instance, the beauty of Democracy, as a world acclaimed political doctrine, lies in Tupocracy. For this reason, Tupocracy has been recommended to be adopted as the handmaid of Democracy, without which Democracy becomes “Dem all gracy”, meaning, “Governance by insane people.”

• In Health Care Delivery System, this system of government is so much needed for optimal growth and efficiency in services to the general public. Tupocracy when put into practice preserves the hierarchical structure of any healthcare system. Starting from the topmost head down to the least leader in different units of the system as the need for demonstration of leadership by example is paramount in the health sector.

• In our country today, corruption and neglect of duties are the major banes of success of our health care systems. The leaders pay little or no attention on the healthcare needs of the governed, but rather places personal gains and aggrandisement over everything. This ill attitude leads to crack and eventual collapse of the system. Tupocracy ensures transparency, integrity and moral rectitude in governance/leadership which are bedrock for a thriving healthcare system.


Governance or leadership should not be an all comer’s affair. This underscores the need for careful selection of suitable leaders in every position of authority. The truth is that governance should be for people whose lifestyles are worthy of emulation whether they are Presidents, Heads of healthcare Delivery Systems, Governors, Legislators, Judicial Officers, Ministers, Commissioners or Chairmen of Local Government Areas, Council[ors, Mayors, Police Officers, Military or Paramilitary Officers, traditional Rulers, Heads of Schools, Managers of Industries or Religious Leaders.

2. The feature of an ideal Health Care Sector
The constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) which came into force in 1948 defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity 1

Three key information are apparent from the WHO definition. (i) Health connotes the absence of any disease or infirmity. (ii) Health is a state that allows the individual to adequately cope with all demands of the daily activity. (iii) Health is a state of balance: and equilibrium that a person has established within self and between self and the social / the physical environment. The implication of adopting any of these concepts has a far reaching implication to getting health available to the people. The delivery of health care is seriously affected by the differences in the health definitions. The simplest definition of health equated with the absence of disease would result to the promotion of health as an effort to remove disease and lower the numbers of person who suffer from these diseases. Involvement of optimal functions in the definition of health would be reflected in defining the promotion of health as a process by which the capacity of a citizen to cope optimally as an individual is enhanced and strengthened. These two approaches would employ the improved treatment of disease and the removal of risk factors that contributes to disease such as sedentary lifestyles, engaging in drugs (smoking and alcohol) bad eating habit and inco-operation. The last part of the definition does not stop at efforts to remove the disease and lower risk factors through job creations. It requires the involvement of the citizens and communities being educated and exposed to place health values high in their priorities from the implementer to the consumer of health.

An ideal healthcare system is the one with good structures, good equipments, qualified and dedicated staff for taking care of the health care needs of the people, both the rich and the poor. An ideal healthcare system places the health of the citizens first and makes provision for efficient and prompt healthcare services to the general public. Such ideal healthcare system places structures that ensures that even the unemployed and the underprivileged have access to quality healthcare at all times. People want healthcare systems where they can get timely access to high quality, affordable care and one that also promotes innovation of new tests and treatments.

Health insurance scheme (HIS) is one of such structures that make for easy access to healthcare services by all citizens. Through such schemes, government shares in economic burden of rendering efficient healthcare services to the people. The citizens on the other side cooperate with the government for optimal services. An ideal healthcare system can only thrive in a system where corruption and other vices of governance do not exist. Tupocracy, which ensures that the right people are placed in positions of government, is needed for the existence of an ideal healthcare system in any country. The people in head positions in different sectors of healthcare systems should lead by examples by shunning corruption and greed as demanded by Tupocracy. Proper handling of funds by the people in authority will ensure the thriving of an ideal healthcare system.

Ideal healthcare in any society requires that healthcare facilities are extended to people living in remote areas. That is to say that in all levels of government, starting from the Federal down to the Local government levels, efficient healthcare facilities are provided for the people. Such facilities should be adequately staffed and equipped to be able to meet the challenging healthcare needs of the people. People should be able to obtain prompt and premium healthcare services at all times. To ensure the sustenance of such an ideal healthcare system, people in positions of authority within the healthcare system should lead by example by showing commitment to duty and shunning all forms of corrupt and greedy practices as demanded by Tupocracy.
3. The global burden of disease on the poor
In a study carried out by Gwatkin et all ., 1999, it was discovered that 59% of death and disability occur among the world poorest and 20% was caused by communicable diseases. Although the study used a crude estimate, it presented a good picture of changes in attributable mortality among the world poor than the global average in current use. The poor, otherwise known as the underprivileged of the society, are the subset of individuals in any society who are not economically buoyant or privilege to live a standard/moderately comfortable life in the society. Such people often suffer a great burden from diseases, especially in a society that does not share in the disease burden of the citizens.

Poverty has been implicated as meaningful cause of morbidity and mortality among the poor and low income earners across the globe. A large proportion of illnesses in low-income countries are entirely avoidable or treatable with existing medicines or interventions. Some of the disease in low-income countries finds its roots in the consequences of poverty, such as poor nutrition, indoor air pollution and lack of access to proper sanitation and health education. The World Health Organization estimates that diseases associated with poverty account for 45 percent of the diseases in the poorest countries3. However, nearly all of these deaths are either treatable with existing medicines or preventable in the first place.

For instance, diarrhea, caused by poor sanitary condition of a place is linked sometimes to poverty and is easily treatable through oral rehydration therapy. However, diarrhea diseases still claim 1.8 million lives each year. Similarly, respiratory infections caused sometimes by burning biomass fuels in poorly ventilated areas also place a considerable health burden on poor people. According to WHO, exposure to biomass smoke increases the risk of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ALRI) in childhood, particularly pneumonia. Globally, ALRI represent the single most important cause of death in children under 5 years and account for at least two million deaths annually in this age group 4. Again malnutrition particularly affects people in poor countries. As a result of vitamin A deficiency, for example, 500,000 children become blind each year 5, despite the fact that such outcomes can be avoided by cheap, easy-to-administer food supplements.

4. The problems and challenges of healthcare delivery in Nigeria
There is a toxic mix of problems including inaccessibility of quality healthcare, poor hygiene, corruption, malnutrition, poor health infrastructures, fake drugs, insufficient investments and lack of sufficient health personnel. The major public health challenges Nigeria faces are; infectious diseases, especially control of vector -causing diseases, maternal and infant mortality, poor sanitation and hygiene 6. Healthcare delivery in Nigeria is experiencing a progressive deterioration due largely to weak political wills on the parts of successive government to effectively solve a number of problems that have accumulated in the sector over the years. More than half of the population live on less than one dollar a day, making Nigeria one of the poorest populations in the world today 7. As at February 2018 Nigeria was ranked 187 out of 191 countries in the world in accessing the level of compliance with universal health coverage. The government provision for health is insignificant. The out of pockets payment for medical bills cause household to incur catastrophic bills. Private health bills as a percentage of the total health is over 85%. The implication of this is that the government expenditure for the citizens is less than 15% across the family budgets 2. Every living being would love good health and good health care delivery. A tupocratic leader would love to have access to good health care within his or her environment. As a result, he makes effort to see that the hospitals around him are well equipped with modern heath facilities. As a tupocrat, he shows example to his subject by not seeking medical services outside his country or state, thereby reducing foreign medical trip by both the leader and the led. This would automatically lead to a concerted efforts by the topocrats in providing the necessary equipments, facilities and enabling environment for sound and efficient health care practice.
Health workforce is seriously depleting due to brain drain of the health professionals to foreign countries especially Europe and America. Common healthcare professional survey shows a serious brain drain in the Nigeria health sector which is increasing at an alarming rate. There is a rising trend of immigration of the healthcare professionals: physicians, radiographers, pharmacists, nurses, laboratory scientists, physiotherapists etc. There is also the problem of skewed distribution with few available professionals mostly concentrated in the cities where most of the large health facilities like general hospitals and teaching hospitals are located. Some of the healthcare challenges in Nigeria include:

5. ATTEMPTS TO CURB INDISCIPLINE IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
It is a common belief that no civil/public service the world over, is without incidences of indiscipline. However, the Nigerian situation is alarming and worrisome.
Ehiyamen, Abah and Gberevbie(2009) have painted a gory picture of indiscipline and misconduct in the Nigerian Civil Service thus:
“For example, staff may report for duty , in time and sometimes late. On arrival, they may perform their duties without seriousness. After spending few hours on duty some of them take permission to go out of the workplace while others just sneak or vanish. Another group may go to drinking houses or beer parlors. ‘, to return to the office only towards the closing time. Some of them may take permission to stay away from the office or workplace for a number of days for fabricated reasons. Others may just absent themselves for reasons that are far from cogent (Ochai, 1984). It is needless to say that productivity is affected negatively by these vices of staff in the public sector. Accordingly to Adebayo (2001), such acts of indiscipline include lethargy , apathy, laziness, rudeness to members of the public . malingering, presenting false sick certificates in order to go and attend to private business and a host of other deplorable attitudes”.
This situation has impacted negatively on governance and the development process of the country. There have been several attempts by various government to curb indiscipline in the public service in the country. But there have really been no worthwhile results. Notable among these were the mass purge from the public service in 1975 and also in 1984.
The Jaji declaration of 1970, the establishment of institutions and programme respectively such as code of conduct Bureau , Director for Social Mobilization for Self Reliance and Economic Recovery(MAMSER), National Orientation Agency(NOA), War Against Indiscipline (WAI), Public Service Reforms, etc were all aimed at improving the situation in the Public Service vis-à-vis indiscipline. The publications of civil service Handbook, Public Service rules , Financial instructions, Manual Circulars etc are also efforts at curbing indiscipline through enlightenment.
In spite of these various steps and moves , there has been rather a steady rise in number of reports of indiscipline . Thus, instead of the problem showing signals of reduction or abating, there is an astronomical rise in a multidimensional manner.
Infact, the most disturbing issue about this situation is that, top public /civil servants are also involved in this moral degradation .This is unfortunate .
Again Ehiyamen, Abah and Gberevbie have noted that this situation has deepened indiscipline in the public service.
According to them
“ This is where Leaders(top civil/public servants) who are supposed to lead by example by being disciplined are the very ones who exhibit attributes of indiscipline. It is often more than not, the leaders who misuse government vehicles, report late for duty, syphon and embezzle public funds, delay actions on files which went to their tables, get drunk while on duty , play truancy, engage in acts of tribalism, sectionalism and nepotism for deciding who gets what, when and how(Achebe 1986)
The unfortunate thing is that these leaders expect their subordinates to behave like saints, be disciplined and thus highly productive. This is pure hypocrisy and double standard in operation.
Achebe (1986) concludes that “ it is instructive , nonetheless of them to know that personal example should be demonstrated which is the hallmark of true leadership”.
Achebe’s position above is very crucial to the solution of thisteething problem. The need for leaders of the public/civil service to lead by example remains desirable.


6. CURBING INDISPLINE THROUGH TUPOCRACY
The opinion of Achebe on the responsibility of leaders in the nation’s public/civil service to lead by example cannot be swept under the carpet. Leadership by example is the easiest way to influence followers.
The concept of leadership by example has always been a desirable expectation in all organizations across the world because of the huge results it brings.
It is noteworthy that the concept has been made more popular in academic circles with the crafting of the word “Tupocracy” (which means “ Do as I do” or leadership by example) by Rev. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh, PhD. This Man of God led by the Spirit of God has crafted a system of governance or leadership that is sure to produce positive results where others have failed.
In his words, “Tupocracry” as a Socio political culture is derived from “Tupos” and simply means “Government or leadership by example”. Drawing inferences from Biblical examples ,Amaowoh (2008) drives home the point that the most effective and result oriented system of governance or leadership style is that of leadership by example. According to him,
“ It is no gainsaying that the contemporary Nigerian society in particular, and the world in general, is desperately in need of leadership by example”. This type of leadership is the one portrayed in his write up as a role model mentor and tupocrat.
The issue stressed here is that the Nigerian government cannot be seen to be fighting indiscipline in the Public service when the leaders are themselves swimming in indiscipline. This is only the issue of “ Do what I say and not what I do”.
The implication of the principle of Tupocracy is that the fight against indiscipline must start with leaders themselves. For instance in public office, the subordinates will find it easier to practice punctuality to work if their boss is always reporting to work on time.
But where the boss is known for habitual lateness to work and suddenly wakes up to demand punctualityfrom the subordinates, his actions will backfire negatively, and cannot produce expected result. If he resorts to imposing sanctions, that will destroy the morale of the workers and thus affect or reduce their productivity.
Therefore, the issue of reorientation, mobilization or even war against indiscipline should be a wholesome exercise. It should be encompassing. Infact the political class, that is ,political appointees and elective officers of the government should not be exempted from this fight. They should be properly sensitized the moment they assume office. As for the public/civil servants, they should also be sensitized for change along the ranks. Those at the top should be encouraged to lead by example. By this lifestyle leadership or leading by example, the expected change can easily be achieved.


CONCLUSION
The crafting of “Tupocracy”, leadership by example by Rev. Amaowoh is revolutionary. All societies and organizations that are involved in fighting indiscipline or corruption generally need to apply the tenets of the concept. Then the results will be obvious. The desired change in an organization comes faster by the example of the boss than so much talking or even attempt to employ sanctions.
It is expected that the leadership of the Nigerian public/civil service and the political class will take the lead in a self-cleansing exercise as a fight against indiscipline and then the subordinates will follow.








REFERENCES
1. Chinua Achebe (1986). The trouble with Nigeria. Italey court, Jordan hill, Oxford Ox2, Bej, Heinemann.
2. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh (2008). Tupocracy. Leadership by Example for the church and Civil Society. Eket Big Hands Int. Ltd.
3. Malfarland, D. E. (1979). Management: Foundations and Practices. 5th Edition. New York Macmillan
4. Ochai, B. (1984) “War Against Indiscipline in Nigeria” in New Nigeria Newspaper of 19/5/1984
5. Osezua M. Ehiyaman, Abah O. Emmanuel and Daniel E. Gberevbie(2009) Staff Indiscipline and productivity in the Public sectors in Nigeria. African Research Review(An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal-Ethiopia Vol 3(4) 2009.
6. Popoola Emmanuel , et al . (2005) Indiscipline and low Productivity in Nigeria Civil Service: causes and Strategies for eradication. In proceedings of the International Academic conference for Sub Sahara African Transformation and Development, Vol 3 No4, March, 12-13 2015. University of Illorin, Nigeria.
7. Training Manual. National Workshop on Financial and Economic Crimes, Anti corruption, fiscal responsibility and good governance for staff and Local governments Officials . organized by House of representative Committee on Crimes.

BY REV. UNIMNIAKE JOSEPH UGBE, PERMANENT SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF HUMANITY AND SOCIAL WALFARE, CALABAR, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA.


1. INTRODUCTION:
The Public Service consists of the workers in government agencies other than the Military and Police. It is responsible for providing services based on government policies to all citizens of the nation.
The Public Service is an essential tool for the economic growth and development of the nation. It is also a unifying force in the country. It’s main feature is “neutrality”. This makes the workers ready to serve the government of the day without bias to political activities . The service is being governed by existing rules and regulations guarding its operations.
Indiscipline is a worldwide phenomena affecting all organizations and societies, but in varying degrees. In some societies, this malady has led to political and economic instabilities, social conflicts and even violence . It also births competition between groups struggling for state power. This power is so useful for the distribution of the so-called national cake(Odunuga, 2000).
Popoola, et al; (2015)have shown indiscipline can affect the productivity of an organization and this works against its survival. They therefore stress the need for a leadership of the Nigerian Civil Service which will effectively handle indiscipline through appropriate policies and the exemplary lifestyle of leaders.
Their mandate is to carry out the day to day administration of government business in a manner that the citizenry and all living in Nigeria are properly served.


2. AN OVERVIEW OF NIGERIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
The Nigerian Public Service cannot be put in the right historical perspective without a mention of its historical roots. Thus the history of the Nigerian Public Service can be traced to the British |Colonial Administration from 1860-1960- a period long enough to destroy a people’s culture, tradition and values and replace them with something all together new.
Their mandate is to carry out the day to day administration of government business in a manner that the citizenry and all living in Nigeria are properly served.
Under the British Colonial Administration, the Public Service in Nigeria could be said to be a branch of the British Crown Service. However, with the independence gained in 1960, the service was taken over by the few Nigerian staff who had worked with the British officers. The challenge of running the administration of the newly independent nation by its nationals was enormous. The initial seemingly smooth take off was later bedeviled by numerous problems, many of these could be attributed to the wrangling’s among the political class and leadership which resulted in the 3 year civil war from 1967-1970. The Service suffered from the effects of the civil war to the extent that many years after the war, the service is really yet to recover as a one united service.
Various attempts have been made by successive administrations in the country to make the public service work better. This resulted in numerous public service reforms in the country. These few among others are mentioned here:
Morgan Commission of 1963, Adebo Commission of 1971, Udoji Commission of 1974, Phillips Panel of 1985, PublicService Reform of 1988, and Ayida Commission of 2003. All these have been efforts to restructuring the public service for better performance and service delivery. Amidst all these efforts, the general opinion of most scholars and practitioners is that the Nigerian Public Service is “still considered stagnant and inefficient and the attempts made by past panels (commissions) have had little effects on productivity and service delivery of the Nigerian (Civil) Public Servant”.

3. CONCEPTS OF DISCIPLINE AND INDISCIPLINE IN THE WORK PLACE.
The work place is normally an organized outfitwith specific goals. According to Malfarland (1979), discipline “refers to conditions of orderliness in which members of an organization conduct themselves with respect to the needs and desires of the organization,subordinatingtosome extent their own needs and desires.We see discipline as concerned with the imposition of certain restrictions on the behaviour of members (employees) of the organization”
Every organization strife to maintain discipline among its staff or employees as a safeguard for goal attainment.
Indiscipline in the workplace, on the other hand, refers to the undesirable, unruly behaviour of the employees. It is a condition of the disorderliness in which members of an organization conduct themselves without respect to the rules and regulations of the organization. This amounts to disobedience where the staff refuse to subordinate their needs and desires to the overall interest and needs of the organization .Marfarland also describes indiscipline is “an act of misconduct which is a deviation or bypassing of the established rules which should be followed without any discretion. It is an act or a conduct which prejudice the interest of the employer or which is likely to impair his reputation or create unrest among other employees”.
Ochai(1984) holds that staff indiscipline manifests in several ways in the public service. He mentioned habitual lateness to work, truancy, lack of commitment to work, buck passing or refusing to take responsibility for actions or inactions. The list also includes bribery and corruption, tribalism, misuse of government property, embezzlement and misappropriation of funds and many others.
It is the opinion of Ehiyaman, Abah and Gberevbie(2009) that “ Public/Civil servants in contemporary public organizations in Nigeria exhibit discipline in a minimal level coupled with some elements of indiscipline”. This confirms the fact that, no organization is devoid of indiscipline. As disciplined as staff in an organization may look, a closer scrutiny will reveal signs of indiscipline.
It is important to note that indiscipline in any organization could be classified into types or categories. This classification is however dependent on the severity of the consequences attached to the indiscipline or misconduct.
The three categories are as follows:
1. Minor Infractions :
This refers to those acts of misconduct which do little or no harm to organization’s operations. The result of these actions may really be harmless when isolated but cumulative analysis may become serious. Examples of minor infractions includenegligence, failure to be present when needed, carelessness, minor violations of rules, etc.
2. Major Misconduct/Infractions:
These are those acts of misconduct which can affect the orderly operations of an organization. Consequently, the consequences attached to such misdemeanor are also grievous. Examples of these include failure to carry out instructions, cheating , stealing or violating safety rules, etc.
3. Intolerable Offenses:
These refer to those offences of such illegal and drastic nature and can
endangerthe relationship between the employer and the employee. Examples
of these include use of weapons, theft and fighting. These offenses can bring
serious harm to those within the workplace and bring down the reputation of
the organization.


4. CAUSES OF INDISCIPLINE IN WORKPLACE
Though the deprived human nature tends to evil and negative actions, there areusually reasons which triggers up such indiscipline in any organization. These causes of indiscipline therefore, are several, varied and simply inexhaustive.
What is capable of triggering up disobedience and misconduct in one employee in an organization may not affect another person in the same organization or even elsewhere.
The following are some of the causes of indiscipline in an organization.
1. Inadequate or ineffective orientation of the employees
2. Absence of proper and definite rules and regulations
3. Failure to adhere and enforce rules properly
4. Nepotism, favouritism, casteism shown in treatment of certain employees.
5. Undue delays in implementing promotions or agreement by employers
6. Absence of team spirit among the employees
All these could be summarized as unfair management practices, victimization, absence of code of conduct and inadequate attention to personnel issues by management , absence of effective leadership, communication barriers between employees and employers, defective supervision, etc.
Yahciogh’s(1996) in Popoola,et al.(2015) have opined that “ people get involved in acts of indiscipline because their interest and values are challenged or because their needs are not met”. They have seen causes of indiscipline as caused by various factors, namely : Political factors, individual employee factors, management factors , and ineffectiveness in the disciplinary process.

HOW CANDEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA BE DEEPENED THROUGH TUPOCRACY?
With the above illustrations, it becomes very apparent that the major or root cause of the problems of democracy is largely lack of exemplary leadership on the part of those who should give direction to the nation in all ramifications. This is where the issue of tupocracy, as discussed above, comes in. The question is, can democracy as presently experienced in Nigeria be made better by the integration of the ideology or doctrine of tupocracy?Although democracy may not be strange to an overwhelming percentage of Nigerians, what is yet to be experienced is the brand of democracy that the leaders match integrity and accountability with comprehensive and equitable development.A leader’s reputation is based on more than performance.A good reputation also stems from being perceived as honest,responsible,reliable and respectful Regrettably, but it has been rightly observed that many people who condemn corruption also practice it secretly.
Looking at the core tenets of tupocracy, which primarily focuses on exemplary leadership, it is strongly possible that tupocracy can be of immense importance in deepening the practice of democracy if the following issues are carefully addressed:
a. Amending The Constitution of Nigeria to Make Some Core Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy Enforceable.
As earlier observed the core ideals relating to democracy, participation of citizens in government, balanced development, equitable spread of political appointments and accountability are all shrouded in the Non-Justiciable provisions of the Constitution. Thus, unless a law is made by the National Assembly to secure the enforcement of such provisions it may be difficult to enjoy some of those benefits or to hold some leaders accountable for them. Urgent steps must be taken to make most of those provisions mentioned above enforceable.

b. The People Need to be Trained to see Leadership as Servanthood

Public leadership is primarily servanthood. . As Tony Blair rightly rightly said to his campaign team after he first won the UK national elections, “the people are the masters, we are the servants to the people, we will never forget that” (Emphasis added). There is need to prepare leaders from primary education and the core principles of servant leadership and transformational leadership must be taught to all so that everyone can recognize it and demand for it. Instead of settling for crumps or peanuts and singing the praises of people who have robbed the nation of her commonwealth.

c. There is Need to Conduct Proper Background Checks and Screening of Candidates for all Types of Leadership Positions.
Beyond the political screening of candidates, law enforcement agencies should be more thorough in screening of candidates the criminal records of candidates to ensure that unregenerated persons do not hold core leadership positions.

d. Adequate Keeping of Records in The Country.
It is sad that a person may be convicted of a crime and such records are not in any uniformelectronic data base. In fact, a crime file may never be found to raise objections to a candidature until a person has completed his or her tenure in office. There is a deep need to develop uniform electronic data base where the background history of persons can easily be pulled up by appropriate authorities when requests are made. This will make aspirants to public offices to be more conscious of their reputations.

e. Functional Systemic Structures for Discipline

Tupocracy portends that leaders must be self- disciplined and the system must have functional structures for ensuring that people remain integrity savvy. The law enforcement agencies must be made of people of high integrity and they should be prepared to enforce the law equitably.

f. Rewarding Integrity
It has been observed that for decades, anti-corruption strategies have been more focused on the corrupt than appreciating the incorrupt. There is need to objectively and honourably give deserving and transparent awards to those who have good names to their services. The practice of allowing corrupt people to buy awards with money should be checked.
g. Proper Whistle Blowing Structures
Whistle blowers are those who raise an alarm about any wrong doing in systems and organizations. There must be proper channels in place for whistle blowing and for the protection and reward of the whistle blower. When potential wrong doers know that alarms may be raised from multiple angles they will be less incentivized by the evil promptings.
h. Encouraging Public Interest Litigation
There is need for lawyers to take up, and to be sponsored also to take up, public interest litigation.This is basically the initiation of law suits to correct certain ills, especially for the disadvantaged, ignorant or misinformed members of the public. It can be an effective way of using the law to effect change in society.
i. Constituents Should Make Good Use of the Power to Recall

Although it is hardly used, the constitutional provision for recalling erring or non-performing legislators should be effectively utilized to ensure that elected legislative representatives remain disciplined and accountable.

j. Proper Practice of Checks and Balances
The respective arms of government should be up and doing in using all the machinery of the law at their disposal to check the excesses from other arms of government. For example, the legislature should not play party politics with impeachment. Once an elected President, Governor or Chairman and such officers commit impeachable offences, they should be removed immediately.

k. Proper Media Reporting
The role of the media is critical in a tupocratic leadership. Accurate reporting of the exemplary strides and appropriate reporting of damnable activities. The media must update the people with the demands per time and help them to evaluate the qualities of democratic culture as demonstrated in all facets of national life.

l. Periodic Briefing by Leaders
For democracy to thrive, constant interface with the people who are indeed the masters of the leaders is critical. There must be statutory timelines for all categories of people to interface with the populace and obtain periodic reviews.
m. Integration Of Good Religious Principles in Governance
The whole concept of tupocracy as framed by the proponent has a biblical template and the core values of stewardship, accountability, loyalty, self- discipline and fairness are also rooted in good religious practices. Nigeria is a country that is largely united by religious practices among those who belief and it is also divided by religious practices where the principles are divisive. Thus, where there are useful universally acceptable principles like love, discipline, respect and justice they could be supported used to bind the consciences of men to gravitate towards the common good of all.

n. Religious And Traditional Rulers Should Counsel Their Subjects to Abide by Good Principles of Leadership.
Religious and traditional rulers should use the natural influence that they have to challenge the leaders to be good models that reflect the good ideals of their religion or tradition. Religious and traditional rulers must not sell their birthrights and succumb to politicians and other categories of leaders because of temporary gains.

CHALLENGES TO ADOPTING TUPOCRACYIN NIGERIA
As lofty and beneficial as tupocracy may be, there are few challenges or limitations that are worth watching out for in order to have a balanced perspective.

a. Religious Prejudices may Adversely Affect its Reception
Although tupocracy has tenets that can be adaptable to other religions, it is founded by a Christian minister of the gospel and some religious fanatics may not be so open to embrace it on the face value due to some long-standing prejudices in Nigeria which is deeply polarized by religion. However, with proper orientation of the populace and the production of positive results from gradual practice, it may stand the test of time.
b. Some Religious Leaders have not Demonstrated Good Examples
Whereas there are sterling historical and contemporary examples of some religious leaders who have epitomized good leadership, the bad character of some religious leaders could create a hiccup in the minds of people when and make it look like it is impracticable to attain the required ideals.Sceptics generally feel that if the Ministers of religion cannot be faithful, then, secular leaders would never be.
d. Leadership by Example Could be Relative
Tupocracyseems to be most suitable in a Country where there is a uniform value system, such that, the ideals are already identified and agreed upon on the basis of culture, tradition or religion. Thus, like in a Christian or Islamic state, the people measure the ideals by the teachings of the Bible or Koran. In a multi- ethnic, multi- religious and multi- cultural place like Nigeria, where the value systems are still not agreed upon, it may be difficult to accept the example shown by one school of thought over another. For instance, when President Trump of America ordered the crowd on January 6, 2021 to move to Capitol Hill to protest with strength to compel the law makers not to uphold the election of Mr. Joe Biden his opponent, it was seen by many as an unjust behaviour while others highly praised his courage for ordering the crowd.
e. Tupocracy Appears to Create Too Much Dependence on LeadersWithout Equipping Followers
Tupocracy, if not well managed could make followers have the “we-they” mentality, where they see rendering services as the leaders problem. While emphasizing exemplary leadership, it is important to know that visions and styles developed with a team spirit creates corporate accountability and a lot of people would rather want to know the right and do the right without waiting for someone to model it. Sometimes in normal life it may be impracticable to find ideal leaders, but perfection is a virtue to be pursued and a lot of seemingly imperfect leaders learn from their blunders and bounce back better. An author rightly observed as follows:
Nobody is perfect, you can’t create the ideal leader. We all want leaders who engage us in a compelling vision, have integrity, are authentic, transparent and are kind and fair. The list (of desirable traits) is endless. But at the end of the day, leaders are human beings.
In the light of the above, tupocracy will best thrive in environments where the people are already trained to imbibe the great character traits; possibly, before assuming the seat of power.

CONCLUSION
This work directly examines how the novel concept of tupocracy can be used to deepen the democratic experience of Nigeria. It has traced the origin of the concept and juxtaposed it with some basic systems of government. The work found that tupocracy does not necessarily have structures like some types of government discussed in the work; rather it is a governmental ideal to be applied within the milieu of a governmental framework. Tupocracy is a call for leadership by example and it insists on leaders walking the talk as an exemplar for the followers.
The work proceeded to make an exegesis of democracy in Nigeria through the period that Nigeria has existed as a political entity to the present administration. In examining the democracy in Nigeria, the work has shown that a teething and recurrent issue has been that of corruption and questionable traits by the most of the leaders in the respective arms of government. The work has shown that the nation has deeply lost internal and external respect due to the reputation of the country.
The question of how tupocracy can be used to deepen democracy in Nigeria has been addressed and the work abundantly showed ways of doing so. To balance the work, the writer has shown that there are challenges that may make it difficult to practice tupocracy in Nigeria due, among others, to the complicated religious differences in Nigeria and the fact that Nigeria has not yet raised leaders that can fit into that idealmould.
A clinical examination of this study would reveal that the prospects far outweigh the challenges; but for effectiveness there is need for the country to come together, at least, to have a workable constitution where the ideals can be properly agreed upon and how to raise such brand of leaders so that the recommendations highlighted in the work can be properly implemented.

Sequel to the death of General Abacha, General Abdusalam Abubakar assumed the position of the Military Head of State for Nigeria in 1998. General Abubakar’s regime was focused on handing over power to the a democratically elected government. Thus, he set up a Constitution Debate Coordinating Committee (CDCC) with a clear mandate to examine the draft constitution earlier produced in the General Abacha’s regime in 1995. The Draft Constitution of 1995 formed the raw material which the CDCC used to produce the Constitution of 1999. The regime of General Abubakar conducted elections in the Country which brought back the civilian rule. Thus, President Olusegun Obasanjo came into office with effect from May 29, 2021 which was eventually taken as democracy day in the Country for many years.
The longest and uninterrupted period of democratic and non- military governance in Nigeria has been from 1999 until date. It would therefore literally form a better test case for measuring or evaluating democratic governance in Nigeria. The 1999 Constitution was largely a replication of the 1979 Constitution.
The Constitution contained novel provisions, some of which sprang from the recommendations of the 1988 and 1994 constitutional committees. Among such new provisions is the right to own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. This is now a fundamental right in section 43 of the 1999 Constitution. The Constitution made provisions for duties of citizens under section24 of the 1999 Constitution.
The Constitution further brings some innovations in the area of public revenue. Unlike the 1979 Constitution, which merely gave the National Assembly the power to prescribe the terms of distributing revenue among the levels of government, the 1999 Constitution now prescribes a minimum percentage due to the states. The constitution went further to insert the principle of derivation as the basis for distribution of funds arising from natural resources. A new body was created and recognized by the 1999 Constitution known as the Revenue Mobilization Allocation and Fiscal Commission. The Commission is to among others, advice the President on issues of revenue allocation after which the President will place proposals onrevenue allocation before the National Assembly.
The innovations in respect of public revenue have extended to the judiciary. A new subsection was introduced to section 162, which caters for funds accruing to the judiciary of the Federation. It provides:
“Any amount standing to the credit of the judiciary in the Federation Account shall be paid directly to the National Judicial Council for disbursement to the heads of courts established for the federation and states under section 6 of this constitution”.
The above provision has been justified in the sense that it serves to correct the problem of manipulation of state judiciaries by StateGovernors. It is also pertinent to note that the above named National Judicial Council is a novel body which was not in previous constitution. The size of the House of Representatives has been seriously reduced in the 1999 Constitution. Under the 1979 Constitution, the House consisted of 450 members, but under the 1999 arrangement the house consists of 360 members. Under the 1999. 3 Senators represent each State of the federation whereas in 1970, 5 Senators had to represent each state.
The 1999 Constitution does not contain any restriction on the number of political parties. This means that the 1999 Constitution is in favour of a multiparty system. Unlike the 1989 Constitution, which imposed the restriction of formation of political parties the 1999 Constitution merely lays down procedure for formation of political parties and the criteria for such formation.
The question is how did the nation and her leaders handle democracy? The period under review was marked withseries of contradictory actions and drama that raised a lot of concerns about the integrity of democracy and some of those occupying leadership positions in Nigeria.A few of the instances are worth mentioning. In the first place there were series of rapacious disrespect of the Constitution. Immediately the administration of President Obasanjo came into power there were lots of calls for the rejection of the 1999 Constitution, being the foundation of the new democratic regime; because some people felt that it was a military imposition on the people of Nigeria; thus, a Constitution Review Committee had to be set up at the embryonic stage of the administration. As Christian Ita wrote:
Even before the present administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo came to be, Nigerians had variously and at different fora condemned the 1999 constitution which was produced during the regime of the late Head of State, General Sani Abacha. Apart from the fact that Nigerians made little or no input in its drafting, Nigerians felt that, by its provisions, the constitution was not tailored for the practice of true federalism. It was also argued in some quarters that it was made to suit the late head of state's self-succession bid. Some even alleged that no less than three versions of the same document had existed prior to the promulgation of one of them into law by the General Abdulsalami Abubakar regime.
Aside from the process of producing the constitution, there were strong allegations that the Federal Government of Nigeria was not complying with the Revenue Allocation formula enshrined in the Constitution. This generated a lot of controversies and strain in the relationship between the Federal and State governments and the matter landed in the Supreme Court of Nigeria. An important aspect was that of the alleged usurpation of powers of the some arms of government. A critical canon for successful democratic governance is separation of powers backed up with checks and balances. There were also allegations that the President, who headed the Executive arm of government was usurping the powers of the Legislature by making certain laws which should have been the exclusive right of the Legislature being the National Assembly. This issue was also resolved by the Supreme Court.
One other heated controversy was on the tenure of the reckless removal of elected Local Government Council Chairmen at the whims and caprices of Governors and setting up of Caretaker committees. In the Case of Eze &Ors v. Governor of Abia State &Ors the Supreme Court said:

Section 7(1) of the Constitution states that: “7(1) The system of Local Government by democratically elected Local Government Councils is under this Constitution guaranteed; and accordingly the Government of every State shall, subject to Section 8 of this Constitutionensure theirexistence under a law which provides for the establishment structure,
composition, finance and functions of such councils."On a careful reading, of the above it becomes clear that it is the duty of the Governor to ensure that the system of Local Government continues unhindered.
Dissolving Local Government Councils and replacing them withCaretaker Committee amounts to the Governor acting on his whims and fancies, unknown to our laws, clearly illegal. It is the duty of the Governor to ensure their existence rather than being responsible for destroying them.It amounts to executive recklessness for the 1st respondent to remove from office democratically elected Chairmen, and Councillors and replace them with unelected Chairmen andCouncillors under whatever guise.”

A shameful page in the democratic history was on the integrity of the leaders. There were series of allegations of abuse of office, forgeries and corruption that, if all are to be chronicled can, by itself form an encyclopedia. A few will be mentioned as examples. The then President of the country, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, unjustly ordered the withholding of the funds accruing to Lagos State Government. The action culminated in the Supreme Court whereupon the President was ordered to release the funds, but the President did not honour the Orders of the Court and it took a lot of public pressure before he complied. The Senate President, Senator Evan Enwerem, was exposed as having concealed his previous criminal conviction record. He was eventually impeached as the Senate President after series of objections to his continued stay in office. Honourable Salisu Buhari who served at the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria was engulfed in a certificate forgery scandal. Reporting the issue it was stated that:
The speaker of Nigeria's house of representatives, Salisu Buhari, broke down in tears as he formally resigned following press allegations of forgery and perjury. His decision comes after days of mounting pressure during which he has consistently denied the accusations made against him. In an emotional speech to assembly members, Mr Buhari said: "I apologise to you. I apologise to the nation. I apologise to my family and friends for all the distress I have caused them. "I was misled in error by zeal to serve the nation," Mr Buhari said. "I hope the nation will forgive me and give me the opportunity to serve again."
Several persons who served as Governors were involved in corrupt practices and some were convicted and jailed. Some of these were James Ibori of Delta State, Diepreye Alamieyeseigha of Bayelsa State, Bala Ngilari of Adamawa State and Joshua Dariye of Plateau state among others. Ministers, senators, house members and heads of parastatals all had their fair share dirty scandals bordering on corruption.
Regrettably, Law enforcement officers, who ought to be responsible for arresting and prosecuting offenders, have shown great propensities towards corruption. The Inspector- General of Police, Mr. Tafa Balogun, while serving in office, was arrested and ultimately convicted and jailed for converting public funds to acquire series of properties to himself.
Another variant of corruption and indecent practices is in terms of the electoral processes. The issue of unjust substitution of candidates, impulsive demand for bribery before nomination, rigging at intra party level, rigging during general elections, disenfranchisement of voters, violence during elections, kidnapping of candidates, violence during elections and allegations of bribery of Independent National Election Commission (INEC) officials and many other issues have marred the democratic process in Nigeria. Unfortunately a large number of those that engage in electoral fraud and irregularities get away with it and literarily create distrust of the democratic system of Nigeria.
It is quite unfortunate that with all the expectations that Nigerians had that with the ascension of the President Buhari led administration in 2015 that the issue of corruption would be seriously and eternally stamped out. It was on record that in his military days he launched the ‘War Against Indiscipline” and arrested and detained the Politicians who were allegedly involved in looting public funds. This is primarily, not just because, President Buhari was highly rated for having zero tolerance for corruption; but that he himself was highly respect by many for having personal self-discipline and integrity.
Regrettably, the regime of President Buhari has not been spared of the cancer of corruption. There were stunning flip flops about the issue of the first school leaving certificate of the President himself and it led to series of law suits and public denigration of the President. President Buhari has also been accused of outright discrimination and marginalization of certain parts of the Country in his federal appointments. Another aspect which raises the challenge on the integrity of the present democratic administration is on the response to issues of insurgency and killings, especially in certain parts of the country.
Day in day out, key officers of the administration have been fingered in one corruption scandal or another. For instance, A serving minister, KEMI……… was disgracefully removed on grounds of false information about completion of the mandatory National Youth Service Corps Scheme, after series of denials and investigations, there were revelations that led to her leaving office. The Senate was seriously accused of corruptly inflating the budget as shown on the budget padding scandal. On the Other hand some senators have been fingered as being involved in bribery scandals in the performance of their oversight functions. Unfortunately, the issue of corruption has also had a deep stain on the Judiciary as a Chief Justice of Nigeria and several judges in Nigeria have had to stand trial and have been disciplined or removed from office on corruption related allegations.
In another development, the Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Mr. Ibrahim Magu had to be removed from office due to serious allegations of corruption. Last of all is the fact the administration of President Buhari has been seriously accused of being selective in who to prosecute, or remove on issues of corruption; because he is accused of courting sacred cows in the administration.

DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA:JOURNEY AND EXPERIENCES
Democracy, is one concept that has taken deep roots in the Nigerian political discourse; because from year to year there are scores of criticisms of the practice of the concept in Nigeria. Several portions of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 allude to the practice of democracy. For example, Section 7 of the Constitution clearly states that the system of a democratically elected local government is guaranteed. Note that the main clause that entrenches democracy for all strata of governance is buried in section 14 under the unenforceable provisions of chapter 2 of the Constitution. Section 14 of chapter 2 the Constitution of Nigeria Provides as follows:
1. The Federal Republic of Nigeria shall be a State based on the principles of democracy and social justice.

2. It is hereby, accordingly, declared that:
a. Sovereignty belongs to the people of Nigeria from whom government through this Constitution derives all its powers and authority.
b. The security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose ofgovernment.
c. The participation by the people in their government shall be ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

Notwithstanding the above, some other provisions of the Constitution suggest that democracy, at least in principle and law, is recognized in Nigeria.


A lot of scholars or writers are divided on the origin of Democracy in Nigeria since Nigeria has a Colonial history. It is difficult to speak of democracy under Colonialism.Colonialism presupposes that the people do not rule themselves,but are ruled by external forces; or under the influence or directives of such forces. However, it is safe to say that some democratic principles filtered into the geographical entity now called Nigeria during the colonial era. As an author rightly observed: “Admittedly, each of the colonial constitutions introduced more democratic elements into the governing process.” First with the introduction of the elective principle in the Constitution generally called Clifford’s Constitution of 1922. The Constitution of 1922 allowed for the election of 4 representatives into the Legislative Council. Pursuant to the above, elections were held on 20th September 1923 for the Legislative Council. Subsequent Constitutions during the colonial era expanded the number of elective positions and greater participation of the governed people in their government. Eventually, Nigeria attained independence and the independence constitution was passed in 1960,the day Nigeria became independent of colonial domination Notably, the constitution made room for a lot of features that laid a solid foundation for the development of democracy. Some core features observed were as follows:“The 1960 independence constitution provided a democratic parliamentary system of government whereby the office of the Head of State is different from the office of the head of government....The fundamental rights of the citizens were entrenched in the constitution.”
Regrettably, even though the 1960 constitution had a lot of democratic principles and structures it was assented to by the Queen of England. The 1963 Constitution also brought fresh democratic structures into Nigeria. Notably, the Constitution was enacted, this time around, by the Federal Parliament of Nigeria. It made provision for an elected President as the Head of State and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria and the decision-making processes was anchored by Nigerians. However, the President was only elected by the Legislators. The Supreme Court of Nigeria became the final Court and Appeals were no longer made to the British Privy Council.
Democracy suffered a serious stroke immediately after the 1963 Constitution as a result of series of political and social dissensions. On January 15, 1966 the Nigerian Military seized the political power of the nation through a bloody coup d’etat. The Military introduced the Constitution (Suspension and Modification) Decree No.1 of 1966. By this Decree, the Constitution largely ceased to be in force; except for such provisions that were revived, modified, or adopted by the military. Law making and execution became the work of, and at the instance, of the Nigerians who were in the Military.
The period from 1966 to the brief return to civilian rule in 1979 was a unique period in the development of democracy. The period witnessed the Nigerian civil war which claimed so many lives. The war itself was largely caused by allegations of nepotism, corruption and ethnic marginalization which were also variants or byproducts of bad leadership. After the civil war, there were efforts to reconstruct Nigeria by setting up a Constitution Drafting Committee which ultimately led to the promulgation of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1979.
The Constitution of 1979 brought unique features that developed democracy in Nigeria. Notable among the features were the following:Notably, it provided for an executive president, a bi-cameral legislature for the centre, uni-cameral legislature for states and asystem of revenue allocation was entrenched, The constitution reflected the 19 states that were previously created in the Country. The Local government as a third tier of government was also introduced.It specified the functions of the local government; aCode of Conduct Bureau was established and it provided for fundamental objectives and directive principles of state policy.
The elections were conducted in the country and the military handed over power to the democratic regime. Regrettably, the democratic regime was greeted with a litany of legal tussles, allegations of corruption and widespread hardship in the country. With effect from January 1984, the Military again forcefully overthrew the democratically elected government, just shortly after the elections of 1983. In addressing the nation on the cause of the overthrow of the democratically elected government, the new military leader, Major General Muhammadu Buhari said as follows:
However, little did the military realise that the political leadership of the second republic will circumvent most of the checks and balances in the constitution and bring the present state of general insecurity. The premium on political power became so exceedingly high that political contestants regarded victory at elections as a matter of life and death struggle and were determined to capture or retain power by all means. It is true that there is a worldwide economic recession. However, in the case of Nigeria, its impact was aggravated by mismanagement. We believe the appropriate government agencies have good advice but the leadership disregarded their advice. The situation could have been avoided if the legislators were alive to their constitutional responsibilities; Instead, the legislators were preoccupied with determining their salary scales, fringe benefit and unnecessary foreign travels, et al, which took no account of the state of the economy and the welfare of the people they represented.
To fast forward this conversation, the military in Nigeria continued in power from 1984 to 1999 when they handed over power to a civilian administration and the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 was brought into effect. However, a Post Mortem examination of the era between 1984 and 1999 reveals that there were attempts to introduce some democratic structures and there were democratically elected governmentsespecially at the local government levels.
It is pertinent to comment on a few notable issues during the aforesaid period. As usual in previous military regimes, part of the Constitution of 1979 continued to remain suspended and the jurisdiction of the Courts was ousted in respect of any question or challenge to actions taken in pursuance of a military decree or edict or actions by the military. Interestingly, the Military regime led by General Ibrahim Babangida created two political parties, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the National Republican Convention (NRC) for the country and they gave guidelines for political participation and eligibility to hold offices. Notably, certain politicians who were branded as corrupt were banned from participating in the democratic leadership process.
A striking observation is that in a typical democracy, it is the people themselves that come together to form the political parties as against a dictatorial imposition. Another critical event is that the mega presidential election that was conducted on June 12, 1993 which was surprisingly annulled by the regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. The Military ruler, after annulling the electiondecide to “step aside” and he transferred political power to an Interim National Gjune Government headed by a Civilian, Chief Ernest Shonekan. Sadly, after a wobbling start of the interim government another coup was carried out and Late General Sani Abacha became the Commander – in - Chief.
The military regime of late General Abacha was noted for a lot of human rights abuses and serious disrespect for human rights. General Abacha spent a lot of resources to have a Constitution Review Committee and the Committee produced the draft Constitution for the Country in 1995, regrettably the Constitution was left in the cooler as it was never enacted into law by the regime of General Abacha. In the final days of the regime, there were strong indications that the military ruler was trying to succeed himself forcefully as a Civilian President; unfortunately, he died in office in 1998. Despite all the aggression which General Abacha presented to the world in the fight against corruption during his tenure, there were series of allegations that he and his cronies actually looted the funds of the Nigerian nation and kept them away in foreign banks and the subsequent governments have recovered the monies and assets for Nigeria.

Aristocracy
Aristocracy, is a “government by a relatively small privileged class or by a minority consisting of those presumed to be the best qualified to rule. The greek philosopher Aristotle stated that Aristocracy means, “the rule of the few – the morally and intellectually superior – governing in the interest of all.” An Aristocracy is generally a rule by the wealthiest and most highly regarded families and it is often hereditary. Regrettably, Aristocracy has been criticized on many fronts; notably, it was said of the British Aristocracy as follows:
They grasped wealth, corruptly carved out their niche at the pinnacle of society and held on to it with a vice-like grip. They endlessly reinforced their own status and enforced deference on others through ostentatiously exorbitant expenditure on palaces, clothing and jewellery. They laid down a strict set of rules for the rest of society, but lived by a different standard.
It is comments, as italicized above, that justify the cry for Tupocracy which anticipates that leaders live by the rules they have set up for their followers.
Capitalism
Capitalism has been described as “an economic system where private entities own the factors of production. Capitalism is a system of economic organization based on private property, free enterprise and freedom of contract, utility and profit maximization as economic motives, and the coordination of decision not through coercive mechanism but through the market.” As rightly observed,“Under Capitalism, all farms, factories and other means of production are the property of private individuals and firms.” Capitalism, has been noted to be a form of economic system that creates a class distinction or polarizes the have’s against the have nots or brewing greed and materialism. To the extent that capitalism potentially encourages exploitation of the less privileged by the more privileged ones, it falls short of being a commendable system. Tupocracy focuses on ideals of equality and respect for others and these ideals are to be exemplified by the leaders.

Communism
Another popular form of government is communism. Communism does not primarily strike at the character or style of any leader, rather it focuses on the distribution of resources in society. In expatiating the subject, Struhl stated as follows:
Communism can be understood as a form of social organization, a set of ideals, and a movement toward those ideals and the kind of social organization that would embody them. As a form of social organization, communism would abolish private property in the means of production, articles of consumption, or both. In so doing, it would try to realize such ideals as a rationally ordered and just society, a society that prioritizes communal and social welfare, a cooperative and caring community that transcends individual competition and egoism, and an egalitarian and class-less society.

Communism has also been seen as a political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society in which the major means of production, such as mines and factories, are owned and controlled by the public. There is no government or private property or currency and the wealth is divided among citizens equally or according to individual needs . It has been argued that the efficient distribution of resources in the communist society and the sense of cooperation allows for efficiency in resource distribution. Conversely, it has also been argued that the economic reforms in communist countries can hardly succeed without corresponding changes in the political system in that economic reforms touch state ownership, they usually become politically sensitive. Communism as a system is dictatorial in nature and mostly practiced in a one party state. Tupocracy, as shown, deals more with exemplariness and integrity which are all essential attributes that can give greater legitimacy to a communist government.
Theocracy
In practice, theocracy refers to a government operated by religious authorities who claim power in the name of God or supernatural forces. A country with a theocratic form of government only believes that God, or a supreme being, should be the centre of government and is represented by a religious, or spiritual, individual or a small group of spiritual leaders. Accordingly, theocracy tends towards leadership that is based on religious or highly moral principles. However, theocracy has been criticized as having the possibility to promote religious fanatism which may be inappropriate in political settings. Theocracy, being a form of political arrangement operated with ecclesiastical principles, is a fertile ground for Tupocracy to thrive on since the core ideals of integrity, accountability, fairness, justice and prudence expected of a tupocrat are indeed divine attributes.
Democracy
The focus of this work is on how to deepen Democracy through Tupocracy. Thus, greater attention will be given to the subject of democracy. There are several definitions of Democracy and scholars do not have any unanimity on the subject. Commenting on the subjectOsabu-Klesaid:
Democracy has been defined in various ways by different people including government of the people, by the people and for the people, government with the consent of the governed, and a form of regime that derives from popular sovereignty in which ordinary citizens are endowed with the right and ability to govern themselves.
Larry Diamond, describes democracy as a system of government with four key elements:
I. A system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections;
II. Active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life;
III. Protection of the human rights of all citizens; and
IV. A rule of law in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens.
Democracy has also been seen as a system which “places emphasis on the availability of opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to change them without recourse to a revolution.”
Another conception of Democracy is that which describes it as “a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership and major undertakings of a state or other polities are directly or indirectly decided by the “people”, a group historically constituted by only a minority of the population”. Democracy, though a system that encourages some sort of consensual decision making processes, as against dictatorial approaches; could also slow down decisions as the required majority consent quota may not be readily attainable. Democracy is primarily a system of government that allows for greater accountability from leaders in a lot of ways. Commenting on the nature of democracy Justice Musdapher said:
Democracy’s world is rich and multifaceted. Democracy should not be viewed from a one-dimensional vantage point. Democracy is multidimensional. It is based both on the centrality of laws and democratic values, and, at their center, human rights. Indeed, democracy is based on every individual’s enjoyment of rights of which even the majority cannot deny him simply because the power of the majority is in it hands.
Tupocracy, being a system that calls for exemplary leadership, is largely compatible with democracy. As the main founder and protagonist of the term tupocracy said himself: “Tupocracy” operates best within the framework and on the ideals of Democracy.”

ABSTRACT
There is a desperate search all over the world for, not just a good system of government, but for good and exemplary leaders. Thus, there is always an interplay of the quality of a system and the character of the human operators of the system. Democracy is rated as the most popular system of government in the world;regrettably, the media of many countries is awash with stories of leaders of different categories being indicted for misconducts bordering on corruption, abuse of office, highhandedness and other vices.An interesting, though novel system of government, which seems to address concerns about exemplary leadership is called Tupocracy. Tupocracy is a system of government, founded by Reverend (Dr.) Godwin Amaowoh, that focuses on leadership by example. The author advocates that when a leader operates with the qualities of integrity, discipline, and accountability, among other virtues, it resonates in the followership and the effectiveness of the entire system. This paper carefully examines how Tupocracy can be used to deepen democracy. While it draws examples across the globe, it focuses more on Nigeria. The paper argues strenuously that the democratic institutions in many societies have been badly disrespected, not just for want of vision or good policies, but because of bad leadership example. It further arguesthat if exemplary leaders with the right vision are put into leadership positions, the confidence in the leadership system can be largely restored.

INTRODUCTION
What is the solution to the incessant complaints about the world class leaders of nations, institutions and families who are poor examples of what they say or ask others to do? What are the damning consequences of the poor examples set by leaders in the democratic structures around the world? The propounder of Tupocracy opined that: “One of the ways to checkmate corruption is to enshrine moral principles of Tupocracy in our Democratic culture.” Another questionis, can Tupocracy, being advocated as a form of government, be integrated into democratic governance to ensure credibility, effectiveness and proficiency?Are there latent challenges in practicing Tupocracy? Whereas Democracy is an age long concept, Tupocracy is a relatively new concept or form of government. This paper will make a brief definition and origin of Tupocracy, examine some world forms of government; before narrowing the discourse to Democracy and Tupocracy. This paper will ultimately identify the core issues at stake, provide answers to the above questions and make recommendations where appropriate.
ORIGIN AND MEANING OF TUPOCRACY
Tupocracy, being a new system of government, was invented by a Nigerian clergyman, Rev.(Dr.)Godwin Amaowoh. Tupocracy was invented by Rev.Amaowoh during his Doctoral Degree Research at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. As noted by the inventor of the concept:

What is entirely new here is “Tupocracy”, which is entirely mine, being the brainchild of my Ph.D research….this concept finds its way into the political dictionary and encyclopedia of the world just as democracy,autocracy, aristocracy, theocracy and oligarchy, which are also of Greek origin.
The inventor further states that: “Tupocracy as a socio political culture is derived from the word “Tupos” and simply means “Government or leadership by example”. To give a further understanding of the meaning of Tupocracy, the author identified nine tenents of Tupocracy as follows:

a. Tupocracy emphasizes leadership by example based on integrity, whereby the leader says, “Do as I do.”
b. Emphasis is on moral and ethical qualifications for leadership.
c. It is an amalgam of character, ethic paradigm and personality Ethic Paradigm with the former superceding.
d. Tupocracy views leaders as mentors of integrity based on the ethics, values and norms of the organization.
e. It is founded on the golden rule.
f. It seeks the welfare of both the organization and its people.
g. It is predicated on the axiom that “Example is better than precept.”
h. “Tupocracy” operates best within the framework and ideals of Democracy.
i. Tupocracy believes in transparency, accountability, probity, justice, equity and fairplay.
In appreciation of the concept by Godwin Amaowoh, a further adumbration of the concept of Tupocracy has been done by reputable scholars. According to John Ikoni:

Dr. Amaowoh has introduced a new terminology in governance to the world and our dictionary. If theocracy is a government in which God is recognized as the Supreme civil rule, directly or through a priestly order, and democracy is a government elected by the people and for the people, TUPOCRACY is rightly coined to mean a government in which the leaders lead by positive example.
Although, the word Tupocracy may not have been directly used by scholars, leaders or good governance exponents across the globe, there seems to be a general consensus that a leader must not only churn out ideals of good governance, or sound principles of leadership; but that he or she must be an exemplification, or a mirror of such ideals or principles by his lifestyle and actions. Steven Covey puts it succinctly in the following words:
People with integrity are those whose words match their deeds and whose behaviors mirror their values. Their honesty and ethics can be trusted unconditionally. They honour commitments. They are dependable. They are known for doing the right things, for right reasons, at the right times. While numerous tales of integrity take place in public settings where others can see them, often the most powerful examples occur in quiet stillness of private moment - when no one else is looking.
What leadership by example means is that, our actions influence others to behave and respond in ways that we deem valuable and appropriate for the societal and organizational outcomes. According to Jane Boyce:
I believe there are three important aspects to leading by example. First, having the same or higher performance expectations for myself as I have for my team members, next, having to model and live the attitude and behaviors that I want in my team. Finally, having to be appreciative when the performance, effort and behavior are shown.
On leadership by example, Jennifer Bridges adds: “If you want to encourage, inspire, motivate and fuel your team, leadership by example is one of the best ways to getting and building trust.” It has also been said that “Good leadership is not something that just happens, it requires many competencies such as decisiveness, motivation and ability to lead by example.” From the foregoing,it is apparent that Tupocracy, was not just coined to be on its own as a system or form of government with independent structures such as how to get elected, how power is shared in other variants as is to be seen in other systems of government; rather the emphasis is on the leader carrying out whatever he is to do in, perhaps any system, with integrity, good character and exemplariness. In other words, it is more of an ideal or a style that can be applied in or juxtaposed with any good system of government. As the author himself further observed: “Thus contemporary society needs, for leadership in particular, a moral garment whose fabric consists of sound speech, good conduct, love, purity and faith. These are the virtues of exemplary leadership, that will command credibility, confidence and respect.” Put succinctly, “…Contemporary society needs the Character Ethic Emphasis against Personality Ethic Emphasis because the former is principle-centred.”
TUPOCRACY AND SOME OTHER FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
It is critical to the understanding of any discourse of any new or acceptable form of government to know that some “forms of government” are nothing more than approaches or ideas with no structural framework and, like clothes, they need a body or existing system to be applied in. As rightly observed:
As you proceed, you’ll find terms commonly used to describe the forms of government. Some refer to economic policy, others to political structures and others to philosophical ideologies. Some concepts overlap while others have no immediate parallel. It can be a complex stuff. One thing these terms have in common is each refers to an approach to governance and points to complex, evolving and often conflicting ideas how we should live with one another and within a larger society.
Considering the above, there are myriads of forms of governmentsthat have been propounded in the world and many more, like Tupocracy, areemerging. Some of the forms of government are: Authoritarianism, Anarchism, Aristocracy, Bureaucracy, Colonialism, Capitalism,Communism, Democracy, Dictatorship, Federalism, Fascism, Feudalism, Kleptocracy. Marxism, Monarchy, Meritocracy, Maoism, Military Dictatorship, Oligarchy, Ochlocracy, Plutocracy, Republicanism, Socialism, Theocracy, Totalitarianism, Tribalism and recently Tupocracy. Some of these forms of government will be highlighted for a better appreciation of Tupocracy.
Anarchism
Anarchism is one of the old ideologies of government. “Anarchism is a political theory, which is skeptical of the justification of authority and power, especially political power. Anarchism is usually grounded in moral claims about the importance of individual liberty. Anarchists also offer a positive theory of human flourishing, based upon an ideal of non-coercive consensus building.” It has been said that “Anarchism does not signify chaos. Rather, the word “anarchy” comes from the ancient Greek and means “no ruler”.
Whereas anarchy may not necessarily be chaotic, it thrives in challenging the ills of an organized government or authority and emphasizes the liberty of individuals to take actions as they deem appropriate. As noted, “Anarchism has inspired practical efforts at establishing utopian communities, radical and revolutionary political agendas, and various forms of direct action.” In reality, by the nature of society, it is impracticable to operate society without some form of people being given the responsibility to coordinate the orderly conduct of others. As a critique of Anarchism, it has been observed that “[t]he inevitable side-effect of this division is that anarchist movements tend to appear disjointed and hodge-podge, a haphazard gathering of motley students and dispossessed workers, who may not always be on the same page” . Conversely, Tupocracy emphasizes the need, not just for leadership but exemplary leadership.

Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is another form of government that is more focused on manifesting control over people of a defined territory to the exclusion of other possible authorities. It has been observed that authoritarianism “in comparative politics, refers to a regime that does not organize periodic free and fair election. Authoritarian, in political psychology refers psychological profile of people characterized by a desire for order and hierarchy and a fear of outsiders”. Authoritarians do not want their subjects to challenge their power or policies at all.
Betham notes that Authoritarian governance occurs when “rulers see public opposition as a major threat to the extent or continuation of their power and believe that they can work to undermine it with relative impunity.” The authoritarians are hardly accountable and they are hardly subject to the popular doctrine of checks and balances.“Authoritarian political strategies are subordination of the judiciary, suppression of independent news media and freedom of expression and restriction on the ability of civil society group to organize and participate in public life” .Tupocracy actually emphasizes accountability in the sense that the followers are supposed to imitate the style of the leader.