₦airaland Forum

Do you really think that quitting your current job and running for another is going to make a huge difference in your career path? Or maybe, you think your career path isn’t paying so well so you quickly need to run off to get a grip of a more lucrative one. Well if you think so, I think I’ll go with that too. From my experiences, I realized that there is close relationship between employee career path and employee retention; while this may not be the case at all times, it has a lot to say about employee turnover and retention.

Also Read: Relationship between career development and employee retention.

Certainly, some career paths are more lucrative while some others have just a little time to go into extinction or even get converged into some new ones. In another picture, some career path requires less rigid protocols than others and so on. Whatever be the case, the moment you decipher between career and passion, maybe you will be able to answer the question of which career to leave and which to go for.
But just in case you already did that, I did love to give you some tips on how to switch to your new found lucrative career without attracting so much unnecessary attention.

How to gradually switch career path

Conduct a market research
Doing a market research on your prospective career path will help to give you an edge when you fully get into it. It helps understand how rewarding it is; if really you have to go for it or just behind.

Immerse yourself into the new career
Entrepreneurship is one of those careers that can make you quite a six figure job; and if you must make the best out of it, you have to take out time to study and immerse yourself into the new career ideas, process, routines and the entire business procedure.

Attach yourself to a pro or under-study a model
Except you’ve made good money that can sustain you for a while, you may not need to resign your job yet; I suggest you take time and model someone who is really doing well. I think it will help you align your plans and resources better.

Ready? Go!
When you’ve gotten to this stage, I guess you’ll have to sacrifice everything else and focus on your new found career. Make sure you really meant it; there is going to be some tough times. So prepare your mind for what lies ahead.

Certainly, doing a final year project at the end an undergraduate programme in tertiary institution seems more like a ritual than an obligation. So students already know they will definitely pass through this process and so work their way through, anyhow. While this is the prevailing case, I suggest you shouldn’t take it up ‘just like that’; I mean you can make your undergraduate research project worthwhile and of great benefit to you in the long run. I already expect the question of ‘how’; it isn’t wrong at all.

Here is how you can benefit from your final year project

Get through Master’s degree and Ph.D. with ease
Pursing a Master’s degree programme in a field of study means that you find it interesting enough but your undergraduate project makes it a lot easier. If you really chose one or two project topics of good interest to you, it means that you can continue in that same field of knowledge when you resume your Master’s and Ph.D. programme; that’s how easy it can be.

Earn financial benefits if published in a journal
If you are lucky enough to have your undergraduate project published in a reputable academic Journal, you are bound to earn some good money each time your work is paid for. Sorry if I used the word ‘lucky’ but you see, a written project work can only make it down to a journal if it’s worth it; nobody wants to buy a leftover write-up from anyone.

Secondly, if you have established a connection with a reputable name in your immediate academic environment, you can work out modalities to have your work published in a journal with much ease.

You can make a good public speaker
If you successfully presented your final year research work before a panel in time, you can actually make a good public speaker if you keep up that skill. Public speaking requires as much skills as you need to present a project research before a panel. Such skills as time management, space and gesture management, maintaining eye contact, eloquence, audience engagement etc. are good for a start.

You can make a great team player
Doing a research work like an undergraduate research project makes you dependent on everything around you for success. You somehow get your supervisor or instructor into it, your colleagues are not left out, your library attendant will somehow get involved, the typist and all propel the boat from their end and before you realize, your project is ready; and that’s team work.

Somehow, you are indirectly getting ready to face the world outside the wall of your institution which requires some percentage of your intellectual prowess and a good percentage of your team play capabilities.

Wrap Up
If you take a detailed note of the above benefits, you realize that they are often overlooked; truth is, these are what your institution are preparing you for, particularly the last two points. Nothing stops them from asking you to write whatever you wish and submit. So I suggest you heed to them and see how it works out.

While preferential learning is fast taking over in the race of personal and professional training, the place of continuous learning should not be over emphasized. Research as a professional and significant field of human endeavor will not flourish if the place of endless knowledge acquisition is thrown to the background.

Research can be viewed from various dimensions- academic research such as final year projects conducted by university undergraduates, personal research such as self-imposed skill acquisition research done by an individual to promote personal skills-set, professional research such as skill expansion programmes conducted by a company to help employee adjust to new trends in their profession.

Here are hand-picked definitions of continuous research from different e-learning platforms:

“Continuous learning is a constant state of learning new skills to support how you improve knowledge”

“Continuous learning is the constant expansion of skills and skills-set through learning and increasing knowledge”

“It is further expansion of skill-set in response to a changing environment and new development”

From the three definitions, we can be certain to conclude that continuous learning cannot be so called without learning something new-a new skill. While this is the case, the aim is to prepare ahead to be able to adjust favorably to changes in the future and as such, researchers are not exempted.

Why is continuous learning necessary for every researcher?

You become self-confident
One of the lessons I’ve learned overtime is that each time something new is introduced to my learning curve, there is this conviction that comes around; makes me confident enough to face the next step for the day and I quickly feel like I want to teach someone. Constant learning in which ever field of professionalism is the foundation for self-conviction, confidence and self-satisfaction for acquired knowledge especially when you are trendy about it.

It’s the key to improve earning curve
Continuous learning in research opens up windows and doors of your earning curve. No one rewards a lazy-about for whatever reason; only hard work is rewarded and celebrated. In the academia for instance, to rise to the next level of profession, you would have written a considerable number of publications up to the level of professorship. I tell you what, your earning grows as your level grows too.

It presents you with many choices
Continuous learning opens you up to several options to choose from. When you learn and unlearn, you get to know the good and the bad; you will get to sample opinions, philosophies, ideas, rationale and background; it will subsequently help you narrow down your own idea the way it suits you.

It prevents memory loss
If you are a researcher and you neglect continuous learning, you are likely to begin to forget things with time. No matter how old, when you learn consistently, your brain expands the more making way for more knowledge and ever ready to unleash whatever have been saved up there.

Just like when you are called for interview, there are kind of questions you should expect when you face your project defense panel. They are quite familiar questions, certainly but from experience, you are not to appear before them telling the entire story in your written projects; there are hand-picked and vital sections you mustn’t miss out because you do not have time. Even the most familiar person may seem a threat to you ‘cos your best is needed at that point; and just like interview you must sound really convincing weather you did it yourself or not.

Listen up; whatever correction you are given at your final year project defense cost you marks. This may result to getting lower grades. I suggest you take note and apply these little tiny guidelines than paying a ransom you never bargained for. But before we get into the questions, here are the vital areas you talk about during your project presentation.

• State your project topic correctly

• State accurately and concisely the ‘statement of problem i.e. the actual issue that motivated your project topic in the first place

• Serial statement of the study objectives

• The research methodology entirely

• Your research findings

• Your conclusion and recommendations.

When you are done discussing these sub-areas, you rest your case and wait for the following questions:

How and why did you choose that number or research population and sample size?
Recall that in choosing your project research population and sample size, you must moderate the figure into a reasonable size; besides that’s what sample population is there to help you do. Meanwhile, your project topic must have an element of the specific population you have studied. That’s why you have project topics like;

• Radio listenership among youths in Lagos state University

• Influence of politics and student unionism among University of Uyo students’ academic performance.

• The use of contraceptives among women in Ogun state metropolis.

That being said; the reason for choosing your sample size is to make the research population manageable, that’s all.

What challenges did you bump into during your research period?
Although you might have written them in your project, I suppose you seize that opportunity to let them understand that as accurate as your research might seem, it may be quite challenging to generalize the research outcome since the research population and the sample size are relatively small. When you do so, they are convinced you understand research principles.

Did you actually retrieve all the research instruments (questionnaire) you gave out?
Obviously, that question is not attainable; be as honest as you can. If not they may require you turn in your questionnaires and if any difference is detected with the figures you already gave, you are in a mess. It happens sometimes that while some will answer correctly, some will dump it or even misplace it. On the other hand, you may be tempted to manipulate the research instruments. Meanwhile, be honest about the copies you gave out and the number you retrieved.

Why did you choose this project topic?
The answer to this question is the statement of the problem; you must not confuse it with the background of the study. If you like, you can paraphrase but try not to give a new idea along the line.

Final year project presentation and defense is as rigorous as writing it. Proper guidelines such as the one above are necessary especially as students make such mistakes over and over.

Good luck.

As a matter of requisite, the unique habits of a typical researcher are persistence, commitment, order and up-to-date; but it’s regretful to say that some researchers have thrown the subject of ‘contemporary research’ to the background, relying so much on ancient theories, principles and patterns. My assumption does not however beat the fact that quite a number wishes to remain updated in research but do not know how.

If that is you, then you have to do yourself a favour; keeping up-to-date as a researcher is easier said than done. A lot of activities will occupy your to-do list on daily bases but you have to make out time. Look! It is better to prepare your mind the whole day and write for just an hour a day than spending the day writing about outdated ideas; it will hardly sell out. Let me align your focus to 5 things you should do as a researcher to remain updated.

Also read: Design and implementation of marketing research information system with case study

Embrace an advanced research mindset
You will no more bear the tag of a ‘poor researcher’ if you broaden your horizon of research mindset; how do you do that? It’s this simple; do not limit your scope of study to your area of specialization, instead checkout complementing topics in other fields of study. That way, you will understand a research topic from various perspectives and of course, it is added to your wealth of knowledge.

Make out time to travel
It’s often said that travellers make good writers and that’s a fact. Travelling is like viewing the other sides of an ocean; you may never know what it looks like except you cross over. The world you see right where you are is your reality, the rest you hear of are fantasies except you see for yourself. Telling a story or researching about what you have observed or seen makes it all fun and real. Take a tour the next season, move away from your immediate environment and watch your next research pay-off.

Network with successful researchers
No man is an island, they say. There are researchers who have become really successful in your field and without; connect with them by chance or by accident. The internet now makes it a lot easier to connect online; that way, you are poised to do your best to meet your model’s standard including updating your information bank.

Get multiple information sources
As a researcher, information from just one source should never make a bench-mark for a conclusion; several opinions should have been sampled; likewise when aiming to remain updated in the field. You should always study multiple and credible information sources so that you wouldn’t get yourself in a mess.

Computer science revolves around the cycles of technology and science; as new trends emerge, the learning curve and project plans in this field of study follows the new patterns conversely. As a matter of fact, technology has become a major aspect of almost every little sector in our daily activities- in schools, banks, communication, security, business, fashion, infrastructure, health etc. The old trends have borne new regime of the trends which is the more reason some nuggets about current project topic ideas in computer science is necessary.

I’ll be listing some of the topics right here first and let you see sample list of project topics for computer science students. They are definitely going to be useful when choosing your computer science project topic. So here we go;

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FRAUD DETECTION SYSTEM IN COMPUTERIZED INSURANCE FIRM

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ANDROID-BASED ONLINE CLEARANCE SYSTEM FOR GRADUATING STUDENTS

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTER SECURITY: DATA ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION SYSTEM

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERISED TRAFFIC OFFENCE DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM.

EXPERT SYSTEM ON THYPHOID AND MALARIA DIAGNOSIS

Meanwhile, internet of things (IoT) is fast becoming a trend in technology especially the use of minute objects within the confines of our homes, offices, cars and accessories. As it is one of the major trends in technology, computer science students’ projects are not an exception. IoT, which by reason of trend is a good option for formulating current project topic ideas for computer science students.
Here are some areas in IoT that you need to borrow ideas for computer science project topics

• The use of IoT data to connect traffic light with utility companies

• The use of IoT to measure the temperature and humidity of cold storage devices.

• The sale of IoT data ( the process of economizing data and information)

• Automated customer service so that companies can predict when their clients are having issues; that’s also a trend in IoT.

• Workforce management; the solution of monitoring what your worker are doing per within their work space and work time.

A predominant impression that sets in at the mention of adult education sounds like “it’s school for the old”; but that’s not true entirely. Although adult education was basically meant for those who initially terminated or somehow had an interruption in their early education, it still applies to the education one gets beyond the age of say 25 or 30.

As much as the big name calls it, adult education has almost the same learning setting as the usual education regular students get in school. This procedure extends through collaborative adult education research projects, teaching patterns, examination, final year projects, tuition fee payments and other administrative formalities. But there are facts about adult education which you are yet to apprehend; we will have them discussed here as you read on.

It’s not conventional schooling
Adult education doesn’t take after conventional schooling; It takes an advanced pattern of teaching and learning. Students need not appear in uniforms or some special attire; some do not even see their instructors from the beginning to the end of their adult education. Meanwhile, there is this dynamic aura that surrounds the adult education sphere that’s often not native to normal early education.

Students take responsibility for their own learning
Unlike normal early education, adult education expects students to be part of their learning programme design. Students sit with their instructors to schedule lecture days and time, lecture medium or venue and all; they can even decide if classes hold or not. No one is questionable for your absence or sudden decision to discontinue your education; everyone is just their own lord.

Its major aim is to make people literate
Most times adult education is embraced just to eradicate illiteracy in the society especially when it comes under the umbrella of community development. Adults in rural communities partake in such education and apparently graduate but end up without a professional portfolio. In some other cases, adult education presents itself in the form of skill acquisition or some tech learning either virtual or otherwise. Meanwhile, it originally calls off ignorance from the mind of the beneficiaries.

Back here, adult education is very visible in the university communities where such programmes like continuing education, post-graduate programmes, Masters and Ph.D. programmes are held. Otherwise, it could just be some empowerment or skill acquisition programmes organized to illuminate the society intellectually.

You can’t possibly go through life in campus without being caught; caught by naivety, mixed with good and bad experiences plus the burden to pass out, fulfilling every expectation thrown at you the very day you got in. Life certainly looks different when you look at it from inside campus taking a first look at relationships, connections, lifestyle, politics, believes, residence and learning.

My experience on campus pictures life a bit simple but from the academic point of view, it’s quite complicated. The aspect of understanding different lecturers, their teaching techniques and their pattern of setting examination questions is a sundry process to adapt; funny enough, lots of students fail even after they’ve mastered this process; isn’t it complicated enough? Doing term papers, assignments, drafting seminar topics and writing them, drafting project topics, approving them and doing the actual project research is breath taking; but that’s just a tip of the ice berg in the tale of what campus life is like. Let’s take a slide through various aspects of campus experiences.

Entertainment
Campus is an experience center that shakes up your social life and sometimes shapes it. Several semester parties, birthday galore, events, shows and concerts attract young people in campus, presenting the good, the bad and the awkward. Truth is, it’s challenging to overcome ill social lifestyle on campus but it’s easy if you mean it.

Collaborative lifestyle
You can’t possibly avoid collaboration and group activities while in campus. If you reside in the hostel, you’ll understand better, class projects, meetings and several other activities requires that you do things with one or two or atleast ask questions. The principle of “On your Own” doesn’t really apply in campus; never have.

It is usually through collaborative activities that students are shaped to be vibrant in thought, in their dress sense, speech, approach towards issues and skill learning. Regretful to add however that while some get smart over positive things, some seize smart opportunities for the devil himself.

Connections
Honestly, campus is an experience center that randomly indulges you to make a support group for yourself; you may call it connection ‘cause that’s what it is. Some connections you establish on campus sometimes link you up somewhere in the future but ends on campus for others.

Accommodation
Quite a number of students leave off-campus while a good number stay in the hostels. Those in the hostel enjoy a lot of advantages like steady electricity, water supply, viewing centers, short walk to school. But this life seems to end within the ambit of the campus because somewhere out there, you pay bills for them. Accommodation on campus spoils the female inmates so much that they loose their cooking skills at some point.

Life on campus has a lot to teach and take away from you; it could take the good and give you the bad; it could aswell take naivety and gives you understanding. There are some aspects of campus life issues that you can’t just avoid; you just need to face it if you must overcome it.

However, you can’t get to see life on campus if you do not take a view from the inside; even if you are told about it, you won’t tell the story better if you are not part of the story.

Academic papers like final year projects are subject to final justification at the end of the research period; as such, students’ project grades partly depend on the judgment of the defense panel. This doesn’t mean the research students have not done well under the supervision of their instructor; it’s just a way of testing your understanding of the issue you researched on while contributing to knowledge. Secondly, they just have to justifying the personal efforts of students towards the research project topics they present.

While that is necessary, they base their judgment on some yardsticks which you must be careful to note; and ofcourse, you’ll have them on your fingertips at the end of this article. So on your project defense day, your defense panel will look to you for the following;

First, your appearance
The very first impression you’re going to make in the presence of your project defense panel is your appearance. Your make-over, as a lady should be light and moderate; your hair shouldn’t keep you busy or even put off some imaginary hairs around your face; it throws you off balance on stage. For the guys, your hair cut should be neat and simple.

Usually, the dress code is formal- guys in plain trousers, shirts, tie and suits if possible. The ladies should be in skirts and nice blouses or shirts; gown and a blazer are also allowed.

Composure/ Confidence
The way you present yourself gives the panel the impression that you are sure of what you have documented or maybe that you aren’t so sure. The panel looks at you in the face, if you maintain eye contact with them, with your heads high, they will be keen to hear you out but if you come shaking and keep avoiding their eye contact, you are simply telling them you are helpless; they will just finish you. Do not read your project to them, present it.

Presentation
This is where project students put so much effort trying to get familiar with the research work. Be sure to present your research work well beginning from the research background except otherwise instructed. Present your work in simple and good English and be ready to answer every question they throw at you. Demonstrate when possible, smile when you should, give moderate and necessary gestures and try not to loose control of your tone, pitch and intonation.

Your ability to state and proffer solution for the problem you stated.
While presenting, you should not omit stating the ‘statement of problem; meanwhile, your research is only complete if you present a solution which you’ve found out at the end of the research. It makes your research worthwhile.

Method of data gathering/ analysis
The panel will also judge you based on how you organize the method if data gathering and analysis. They will go as far as checking your research population, sample size, sample procedures, instrumentation and tables. Master each of them plus the figures; to avoid mixing things up, scan through your work while presenting to be on the safe side.

Wrap up
Project defense is neither a speech that you come to read, nor a recitation that you need to cram; it’s just something you should have mastered and see through while presenting. Get a reminder sticker, jot down some key points and stick them to the pages of the project copy you are presenting with; that will help you present better and confidently enough.

Never be afraid to search out a page from which you need to confirm an answer. It is your right! Be sensitive when they throw questions at you or make incorrect statements which they expect you to correct. The exercise we are preparing you for is called defense; so make it worth it.

There are key actors whose decisions influence your final year research process; they are your project supervisor, the project defense panel and you. With these two and you, the beginning and end of your research is in a vantage point but your supervisor has a greater influence, if you ask me. You need to induce him/her to become the right team player you need for your final year project. Ohw well, go ahead and ask me how because I’ve got some smart tips to put you right through.

Be submissive and admit your mistakes always
You could finally bring your project supervisor to that level if you stay submissive and ever ready to admit your faults. Ohw, well, your supervisor is not all knowing but since your best and worst performance depends on your relationship with him/her, drop your ‘I know it all syndrome’ and be submissive.

Ask reasonable questions much often to avoid unnecessary mistakes. Be cheerful when receiving corrections and show remorse for every mistake your supervisor is not happy about; be sure to effect those corrections the next time.

Dress well
A good dress sense is like magic; it induces acceptance and encourages people to address you better. Never dress shabbily especially to see a supervisor of the opposite gender; it could lead to some assault or something close; plus that apparently distracts your supervisor’s attention from your project to you.

Stay coordinated
For always, keep your documents coordinated; try not to look confused or lost over every little thing. Your project file jacket should always look neat and presentable. Your typographical arrangements, citations etc. should be as stipulated. So doing, you will give your supervisor less work to do and pull his attention into the bigger picture.

Show hard work
No supervisor likes a lazy student; never make them feel you are one. If you really want to bring your supervisor’s energy to bear, show hard work and he/she will put you through. Go into deep research and come up with deep rooted research sources that should impress your supervisor.

Some really kind supervisors can go as far as giving you research materials or referring you to a credible research source if your work is impressive enough. This perhaps reduces the much anticipated confidence your supervisor has in you. It also reduces stress and motivates you to do better.

Keep to time and date
Be punctual and regular at every scheduled appointment with your supervisor. The work schedule of a typical lecturer is really tight, scuffing out some time for you means he/she values your academic career; don’t mess it up.

Be early at every meeting; it tells your supervisor that you are a serious type. It also means that you’ve neither lost respect for his office nor do you intend to make him disrupt his schedule for the day.

Research is so full of reservations and casualties waiting for scholars to fall prey; it’s quite unfeasible to know all about the research topic you are working on; not until you make the mistake and get corrected. What happens when the mistake isn’t detected early enough and probably complicate issues much later is the ugly story every researcher will gladly skip; likewise undergraduate researchers.

Undergraduate researches reserve a lot of baffling mistakes that are sometimes avoidable for students but somehow along the line they get into this mess. This piece however is set to treat you with very common mistakes undergraduates make during their final year project; so you watch out for them to enjoy a stress free research season.

Negligence to deep understanding of the project topic
Share negligence to deep understanding of a project topic is very common among undergraduates. They not only fail to capture key areas the research topic covers, they fail to understand what such topic requires.

Not understanding the research topic means that you already started with a mistake and whatever other mistake you make as you progress happens out of ignorance except the topic is checked by a higher authority for reordering.

Using the wrong research method
Poor understanding of the project topic induces the use of wrong research method and that’s a big mistake in research. Every research topic has a kind of research method that best fits it. If you do not know your research topic enough, you may fail in making the right choice for research methodology.

Choosing very large research population and sample size.
The reason for breaking down research into ‘populations’ and even smaller groups is to ensure that the sample size is manageable by the researcher especially at the undergraduate level. Ignorance will make a researcher to choose a research population and sample size that is large enough for a Ph.D. or masters work.

Mixing up figures in the middle of data analysis, issuing too many questionnaires and data gathering materials, as the case may be, becomes resultant issues that may arise.

Poor Acknowledgement
Poor attention to details while referencing cited works may cause you some marks and time; that sounds like a small mistake though. Little details as full stop, comma, colon, semi-colon, parenthesis, date and year placements, names etc. are common mistake undergraduates make in their final year projects.

Choosing project topic of less interest to them
85% of undergraduate project students do not choose their project topics by themselves. The probably copy from a source, ask someone to choose the most convenient topics for them or coin a topic from the most available resource material.

Students fall victim to these common mistakes and require proper guidance from a good instructor.

How much should I save for my final year project? How much will I spend on research materials? Do I need to get a loan for my project research? These are popular questions undergraduates usually seek answers to while getting ready for their final year research. You will accomplish more during your research when you plan for it. When you plan well, you know how much you need and save more.

Sincerely, it cost much more than just money to successfully conclude a presentable undergraduate project; indeed any research at all. Your time, commitment, focus, leisure and comfort are some of the sacrifices you need to make but since money is the actual focus here, you must be able to answer the following questions to be sure of how much you need to save for your project research.

How long will the research last
The span of the research is a determinant of how much you need to save; all through the research period, there are other daily expenses you need to take care of including meals, hair-do (for ladies) and other things you may not have planned for. This certainly means dividing your income to fix these needs and keeping a good sum for you project. It may last for three months, six months, one year or more. You need to save more if it will take so long and maybe less if otherwise.

However, there are short term research that actually cost more than long term research; no matter what, you must learn to go back to the drawing board, set your priorities right and know which of the expenditure means more to you; your project or miscellaneous needs.

What’s your income plan like?
Where do you intent to get all of the money you are planning to save; your allowance, your business or where exactly? Imagine your allowance isn’t just enough to take care of your daily needs, how do you go about saving; now that’s a question you must answer.

Meanwhile, it doesn’t really matter what your income plan looks like, if you start saving very early, a penny a day or even a week would amount to a huge sum in a long run. But if you have various streams of income, you also need to save atleast for unforeseen circumstances.

Which area of your research requires more money?
This also covers the question of what exactly you are saving for. Obviously some areas of a typical undergraduate research require more money than the others. Let’s say you need to print your work and package it each time you want to present it in part to your instructor; money will be needed for this. Your transportation to your research location may become overwhelming along the line but if you have your savings planned out, you won’t feel much of the weight.

Whenever students are given take home assignments, they are often tempted to consult some other books and online sources for topical issues written on the matter they are given. No one can out rightly do an academic work without borrowing a word or two from a previous works done on related issues; this is one of the major research sources for final year project students.

Research sources can either be classified as primary or secondary; you can get firsthand information about a research source, interpret and analyze it or rely on already made resource materials for information. Getting ideas from already made academic works and adding to your own knowledge is what makes a good research.

Primary research sources
When a researcher gathers data directly from the research population or sample, it is regarded as a primary research source; in this case, the researcher has to process and interpret the data into meaningful information the way it applies to the research; this happens in different ways which include;

Case study: Case study under a primary research source requires that a researcher takes detailed approach towards studying a particular person, group, community or an entity. The idea behind a case study is to use the outcome of the sample study to address the whole research population. So on these bases, researchers get firsthand information because they have taken some time to study the research sample.

Survey: This is apparently the most popular method of gathering primary information in a final year projects. It involves posing constructed open or close ended questions to a research sample with expectation of responses from them. In the end, the researcher gathers the responses and take out useful informal from among them which basically forms a major part of the research finding.

Records: For undergraduates whose project topics require studying organizational documentations, newspapers and files, getting firsthand access to these files is considered primary information. The records are still raw and need to be processed to a more useful outcome; it could be figures, details, news, names as the case may be.

Interview: Just like the name implies, the researcher usually arrange for a talk session with the project sample; the questions are constructed but sometimes turns out to be follow-up questions. The interview could happen live, on phone call or via the internet. The researcher does not only have firsthand information from the interviewee, he has close contact and sometime some information about the interviewee.

Secondary research sources
A research source can be regarded as secondary when the information is ready made, there is no need to process anything. The researcher can either quote the information source directly or paraphrase the information giving credit to the source either way; they include

Library research / Online: All the process of gathering information from books, journal, etc. are classified under library research; it also includes borrowing knowledge from the internet. It is expected that the researcher gives due credit to the information source otherwise, it will be regarded as academic theft.

Review of existing literature: In another instance, undergraduates get additional knowledge for their research when they review research works that are related to the research topic they are working on. It could be an unpublished Ph.D work, an undergraduate project or some other research done in another institution entirely.

Humans invented technology as a means of bridging communication gaps but beyond this primary aim, it was meant to spread through many other areas of human endeavor including education. But, this wave of development has not been successful enough in stitching the social gaps in education; instead the differences seem to increase as more technological inventions emerge by day.

Education has always revolved around the cycle of inequality and social class. Children of the rich patronize schools with amplified facilities and ofcourse teachers with updated knowledge, children of the poor on the other hand are at the mercy of public schools. Before now, public schools were about the best schools with the best facilities but the order has changed plus the unspeakable gap that technology has infused.

Read also: The surest way of eradicating the negative impact is ICT on students

The discrimination we are talking about would have been fair enough if it stopped at schools but no; it spreads uncontrollably into the society like virus. Infact between schools and the society, we can hardly say which is influencing which. To avoid many doubts, let’s look at several ways technology has inspired social-gaps in education.

• It has modified discrimination

• Knowledge gaps

• Affordability is relative

It has modified discrimination
Discrimination often presents itself in various ways, racial, gender, age and economic but in an academic setting, the discrimination takes advantage of school ownership. From the way we have it today, private institutions are the birthright of the rich and powerful who could afford to pay the big bills. If by chance you see a child from a poor background it must be through sponsorship or scholarship. It is in this platform that you meet children choosing playmates or clicks that are of same social status.

Students and kids alike bring along their tech gadgets for use in school; if you do not have it, you are to find your levels. The most intimidating of all is when students tend to keep trends with latest the gadgets and buy them as soon as it’s out for sale.

Knowledge Gap
You cannot possibly equate the IQ of a child who is exposed to several methods of learning to one that is only familiar with normal class room sermons. The introduction of virtual reality and augmented reality into education has totally enhanced how pupils and students gain learning experiences and even the method of learning but the experience is totally different in a local schools, low financed schools and ofcourse public schools.

Affordability
The only thing standing between knowledge gap is affordability. If you can afford tech enhanced education, you have, if you can’t you go for less. In the early days of education, admission was based more on merit than any other factor but now, money is the first on the list if you need quality education.

Have you wondered why you can’t find all the words you’ve heard so for in your entire life in one dictionary? You often get bored when you don’t seem to grasp the ‘big words’ your friends use when holding a conversation; sometimes not because it doesn’t make sense but because they use these words differently from the normal everyday use. In another picture, some people like to explain what they mean when they use homographic terms in public; they do not want you to give it a different meaning from theirs.

Now that’s how it is in research, a familiar word may mean different things and apply differently to different fields of study; no wonder typical final year projects framework requires the operational definition of concepts in a research. Interestingly, if you do not understand the idea of conceptualization in research, you may find it a bit challenging fixing the operationalization; they both complement each other.

Conceptualization in research is an idea that governs the explicit definition of research terms without any ambiguities especially terms that have different meaning in other fields of study. It guides how researchers define terms based on the meaning in a particular field of study. You don’t want your research audience to interpret your research terms differently, do you?

Operationalization on the other hand is the definition of research terms the way it will be used through the research. This may sound a bit confusing with the former but get it right; when you operationalize a term in a research, each time that term is used throughout the research, the meaning is referred to that specific definition you gave at the beginning. Let’s take for example, your research topic is;

‘Coverage of Political Issues by Select national Newspapers’
Defining the term ‘Coverage’ operationally sounds like;
Coverage is the process of gathering, interpretation and dissemination of political issues by the press.

As much as you can, narrow the operational definition down to your project topic because that’s exactly what it entails. The reason this is done is so that your research audience do not give another definition outside your research idea. Some may sound like ‘why is this; this is not the correct definition for this term’ but that’s not really your business; it is a research framework which you must follow.

Researchers misunderstand these terms a lot and sometime use them interchangeably. I expect that such misunderstanding is cleared; if not you can always use the comment box for further clarity.

The 21st century education has evolved in the past decades seizing every opportunity and trend to impact students, teachers, research and the entire learning processes. Likewise, more and more trends have emerged to diversify the learning patterns and spice up teaching; moreover, upcoming apparently mind blowing. Meanwhile, let’s consider trends that are very predominant in 2019;

Virtual Reality
Knowledge retention is very promising with virtual reality because it exposes kids and students in all grades to learning and experience plus the sense being there. 2019 has seen the advent of virtual and augmented reality; in the coming years, it’s going to take over the learning process to enhance learning comprehension particularly with the use of virtual environments creating natural imaginations in the human memory.

Digital Literacy
Very prevalent among millennial in 2019 is the use of technological enabled gadgets like computers, gaming materials, android and iphones, smart watches and all to enhance learning; all these contribute at one point or the other in their formal and informal education. Young people have become even more native to digitization and they use it concurrently for self-education and sometimes classroom learning.

Collaborative Learning
Long gone are the days of mind your business learning pattern; for students in this age, learning is made fun at all levels by giving joint academic tasks and research works both at the primary, college and tertiary level. This promotes collaborative learning, intercommunication and inter-dependency in a learning process.

This strategy makes it a lot easier for teachers, minders and instructors to interact and establish a learning relationship among students for better research and learning outcomes. Much of the time, project topics are given out to students who find their way around answers to research questions.

Project-Based Learning
Another emerging trend in 2019 education is project-based learning. Since reading and writing alone cannot all solve the career need of students, students are engaged with big and small cooperative projects that’s often tasking and challenging. This is meant to push students to field work and embrace productive and practical sense of learning as against mere theories.

You can’t possibly study everything at once in a single research, it is beyond your reach; not just final year students, anyone else. The purpose of a research is to understudy a case and use the research outcome to take a broad view of the issue so researched. As standard may have it, students are made to channel their final year projects to a specific case. Not fair enough, reasons are not always given which explains why students fumble in the middle of a research.

That wouldn’t be the case anymore, no; not after reading this article to the tail end. You will get to understand reasons why your final year project must consider a case study. So here is what it’s all about;

Using a Case Study Makes your Research Manageable
A typical undergraduate research requires that you choose a sample size for the research. The sample size can only be drawn from the population of study. Explaining this will be a talk for another day but there is no two ways about it. Except you want to spend your entire life studying an issue; even at that, it is beyond your reach. Making your research manageable also makes your research figures manageable too.

It Gives your Research a Focal Point
A case study makes it easier for your research to focus on a subject matter, a specimen or newspapers as the case may be. For instance, if you are doing a research on cars, your population of study can be Ford cars produced in 2017 and 2018. Meanwhile, the sample size can be Ford cars produced in Nov. and Dec. 2017 and 2018 respectively. Following this sequence, your research becomes specific enough to work on.

It makes it Easier to make Generalization
At the end of your final year project, it is also expected you make a conclusion which in other words is called generalization. Your research outcome no matter how limiting is what you use to make a general conclusive statement about the issue you have researched.

It is the Rule of Research
Let’s just say you didn’t read this article; you will get to know with or without any formal orientation that a final year project must have a focal point of study.

If you’ve never written a final year project research, this may be the most awful thing you ever heard about doing a research. Or let’s say you already had a bite from the pie, this could sound less shocking and more like an evocation. Final year research is always embraced with enthusiasm and most times draggy attitude. Let me engage you with three freaking facts about writing final year projects.

It costs a lot more than money
Sometimes final year students take advantage of their research project to make the whole lot of money they never made during their school days. Surprising enough, they discover in the middle of the game that money wasn’t the in-thing after all. It takes lot of stress, energy, smartwork, time, human resources and networking to get down your project successfully. It would be really cool if you give it all of this and backup your effort with money.

Early birds do not always catch the worms in this case
The Hypes glared at early birds is not always the outcome while writing final year project research. You may begin quite early but end up rushing to fill in lost times. It may not be your fault anyways; it’s just one of those things I talked about earlier. You may not find your way easily through the data gathering and analysis and so your problem begins when your network of relationships can’t be of help.
Several other factors that could cause delay in the presentation of final year research projects may include, working with a lazy or ‘too busy’ instructor, limited resource materials, The location of the research case study and paying little or no attention to corrections.

There will always be a comeback for picking a topic you never had interest for.
One most exciting feeling one could ever have before delving into a research is if the researcher has the resource materials handy. It promises you a stress-free research season but not so fast; a little observation or correction can throw you off balance totally. You know, it’s easier to fix a mistake you made than one anyone else made.

It is not entirely possible to detach technology from education-technology because for one reason or the other students and instructors alike will need any of these tech tools in the long run and for their research too, subsequently. This does not mean however that you must have a background in computer science to be able to do a research project topic in education-tech. An understanding of the dynamics in ed-tech and the kind of skills, softwares and basic technologies you need, will do.

As a researcher in ed-tech you need to be skilled with technologies that aide learning not necessarily high standard technologies. Ed-tech on its own involves the effective use of technological tools that facilitate learning. It involves the use of media, machine and networking hardwares and softwares alike to facilitate education and learning processes.

Before we go ahead, you need to know the tools you will need for a course in ed-tech so it will be easier to grasp the skills you need . I hope you are familiar with the terms “synchronous” and “Asynchronous” method of learning , if not let’s see what it means.

Synchronous method of learning in education technology is one that permits participation among students in real-time. It doesn’t really matter if the students meet face to face, what matters most is that students get to learn and interact with each other at the same time. On the other hand, asynchronous method advocates for a learning process where students need not participate at the same time. Students learn at their own pace, their leisure and share their contributions at their convenience.

In synchronous method, you need the following:
• Face-to-face interaction
• Online real time teacher
• Feedback
• Skype conversation
• Chat rooms
• Open mindedness
• Real time interactivity

In asynchronous method, you need the following:

• Email
• Discussion boards
• Text books
• Audio recorder/audio
• Video courses
• Social networking.

You need these here because students take the information sent to them whenever they wish. Likeweise, they send their own contribution anytime they wish to. Therefore, in ed-tech, an average student will enjoy the advantage of tech skills in his project research.
So, what skills do you need to start a research in ed-tech?

The following skills are needed to start a research in ed-tech;
• A skill in image management
• Electronic presentation skills/ power point presentation
• Word processing
• Downloading softwares
• Software installation into a computer system
• File management skills

These are some of the skills you will need not just to do you research in education technology but also for the presentation of your research.

Running a small business actually seems very easy to grasp when imagined than in reality. The simplicity sways from the nature of business to the capital involvement and maybe your perceived consumers. But it turns out ‘not so easy’ when you actually start. Managing a business professionally either big or small requires atleast a degree in business management but the increasing number of entrepreneurs has made every sole proprietor a business manager automatically. If not, this issues would fit a research project topic in business management.

This article is meant to prescribe how to run a small business from home. We must understand that freelancing or remote working is a different ball game from this discussion. In freelancing, you work for someone else from home while in this case, you run the business and manage it by yourself from home. Let’s get back to the main issue in hand.

How to run a small business successfully

Assuming you already have the business idea and financial resources in place, the following are simple strategies that can help you run your business from home successfully.

• Outsource your weaknesses and leverage on your strength
• Deploy skills from diverse but related fields of study
• Spend minimally on irrelevant things
• Your capital investments should mostly come from your saving and maybe contributions from family and friends.
• Do not be carried away with chores, be time conscious.

Outsource your weaknesses and leverage on your strength
Running a business does not necessarily mean that you have all the human and material resources needed to run the business. This simply implies that you can give the best of what skills you have and outsource the areas that you lack competence.

As a small business, there is no need to employ people. Remember you are running the business from home so instead of employing you outsource. There are many freelancers out there waiting to assist small business outfits like yours. Use their services from time to time to boost your business.

Deploy skills from diverse but related fields of study
By this I mean that when outsourcing for extra arms, be sure to deploy skills that complement your field of expertise. For instance, if you are an expert in programming and you intend to thread the business part of it, there is no need to outsource a programmer. You either need the services of a freelance writers or a Search Engine Optimization expert online.


Spend minimally on irrelevant things
Running any business at all from the start requires some level of discipline from all aspects. One of them is your spending. Maybe running your business from home gives you an impression that you do not need several things until the need actually arises.

You therefore need to spend minimally on things that are not readily needed both for your business and your personal use. Instead, save more than you spend and invest when necessary especially on things that will bring back returns very quickly.

Do not be carried away, be time conscious
One more thing you have to be very conscious about is time. Running your business from home is a big distraction. Try to stay away from anything that will get you carried away very easily such as cooking, sleeping, gaming and procrastination.

Your capital investments should come from your personal savings, a little from family and friend
As a small business outfit, you do not need investors at this level nor loans either. You need your personal saving for a start or maybe a little contribution from family and friends. Welcoming offers from investors will make you panic.

Conclusively, running a business from home has the two sides of it. A lot of discipline will do you a lot of good. While outsourcing remains paramount, employing steady workers is a no no for me.

Students in the final year of their accounting degree course will have to submit both project and other research work for some courses. Since this is the case, similar to selecting the right topics for other research work, it is essential that they will have to select the right accounting research topics as well. Only then, they can complete the project on time and can come out in flying colors.

Not so fast anyway, if you are in your final year accounting course and are thinking about the research topics, here are some tips to help you decide.

Which area of accounting do you find very interesting?

One thing that should herald your choice of accounting project topics is your area of interest or specialization in accounting. You cannot research what does not drive your zeal or interest. Doing otherwise will cost you more stress and at some point you may find yourself struggling because you have run out of ideas.

It is true that you will have to conduct a lot of research before you decide on the accounting project topics and this holds particularly true when it comes to deciding on the research topics. But, you should not jump into the research previously conducted by a person, just because you have reference materials handy. You should really choose the topic only when it is interesting to you.

By interest it means that you need to choose a project topic from an area of accounting that best interests you and which you may likely wish to specialize on.

Practicability of the accounting research project

In addition to the first, the project topics for accounting student should be chosen only if the topic is feasible. Be sure not to choose a project topic that is entirely abstract in nature. Accounting projects are primarily part of the daily economic activities except for the highly technical ones. Therefore driving your project topic idea home and making it more realistic wouldn’t be a bad idea.

Consider the scope of the topic you want to study

The scope of your accounting project research is highly influenced by the variables that are contained in your project topic. By variables, I mean there are key concepts in your project topic you need to explore and that exactly determines the extent to which you stretch your project to research.

Still under the scope, you must be able to decide as an accounting final year project student, the area your research wishes to explore and where you don’t intend to. Sometimes it is necessary to state clearly as it is formally called the ‘delimitation of the study’.

Consider its relevance to your field

A research project is as good as none if it has little or no relevance to the field; Likewise accounting research projects. In choosing the right project topic in accounting, you must come to realize how useful it is currently to your field following what is obtainable in the industry.

In this era of digital everything, do not forget to consider how it has influenced accounting as a field of study as an industry.

There are many other tips that can guide your choice of accounting project topics including datedness, availability of resources both humane, material and financial resources. You will get to learn more as we go ahead.

Democratic governance with its ideal of elective representation, freedom of choice of leaders, rule of law, freedom of expression, accountability etc has become the acceptable system of government all over the world. It is a form of government in which the supreme power of a political community rest on popular sovereignty. According to oyovbaire (1987) democracy as a system of government seeks to realize a generally recognized common good through a collective initiation and discussion of policy questions concerning public affairs and which delegate authority to agent to implement the broad decisions made by the people through majority vote. Thus, in contemporary times, democracy has been referred to as the expression of popular will of the political community through elected representatives. The contemporary democracy according to Raphael (1976) rest on representative government.Democratic governance in Nigeria has been a different thing when compared to what is obtainable in other part of the world. The respect for human right and the rule law which are the main features of democracy are not visible especially between 1999 and 2007; election rigging and gangsterism is the order of the day that one can hardly differentiate between democratic government and autocracy. Read more

The innovation in the banking industry has quickly moved-on from mere transactional activities to the increasing use of data to facilitate digital processes. The use of proactive measures to sieve information, figures and insight to satisfy customer expectations and improve their experiences is the entire focus of these innovation trends. Most of all, it will to a large extent influence the choice of banking and finance project topics for students in this field.

The way things are going in this industry, there is going to be a review in the entire study curriculum of banking and finance students. This can also mean that students are going to be studying topics regarding the digitization of banking and seal the studies with their final year research projects. The basic step to becoming native to banking digitization is following trends that unfolds with time. Currently, the following trends are already invoked and will become very popular as 2019 unfolds. So, let’s see what they look like.

According to reports from the Financial Brand published December 3, 2018 the following are likely to unfold in 2019 for the banking industry.

Delivering proactive advice

Through data and analysis, banks can easily access information about their clients which enable them to give information based on their expectations and perceived needs. This is true. The first time an ATmachine in another banked called me by name pricked something in me. I realized that technology has gone beyond what we knew.

Introduction of new mobile applications

The banking industry is likely going to deploy new mobile application that will enable them personalize their services. These applications in view are likely going to be voice-aided to make conversation between the customer service and clients more intimate and personal.

They intend to stratify their target demographics

This simply means that they are going to partition their clients into different categories and serve them following the perceived needs of those in that category. Such stratification includes lifestyle, values, aspiration, mindset, age and other under-served needs of their clients.

Therefore, following these agenda for the banking industry in 2019 will award you a great plus especially in your final year project. Looking at the entire focus of this new innovation trends, it brings to bear the fact that the banking industry is trying modify their customer services and experiences. If that be the case, what is your own lot as a banking and finance project student?

Your place is simple and that is drawing your successors in research, your research audiences, your supervisors and instructors to the consciousness that your research in not complete when it does not reserve some knowledge for the future. What is that future if I may? It is technology

freshlaw:
Good post.

Thank you

Some compromises are worth making and indeed when it turns to the academic arena, researchers go extra miles to reach for the light they seek. A research journey often begins with the choice of project topics to work on and then further procedure falls into place. However, in getting their final year project topics approved, students sometimes have to work really hard for it.

There is no hard and fast rule to getting your project topic approved but I believe so much that there are factors your project adviser or instructor is looking out for before he gets your project topic approved. One of the original factors is what is formally called variable in the academic project research.

What are variables in a research project topic?
Variables can be described as the broken aspects of a process, routine, activity, and issues that you want to study. You can’t possibly carry out a research without having these variables present in your project topic infact, it won’t just make any meaning.

When variables are classified or separated as stand-alone phrases, they become complex concepts that a researcher can explore all through the research period. In other words, there two types of variables in research, they are dependent and independent variables. The two complement each other in research project topic.

Independent variables are those occurrences that influence the dependent variables. A little illustration will help, I guess. Am going to give a dependent variable and outline a list of independent variables that can influence it.

· Example 1. Dependent variable - Student’s academic performance

Independent variables associated with student’s academic performance

Student- teacher relationship

Attention span

Project-based learning

School politics

· Example 2. Dependent variable - select national newspapers

Independent variables associated with national newspapers

Audience reaction

Frequency of Coverage

Audience perception, etc.

In the midst of these factors however, there are compromises that are worth making for your final year project topic to be approved, though not bad but easier and efficient, they include the following;

Present more than one project topics per time to your instructor
If you do not want to face too many challenges in getting a project topic, it is necessary to choose atleast two project topics per time and they must all point to your area of interest or specialization in your field of study.

Your instructor may not approve your topic if someone else presented something similar
Here is another advantage of submitting more than one project topic. Your instructor may not want to have two different people work on the same topic differently. So the second person with the same topic is likely going to be sent back. Have a backup project topic incase someone else already presented what you have in mind.

Structure and present your project topic accordingly
Structuring your project topic requires that you present it having the variables present and well defined. Ignorance is never an excuse in this case, therefore you must get out of your comfort to make sure you put things in place.

Like earlier mentioned, variables in a project topic is divided into dependent and independent variables. A project topic without these is likely not to be approved.

Consult a project website
Incase you are not so sure on how well to structure your project topic, aside seeking counsel from a lecturer, instructor, there is one more place I have to show you – a project website . Project websites like codemint.net will not only guide you, you are allowed to access free project topics that can help you structure yours properly for approval.

Good luck…

Questions have been raised over the topical issues that are currently relevant for research in the economics related courses particularly at the undergraduate, masters and Ph. D. levels. These questions are really necessary and vital as far as research is concerned. The truth about research, especially as it affects economics final year project topics is that it has this feature of datedness.

If you think following trends in the course of a research is not necessary, then you must think twice and decide where you really want to belong. As minutes turn to hours and hours to days and days to months and months to years, trends continue to evolve including research trends. In order to keep up with these trends, you just follow and align your thoughts, reasoning and research with the changes.

As a matter of fact, the Economic Policy Institute have confirmed the following as table, practical and current issues that economics final year project students need to consider while making choices for their project topics.

Issues related to Wages, Income and Wealth

As a researcher in the economics field of study, you need to consider such issues as payment policies, entrepreneurship, freelancing, conditions of services and more.
Take time and reason out which area the economy is embracing the more. For instance, freelancing and remote working obviously are taking over the global economy and you can’t help but key into it and make something out of it for your academic papers.

Consider Unions and Labour standards

Every now and then, we hear of industrial actions, strike and more. This should motivate you as a researcher to understand the standards these people have kept or intend to keep for their industry.
You should try to understand what parts of the standards are bridged continuously and the significance of such inactions.

Issues related to Retirement
This area is certainly not as boring as it sounds. Let me chip in an idea; you can do a paper about investment plans, pensions, live at retirement and more.

Trade and Globalization

The global economic trade is an area that virtually anyone can testify about. Besides, the evolutions and the forms of trade in the global market are worth more than a thousand economics project research topics.
It ranges from the money market, foreign exchange trade (forex trade), cryptocurrency etc. You should also consider the means of establishing these trades even when the business parties are separate geographically.

Minimum Wage

Minimum wage saga has raised a number of controversies in Nigeria towards the end of 2018 and I can’t say exactly why. As a sensitive economics final year research student, your interest should be drawn to such matter.

As an economics student, you have heard about inflation and deflation. Many countries have suffered inflation ie. Cross loss of value in currency. This means that when too much money is in circulation, The country may suffer loss of value in currency. Could that be what the government is trying to prevent? Well, I just gave you project topic idea.

Issues of Immigration

When citizens of a country tend to appreciate other countries more than theirs, then there is something they see out there that they can’t find in here. As a researcher, inquire into reasons for immigration, dominant countries immigrants are often headed, the economic effects of immigration and more.

Budget, taxes and public investments

This is deep but I guess you understand more as an economic student. There is more to annual, quarterly and monthly budgeting. At the national economic level for instance, some national budgets are weigh beyond expected, some less. On the other hand, less financial priorities are set on matters of great importance.

If you read through very carefully, you would have grabbed a couple or more economics project topic ideas. The above mentioned are current economic trends that researchers need to look into.

A research lacks focus without an objective and a research question. While the objective points clearly at what the researcher seeks to find, the research question raises questions from the objectives as to what the researcher seeks to find answers to. Our focus here however is on formulating a research question for an undergraduate project topic. Maybe we talk about research objectives in subsequent posts.

A research question is borne out of the research objectives which originates from the statement of problem. Every research has a purpose but the research question gives it a focus. For instance, in a research project topic that requires content analysis (for those in the mass communication department), the research question guides;

• the table for coding sheet

• the content categories

• the unit of analysis

• the number of tables for data analysis and

• the number of answers to discuss in your discussion of findings.

Also, failure to do justice to the research question means that the research is not complete.

How do you formulate research question for your final year project topic?

Like highlighted earlier, formulating a research question is not so magical, it is formulated out of something which is the research objectives. Therefore, the origin of formulating a research question is to know your research objectives; you can’t possibly separate the two.

First of all, know your research objectives and state them clearly

The research objectives are those things your research seeks to accomplish. By recommendation, it shouldn’t be less than three and more than five. It states in a single sentence, specific targets the research seeks to hit.

Here are examples of how to write research objectives in a mass communication project topic

If the project topic reads thus, for instance - coverage of 2019 Nigeria general election by the guardian newspaper, the objective should read thus;

Generally, this study seeks to determine the coverage of the 2019 general election by the Guardian national newspapers, but specifically, the study seeks to;

i. Determine the frequency of coverage of the 2019 general election by the guardian newspaper

ii. To ascertain the media genres in which the 2019 general election were reported

iii. To determine the level of prominence given the coverage of 2019 Nigeria general elections by the guardian newspaper

iv. To find out the political themes that were reported during the 2019 general election by the guardian newspaper.

Turn the objectives into research question

Now pay attention to this, there is no need for too much grammar in turning your research objectives to a research question. All you need do is, simply convert the sentence to a question without many changes, if at all there is any. Let’s take an example of research questions from the above stated objectives, shall we?

Example of how to write a research question
Thus,

The research questions are derived from the research objectives and they are as follows;

i. What is the frequency of coverage of Nigeria 2019 general elections by the guardian newspaper?

ii. What media genres did the 2019 general elections appear in the guardian newspaper?

iii. What is the level of prominence given the coverage of the 2019 Nigeria general elections by the guardian newspaper?

iv. What political themes were reported during the 2019 Nigeria general election by the guardian newspaper?

The above illustration guides you on formulating a research question from a research objective. If you need further assistance on formulation your project research question, please visit our homepage at https://codemint.net/ and use the chatbot for immediate assistance.

The lone idea to rely on the research aide that project websites provides, in the form of projects topics and research materials, computer source codes, computer softwares etc. isn’t such a good research practice as an undergraduate. A little contribution from you or a third party will be such a great plus to your research.

Students can be smart but lecturers are often smarter. I remember one Alex who already had a full copy of his project when everyone was hustling for project topics. He didn’t realize that the topic he chose does not really tally with the material he got until it was time to submit his literature reviews and questionnaires. So the population of study was entirely different… but he depended so much on the ready material until his topic was changed totally, then depression set in.

As a principle, students are not expected to copy the research materials they get online hook- line-and-sinker into your research booklet. They encourage instead, that students should use the resources as guidelines, reference point and as framework.

So what principle of good research does this article support or recommend?

As a matter of principle, research best practices recommends that every material adopted for the sake of research should serve as a backup, framework, blueprint and nothing infringing on the academic principles of research.

This simply implies that research materials gotten from a project website is subject to review. This does not mean however that the materials are of low standard. It means that the research materials may not tally entirely in whole or in part with your project topic and structure.

This also means that you may need to tailor the project material to suit your topic’s requirements in part or in whole. To do this, there are few options recommendable on this platform and they are;
• Hire a writer
• Hire a programmer (computer science students particularly)
• Review the project yourself

Don’t be like the colleague we discussed earlier about. Get the project topic approved, get an auxiliary project topic online, go ahead to review and tailor it to your taste. Efficiency is what works in this era however, it is better to be smart about it.

The Liberian conflict was the first to reveal the scale of governance deficits in African states. West Africa was home to many authoritarian regimes, which were shored up by superpower allies during the Cold War and which could no longer count on that support in a new dispensation (Kuna, 2013). Thus, it was possible to reveal the structural instability in many of these states where governance was characterized by patronage politics and by social and economic exclusion. With new conditionality to for external support, including, for example, democracy and good governance, opposition groups and citizens were for the first time in decades able demand change and accountability from their rulers. Some rulers heeded the call for change and averted an escalation to violent conflict (in Mali and Benin). Others (Liberia) did not seem to understand the realities of the time. The end result was the escalation of conflict and a challenge to the regime through armed force (Adekeye, 2016). To get the complete work, click on Codemint.com

History has it that by 2370 BC Oron also known as (Oro Nation) had already been settled down in the present location known as Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria on the West Coast of African Sub Region, Akwa Ibom Gulf Line to Gulf of Guinea Atlantic Ocean South, after the Great flood (Noah`s deluge). The Community as at then and up until this moment is embedded with their dialect Language originated by them as far back as 2370 BC, not borrowed elsewhere or from the Bantus, Cameroun and/or Palestinian. The mass movements raided by Bantus the warriors, into many Communities did not mean that Oro people migrated from the Bantus, the Cameroun or Palestinians. Neither the Bantus attire nor any other cultural equivalent anywhere portrays that of Oro language or names. None of Oro Nation culture or names was derived from Bantu or any language elsewhere as immigrant. The Oros are peculiar people, strong contenders in nature wherever they are found, with the accolade `Oro Ukpabang Okpo`. Oro man complexion is not reflecting other ethnic nationalities or immigrant somewhere into Oro Nation. Their complexion is not as fair as the Palestinians or of the Israelis nor as dark as people residing around Cameroon mountain when Oro Nation had already came into being after creation of the world, even before pre colonialism came to being, when Nigeria and Cameroon did not come into existence as Countries. Abang was a warrior so powerful with huge muscles, the Head and Chief wrestler known as `Mbok'. The wrestling known as (Mbok) was originated by Abang the warrior from Africa which was displayed by the African slaves after a day`s job, to the admiration of the Guards who watches over them at work thereby creating relaxation chances for them at work before it spread and developed as wrestling around the whole world today. Abang the warrior with his group gallantly fought against the slave masters who were in the area for slave trade business. One day, he was over powered and captured with few of his group and were taken to the present day Israel of what was then Egypt. This is perhaps why it may be more than a mere coincidence that the only two nations on earth with places named “Oron” are Israel and Nigeria. From this backdrop the present work seek to examine the socio economic history of Oron people in the pre-colonial era.
To get the complete work click on Codemint.com