Undergraduate projects, as often required, usually have this section where they should review previous studies that share relationships with the project under study. As it is typical with students’ final year projects, this section is often located in the chapter two of the project, the page doesn’t matter. However, some mistakes are very common, some which could be likened to lack of understanding or let’s say the ‘first time syndrome’. Good news is that, this article is meant to point these errors out.

Literature review is the title of a typical final year project chapter two and it involves taking stock of published or unpublished researches of relevant and credible sources mostly from Academics who have done detailed research in related topics and have made conclusions on the findings.

So as a co-researcher, Literature review gives you the opportunity to go through two, three or more of these researches, criticize where necessary pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of the research, raise constructive viewpoints and give significant interpretation where necessary. But sorry to say, not too many final year projects have this deep content in their literature review. Let’s get to see this and other regular mistakes. Shall we;

Regular and common mistake in finalist literature reviews

Little or no need for research
The copy and paste habit prevalent among undergraduate also finds its way into their projects, neglecting the need to read thoroughly the papers under review. This limits the possibilities of citing sensitive and relevant parts of the review that could spice up the literature review.
You need to understand that paying particular attention to every detail in the subject of review gives you understanding of the research direction and proffer anchors to hook your own research.

Again, do not make the mistake of over looking the fundamental idea, school of thought and angle of reference the literature under review carries, those are the message your own project should build on or criticize as the case may be.

Contents/Ideas do not correspond
You know even after your reviews, you’re also expected to reveal a point of significance and agreement with your research yeah? But most of you get it all wrong starting from here.

There are so many published and unpublished academic works out there but you choose to review these few because it share similarities or and ideas with yours. So do well to point them out making sure to quote or paraphrase them with proper acknowledgements done. But if you don’t, it simply means the subject under review has no business with your projects and it doesn’t correspond at all.

Incomplete/Incorrect acknowledgement
While quoting, paraphrasing or referring to any work that is not yours in the course of your literature review, ensure to give a complete and correct acknowledgement. Some institutions rule out guidelines that should be followed doing so.
Neglecting this can result to rejecting or cancelling of your paper by your project supervisor and further result to delay in your research completion.

Inconsistent citation
Watch out for this; your citation may be inconsistent due to oversight. Lets say for instance, the first citation says ( obudu, 2018:15) and citing the same work in a different page you go, ( Obudu 2019:16). That could be taken as an over sight if it happen once but if it keeps interchanging in two or more occasions, it records inconsistency and one can hardly know which to choose as the correct one.

Avoid a subjective review
There is a reason it is called Literature review, your opinion is not needed as a matter of fact. Therefore avoid being subjective in your literature review. Like earlier mentioned, literature review gives you a chance to give a critique on a work that share relationship with your project. You are free to point out loopholes, strengths, findings, research procedures and the significance the research leaves for yours.
Rather than being subjective, give a constructive interpretation and provide the relationship it shares with your project and you’re good.

Concluding note
The key to giving a clear cut and exempting literature review is observation, candid and detailed research, acknowledgement, interpretation and knowing where the hook lies.

The Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) says candidates will no longer provide email addresses at the point of registration for Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME).

As codemint has confirmed, JAMB Registrar, Is-haq Oloyede disclosed this while addressing journalists on Wednesday in Abuja, says the change would take effect from Thursday.

He said the board made the adjustment to protect candidates from various forms of manipulation and distortion of their personal details by some fraudulent cyber cafe operators.

“They gain access to profiles of these candidates under the pretence of creating an email address for them.

“Then they change and block the candidates from receiving messages from the board. They also extort them after they change their passwords.

“In view of this, the board has come up with adjustments to our operations.

“The first decision is that beginning from Thursday, April 15, candidates would no longer be required to provide any email address during registration from this year onwards.

“It is by going to these cyber cafes to open emails that these candidates are open to abuse and stealing of their personal data,’’ he said.
He said the board now had a mobile app that would allow candidates to deal directly with the board with their smartphones or via SMS to ‘55019’ code option.

The code option, he explained, would allow candidates check admission status as well as all other verifications via SMS.
“Printing of examination slips, results notification or raising tickets can be done anywhere by using candidates’ registration number only.
“However, at the close of registration every year, we would need the email addresses of the candidates so we can have access to as many of them as possible.

“At the conclusion of registration, candidates are expected to send their email addresses through the mobile app or text message to the 55019 code twice, for validation.

“This is to update their profile with JAMB as the email will no longer be used as access to their profile, rather as a communication tool with candidates.’’

He advised candidates to guard their phones with utmost care as it was the weapon for all transactions.
Mr Oloyede said that henceforth, all JAMB owned Computer Based Tests (CBT) centres across the country, would only allow candidates with ATM cards into its centres.

He said the centres had always operated cashless services but it would no longer allow candidates to go outside the centres to pay for their e-pins and other cash transactions.

The registrar said this was to cut down the activities of fraudsters who wait around and use the opportunity to hijack candidates to extort them.
“Those without ATM cards can go to other privately owned CBT centres where they can pay cash to register but we will not take cash or transact outside our centres,’’ he said.

The 2021 UTME and Direct Entry (DE) registration began on April 8 and would end on May 15.

Computer science projects topics are as practical as the course itself. It therefore necessitates the implementation of most of its students projects especially the tech-based ones. While it is possible to get their project topics right or wrong, computer science students, like others, must have their research topics approved before setting off for the research. As a matter of fact, finding a topic to hold unto could be challenging and so a number of interesting project ideas have been compiled for computer science projects students.

Take these topics into consideration:-

• Design and implementation of a computerised project management system
Project managers can attest to the manual activities they put to execute a project, public or private. It’s so unfortunate that we still take this path amidst technological developments. However, computer science students may have to consider taking this challenge, taking into consideration project planning and progress tracking systems.

Explore more computer science project topics for free

• Development of enhanced checkpoint technique in circuit computing using programmer level controls.
Police, Road safety corps and other law enforcement officials can be made to move from roadside checkpoints to a computer monitoring room if the prototype of this project is put to use.

• Design and implementation of drugs information management in university procurement and distribution system.
This project can help track and monitor inventory of drugs in universities.

• Design and implementation of a computerised congestion control system for multi-user telecommunications network.

• Relevance of software in management information system
This project does not really require any design or implementation. It can be presented naturally.

• Design and implementation of correctional management system
How many correctional centres in Nigeria are computerised. People can escape and walked freely unidentified digitally or otherwise. With this project, a solution can be fixed.

• Design and implementation of contract management system
The design of this project intends to help plan and track the progress of contracts, public or private, while also taking note of stakeholders, resources and components involved. Awarding contracts is one of the safest way to cart away with public fund without questions. But with a computerised tracking system, transparency can be introduced.

There are too many areas to explore, you may have to rely mostly on what area you find interesting in your project

If you ever want to get a final year project procedure right as undergraduates, you should follow up religiously. And Just to let you know; if you decide to compromise any part of your research project, good luck with that but there are certain areas you should pay extra attention to and I wish you don’t ever compromise it, it could drag you way back if your research turns sour.

Typically, final year projects of undergraduates comprise of chapters 1-5 . Some chapters contain very delicate information that precede the research proper. They are not meant to be compromised and I will tell you why. Come with me...

Objectives of the research (somewhere in the first chapter)
Aside your project topic and the background of your research, another thing that singles a serious research from the lots are your research objectives. However compromising your project objectives louds an error from the start. Why?
Objectives, just in case you forgot, is simply the to-do list of your project topic. You’re simply required to outline the goals your topic is meant to achieve. There is actually no point trying to manipulate that course or even copy from a source.

Research Methodology (chapter 3)
The Most delicate part of your research and yet the most manipulated; I can tell reasons why. The research Methodology of undergraduate projects are often complicated and sometimes with lack of understanding, students feel lost at that point, the only route of escape is seek undue help especially when it requires statistical representations.

It is at this point in your research journey that you should outline all the techniques you will deploy to gather data for your research including data analysis strategies. So you can imagine if you outline a different thing here and present something totally different in your chapter (4) out of ignorance or sheer negligence.

Components of a typical project chapter (3)

• Research technique ( the type of research you intend to adopt)

• Instrument for data gathering( a matching instrument that answers to your research technique eg. Questionnaire)

• Instrument for data analysis (tables, graphs, charts etch)

• Research population (the people, things or place you basically want to research on)

• Sampling size(a section of the population you wish to sample for your research. You are required to outline how you arrived at the figure you’re to use and why)

• Sampling procedure( is it purposive or not, did you pick randomly or not etc?

You can tell by what you see, why this section in the research is mostly manipulated along side the chapter for. What I know for sure is, if you get it right at this point, chances are that you may never go wrong in your research analysis.

Tables are very crucial aspects of any detailed research. They engage you with every detail of the data gathered from whom and for what. Most of the times, tables display data in statistical formats which may not be duly represented if written in text. In final year projects for undergraduates, tables as well as charts and graphs serves a hack for data presentation and analysis. However, students go ahead reading research tables in text much after the table analysis; that’s the research error this lesson aims to correct.

Why do you include tables in your research paper work?

If you asked why you have to include tables in your research paper work then you have answers. Basically, tables are used to present data but I suppose you know about this already so other reasons include:-

• To organize data that is too detailed to be described adequately in text allowing the readers to quickly see the results.

• Used to highlight trends and patterns in data and explains variables so you don’t need to repeat information represented in statistics in table to text .

By the way, that’s an error in research, I’m talking about repeating statistics in the table in text; it is called ‘table reading’ or reading research tables.
The essence of a table is to represent too much detailed information in it so to make way for interpretation in text. However the interpretation does not mean you should read out or write out the same information in text. It simply means you should explain the significance of that table to your research and how much of those numbers or their percentage contributes to your research.

Guidelines on table construction for final year projects

Table reading is a bad research error and it's very common among students project papers. Below are guideline for research table construction and proper data representation so you won’t ever be tempted to read your tables again...

• Clearly describe what the table is about in short simple sentence(s)

• Column heads should be labelled to include the nature of data gathered

• Limit the number of tables to essential information that cannot be adequately presented in text

• Tables are better simple than complex

• Design each table to be understandable without repeating in text

• If there are large data, divide the data into categories and units in titled columns for easy comprehension

• Include only results that are relevant to the research questions in the table.

That’s enough to know before drafting your data table. Would you be needing anything else, kindly use the comment box.

It is interesting how the search for new project topics suddenly becomes a matter of concern for final year students in tertiary institutions. Good to know that some students have their project routine already planned out including their choice of research topics. But how about those who do not have a plan at all; those who have issues choosing a project topic or even battling with an anchor choice for their research. Good news is, there are ways to help out.

Choosing a project topic is easy if you know your ways around it. Now, I want to share few hacks that will make your research topic search interesting, easy and realistic.

Recommendations of further research
More often than not, undergraduate projects often end with recommendations of further research. One major reason is that the research cannot go beyond it’s objectives; and to make the research manageable, it has to be limited at that level. A lot of recommendations have gone unchecked but if you would, go revisit previous research papers, you’ll have too many project topics to choose from. Hack one down.

Trends, events, places, people and lifestyle
A physical examination of environmental factors, events, people, places and lifestyles are smart ways to harness fresh project topics for undergraduate research.

Brainstorming
Brainstorming is more achievable among a study team. It helps you gather ideas from carefully thought subject areas that may interest you within the ambit of your discipline.

Check previous project topics
Previously researched project topics can be instrumental to gathering new topic ideas. Simply changing the variables under study is a smart move; understanding the date or timing of that previous research and the need for a fresh one is another instance.

One can hardly find an area of research which is yet to be explored especially at the undergraduate level of research. To make the research process interesting enough, students should look at previous projects, recommendations, environmental factors etc. To anchor their research on. You can either start from where other researchers stopped or coin a new topic idea.

Small and medium scale business enterprises face series of challenges building from scratch; from capital funding, to expanding their clientele reach to staffing and other socio economic issues. To have their businesses expanded, small and medium scale businesses are mandated to source for fund in whichever possible means available including working for someone else, sourcing for investors, partnership and obtaining bank loans. Bank loans should be one of the most accessible means of huge capital resource for small business but there seem to be some unsettled issues which downplay the chances they have to access direct loans from banks.

So basically in this article we will be discussing the problems facing small and medium scale business enterprises in obtaining bank loans. While we do so, some Business Management final year projects does some detailed explanation on related topics.

Still on small and medium scale business enterprises, it is not new that small scale businesses sustain economic life especially since job hunt became the piper’s tale. It is infact one of the best things that has ever happened to any economy since the industrial revolution. It has taken many out of the streets, raised millionaires out of nothing and most of all, a major labor employer of our time. Large scale business rely more on automated technologies with a little human resource to complement.

However capital expansion for small and medium scale businesses remains a challenge. Banks were meant to help but there are issues they have to deal with and they include:-

Rigid regulations
Banks would tighten their regulatory standards for loans to small businesses after seasons of economic recession. They believe that it’s more risky giving loan to small scale businesses. So by tightening the standards, small businesses won’t be able to get loans.

Less profit on small loans
Because small scale businesses would ask for smaller amount of money compared to large ones, they believe that not much profit will be made lending to small businesses. Bank is a business on its own so whatever will put their money in more risk than the profit it should fetch would rather not have its way.

Lack of Collateral
To get loans from bank in most cases, certain securities must be presented which should worth the amount to be issued. A typical small business entrepreneur may not have it as required; this could deny his/her access to bank loans.

Bad credit history or lack of credit history
Banks may also require or look into your credit history to ascertain your credit worthiness. If it is bad, you stand to be denied a loan and if you don’t have a credit history, a rigorous process is taken to ensure the bank does not suffer loss ie. If they decide to even grant the loan.

The Uptight routine for obtaining loans get the small business cycle really worked up and reduces the possibility of rapid growth as this threatens their survival over time. There are more issues these guys get to settle to get loans, you should add yours.

Choosing new project topics as final year undergraduates is really critical to the beginning of your research. It doesn’t matter if your are documenting the research or exhibiting it ( as in the case of fine arts, theatre arts and other depts in that category), what matters most is giving your research a direction, first by choosing a project topic. However, brainstorming sounds like it’s the best approach to doing so whereas there are better approaches to achieving a better topic outcome.

That brings us to our basic discussion as to why brainstorming may not be the best idea for choosing a project topic. To be clear enough, brainstorming could be an individual affair or group based. According to a popular dictionary, Merriam Webster precisely, brainstorming describes

“engaging in exchange of information and ideas"

,

“mulling over of ideas by one or more individuals in an attempt to devise or find a solution to a problem”.

Recall that final year projects are 97% individualistic. Everyone with their own topics and issue-laden research aims to find solutions. How then does brainstorming work since it points majorly to collaborative effort.
Still not a good idea because it results to;

Clash of interest
If there are three course mates in the same level brainstorming together on new project topics, chances are that their research interest will clash thereby limiting the uniqueness of each other’s project topics especially if they have always been study-mates all along.

Limits research to personal interest
Mulling over of research ideas by an individual reduces your research ideas to your personal interest rather than finding solutions to societal issues which is of public interest. However cleaving to other alternatives as we will outline will raise already existing issues and bring it to limelight in your research.

Delays research progress
Comparably to other alternatives, brainstorming for a project topic is time consuming except you have to work ahead to beat time and stress. No matter how fresh a topic seems when brainstormed, someone might have thought and done something related. Reason being that whatever we think about are influenced by what we see, hear, feel, experience, talk about, do, where we go and many others including what we learn. Whoever is exposed to what you’re exposed to is most likely to think the way you do.

Alternative to brainstorming for new project topics

Analyse previous research topics
It is advisable to go through previous research topics in your field of knowledge and analysis them. The essence doing this is to find out recommendations for further research indicated in those documented research.

Because undergraduate projects are not broad, its uniqueness is often locked in its continuity. Where one’s research ends, the others begins.
If you have done an analysis with an array of topics, you may then validate and choose a project topic.

Startups usually face a lot of challenges on the go; some of which are influenced by several external as well as internal factors. However, it is necessary that a new business gets everything right from the start so that every other issue that may arise could become traceable. Among others, a new business should conduct a market research which has proven to be instrumental to business growth over time.

So this article will put you through 7 practical tips that are instrumental to conducting a market research for new businesses. You may like to digress a little to checkout research topics in business management as we go further in this discussion.

Meanwhile, the market research has more to do with analysis than less. Last weekend, the Central bank of Nigeria has announced the ban of cryptocurrency transactions with Nigerian banks. The panic raised by this announcement is yet to be reconciled since many businesses were thrown off balance including crypto-exchange startups following the hasty implementation of the announcement. It all boils down to understanding the risk factors in a business and prepare for a rainy day.

So below are some analyses you have to conduct for the market that you are introducing your new business into.

Needs assessment/Analysis
Every business has a need it is laden to meet. It happens most of the time that businesses emerge to solve very specific issues. So for a new business, it is very vital to asses, analyze and determine underlying issues and see what part of the problem you want your business to solve and make fortunes out of it.

Interview potential customers
Make out time to interrogate people you suppose your proposed business is meant to serve. The responses you gather will be instrumental to knowing which plans to abort, which to hold fast unto and which to keep as trivial.

Analyze the competition
It is necessary to know who your business competitors are i.e if any. By identifying them, find and analyze their loopholes and their major strongholds. Combining your competitors’ weaknesses and reports from market needs helps to give a striking focus for your new business and the new market.

Technical Analysis
You should also look into procedures to work the business through an upgrade anytime in the future and as the business sprouts.

Location Analysis
Accessibility of a business location is as central as its market. However, the accessibility of businesses lately has extended to the internet space i.e. how optimized and user-friendly such website is. Therefore a new business with a physical structural outfit or just a digital company ought to make the location work out favorably for customers.

Manpower analysis
As a new business, getting competent hands is usually an issue of great concern if the business cannot afford to pay for those services. However, outsourcing your manpower needs are usually preferable than hiring outright, for instance; partnership are largely advised than paying for contracts.

Financial Analysis
Make financial plans, budgets and statistical estimate and possible returns on investment. This will largely influence your product cost or service charges directly and indirectly.

Sensitivity and risk analysis
Identify the growth and risks factors associated with your business. This will help you plan for survival strategies of your proposed business.
Just like the delicate nature cryptocurrency and its market, businesses built around it should be experts in identifying escape routes in cases of any mishap and possible cases of hasty policy decision like it happened last weekend.

What this is about yeah? You don’t really need a master’s degree except for very few reasons which we will definitely talk about down here. Averagely, I suppose that one degree certificate of any denomination, with a final year project(s) on it, is enough to get you the life that you wish to live only if you know and do what is needful.

Being a graduate certainly does not guarantee that you automatically have a good life afterwards, you’re not even sure to get a job after you’re done with school; instead it lifts you, your hopes and expectation and makes it difficult and embarrassing to submit to ‘lower standard’ when you don’t see the hopes coming. So to think of a Master’s degree fetching you a better life is a crafted deception that lets you spend more for less including time which is your greatest asset.

Reason with me - you don’t need a master’s degree if:-

You don’t have any business in the academia (you don’t wish to be a teacher)
Reason is that upgrading your knowledge focus and certificate level increases your value in the academia since the specialty is about impacting the best you know wither as early childhood education teacher, secondary school teacher or University lecturer.

You don’t have a career already up and running
Look at this – Obi struggled, barely could afford his school fees throughout his days in the university. Obi finally graduated with a second class upper degree certificate. Obi hasn’t got a job yet and he thinks he needs to upgrade his qualification to become more attractive to employers. He gets a school loan and enrolls for a master’s degree. Obi graduates with a good grade and realizes that he is over qualified for the available jobs. He is left with the underpaid jobs as the only available option because he is frustrated with job search.

Even if your education is fully sponsored, ensure that you have a career that is up and running. It makes your master’s degree programme align aptly with your career curve. It happens most time that what you study may have nothing to do with the job you find. Along the line, work may get really interesting that you want to master your arts in that knowledge curve; that’s where a certificate upgrade should come in or a professional course in most cases.

Call to action
Do not waste money and time seeking to get a master’s degree when you have not done well with your first degree, whatever denomination it is. Go for a relevant and value laden skill acquisition or internship instead, it will not only boost your confidence, it will also attract opportunities to your mind and broaden your horizon about better money making gateways.

It’s been over ten months since the Academic Staff Union of Universities, ASUU embarked on strike, later called off not too long ago. However, Platuea ASUU chapter have embarked on a fresh round of strike listing pending issues that have not been attended to despite several reported complains.

As reported by the National news Agency, NAN, Codemint.net gathered that strike ensued for reason including cases of insecurity, poor infrastructural facilities and unending delay on the payment of earned arrears of its members which has accumulated up to about #215 million.

Speaking on behalf of the Lecturers, The Chairman of the Platuea ASUU Chapter, Mr Pampson Bentse says Lecturers have pressed so much on this matter for over three years and little or no attention have been given these issues. In his words;

“We have pushed for these demands for over three years but it fell on deaf ears and this afternoon, with the approval of our National Executive council, we embarked on indefinite strike”, Says MR Pampson.

It’s is quite unfortunate that undergraduates in Platuea state will be taking a second round of stay home spree in less than twelve months following inadequacies in the schools need.

There are also reports of unsafe learning environment as the school is not fully fenced putting students’ security at stake.

The University of Ibadan has reportedly cancelled the 2019/2020 academic session, announces resumption date slated for January 18th 2021.

From codemint.com news desk, we have gathered that this agreement was reached, Thursday , at the Last Senate meeting, in the said University. Among the consensus reached for school resumption includes:-

• the cancellation of 2019/2020 academic session

• resumption date for the completion of 2018/2019 academic session

• The resumption date for a fresh 2020/2021 academic session

• The end date for the 2020/2012 academic session

Different resumption dates are pictured to favour two categories of students: the freshmen who were admitted last year and those in the upper class.
From the reports, the freshmen will automatically be migrated to resume their 2020/2021 academic session come February 20th 2021 which ends 2nd Dec 2021.

Other students in the upper undergraduate classes would resume 18th January 2021 to complete the 2018/2019 academic session which was interrupted by the ASUU strike and the Covid 19 pandemic.

Harrykn:
Unisuffer

This is answer to someones prayer you know

University of Uyo (UNIUYO) Wednesday, has declared January 25th as the official resumption date for academic activities and February 1st for First semester Examination to complete the 2019/2020 academic session.

Codemint.net gathered this news from a reliable source which happened to be a Digital media consultant and Mass media Lecturer in the University of Uyo as he publicly shared in his social media handle. In his words “UNIUYO resumes officially on the 25th of January, 2021. UNIUYO 2019/2020 first semester examinations begin on February 1, 2021.

This eventful announcement came days after the Minister of Education, MR Adamu Adamu in agreement with the Presidential Task force for Covid 19 announced his uncertainty over the earlier school resumption date slated for January 18th due to the surge in covid 19. This announcement since then has raised concerns and worry among many parties involved including undergraduates who demonstrated their disapproval on twitter earlier this week.

Other Universities including University of Lagos, (UNILAG) through the approvals from its Senate has also fixed their resumption date for January 25th. Although UNILAG intends to resume their academic series online, the JOY expressed by students knows no bound.

Recall that ASUU has commenced its industrial action February 2020, less than a month before Covid 19 pandemic struck. The pandemic which forced closure of major economic sectors including education tend to have bitten more than it should. While undergraduates itch to resume and get back to the class room, ASUU and federal government rally in their politics while the PTF for covid 19 are insisting on following preventive protocols against the Virus.

So far, the Federal Ministry of Education is yet to announce their resolve on school resumption. However, following announcement of school resumption by Universities Senate, Wednesday, January 13, 2021 it seems like Universities administration have taken laws into their hands.

Back in the days at school, I did recite what I consider my favorite lines of poem at the beginning of the school year. As much as I could remember, the poem sparks up some energy and prints relatable goals that students even at my level would achieve if they want to. I’m going to put you through these relatable lines and ofcourse paint a picture of what a students’ 2021 goal-set should look like.

Students’ creed
I cast out of my life
Failure that comes from wasted hours
And put on success
That comes from hours well spent

The words are simple, striking and sparks up some sense of responsibility for your academic success or failure. This brings us to where we started – what a final year students’ 2021 goal should look like. Well it’s a new year and indeed a new season for students. 2020 saw a daring setback in education and many other sectors, rallying options for diversification and supplementary options for students. These are what I have included in what your 2021 to-do list should look like.

Plan for your final year projects
As a final year student, I guess your utmost priority is to round up with school very quickly and see what next life has to offer. If that sounds like you, you really need to make plans for your final year project; do not allow the unstable education sector to weigh you down. Get your project topics ready if you haven’t and if you care, search out relevant project topics and research materials you will need to complete your research project. If your project will require extra funding, now is still the best time to prepare financially.

Save up
Fact is, you cannot save your way to becoming rich, but you can save to save a situation. As a soon-to-be graduate, life becomes funny when job hunting gets wild. However if you graduate prepared, I mean financially, you can set a lot of goals moving while still job hunting, if need be. Saving up for life after school this year won’t be a bad idea if you asked me.

Learn a skill
2020 was such a whole lesson and if you have truly graduated from that class, you need to learn a skill. Not just any kind of skill, one that is relevant, flexible and ofcourse solves problems.

Study
Study books that are relevant to your final year projects. Study books that give you in-depth knowledge about your course of study. Study books and lives of people that teach financial literacy. Study anything that is relevant to everything that adds value to your life this year.

Always keep the vibes alive. Happy new year.

The last stage to check the performance of final year projects students is right in front of an academic defense panel who would stare at you consistently with disdain, hoping you fumble or at least make confident efforts to impress them. It’s in this tensed scenario that your performance is graded including the content of your final year projects and systemic procedures. While some get excellent grades, some good and fair; others are lucky to be sent back for necessary corrections or unfortunate to be marked for a repeat or even have the entire research annulled.

Ofcourse not without reasons are these actions taken; that’s what we are about to discuss. If I were you, I would pick a pen and take note; you don’t want be a victim, do you? Quickly, let’s check out some very good reasons final year projects can be either annulled, marked for a repeat or for corrections.

Your project can be annulled or marked for corrections if:-

Your research does not correspond with your project topic
Well, I have witnessed a lot of cases so it’s not news that students can deliberately and selectively pick a totally different research material, paraphrase it and tag it alongside a project topic that seems similar not realizing the differences in variables and systematic procedures for various research topics.

If the research Methodology is wrong
Yeah, that’s right. Maybe deliberately or not, you decided to choose to adopt the easiest research Methodology to ease your research stress. Truth is, it will affect your research outcome and makes it even more complicated. A project can be annulled for this reason and marked for a repeat.

If the table of analysis is not coherent
Data analysis is really tasking and statistical and so students find no interest putting too much energy on it. So its always a trap where many are caught and victimized. You research can be marked for correction if your data analysis is not coherent and comprehensive because the outcome influences the research findings.

If the research procedures was not religiously followed
Research is very rigorous and deliberate and so it requires a systemic approach but when such approach is overlooked in anyway, it is treated with audacity.

If the research is guilty of plagiarism
You are bound to be sent back and make necessary acknowledgment, citation and references if your research has not done so. Plagiarism is very big offence in the academic terrain you have to take the blame if you are caught.

If the questions on the research survey does not mirror the research objectives
I noted earlier that research is very religious in following procedures. If you are using a questionnaire for your research, the questions much mirror the same in the research questions and objectives else, it will be tagged as a deviation from the research purpose. You may be sent back for corrections or a repeat of the entire data gathering process.

Final year project defence before an academic panel often throws a ball of challenge to finalists. After the research hustle, project defence is usually the final phase which seems to be the toughest. Reason is that your entire undergraduate research may either be approved or annulled at the end of the defence. It can also be marked for corrections which could be quite tedious and demanding at times. The reasons we will discuss some other time; for now, we will be revealing possible project defence questions you should expect from the panel of academics.

In less than 30mins, before the defence panel and colleagues , you will give an apt summary of your project and as well, expected to have answered all the questions thrown at you. The questions are what you would know; just that you don’t know which one comes first or in what nature it will emerge. So this situation is meant to throws you off balance, test you confidence, your public speaking skills and get you confused and almost clueless. But this is to guide you through a successful project defence.

The first approach to defending your project when called upon
There are various approaches to project defence in institutions but I suppose the finalists have to give the defence panel what questions to ask about. How?

Appearing before the defence panel, you should ofcourse hand-on some copies of your research to each of them. While leaving them to scan through your research, you are given a chance to run through your entire research. In the end, they await you with questions drawn from what you had said and written in your research paper.

Here are key sections of your research you should discuss quickly and briefly;

• State your project topic clearly
• State the purpose of the research, often pegged ‘statement of the problem'
• State the specific objectives of the research
• Go ahead to discuss the research Methodology i.e. The research technique, the research population, the sample size, the sampling procedure and instrument for data gathering.
• Go ahead and discuss briefly the procedure for data analysis.
• Without any attempt to table-read your analysis, discuss the research findings briefly.
• Go ahead and state the research conclusion without which the research is incomplete.
• Take a bow and ready for their questions.

You have to be time conscious and at the same time touch these key areas. So, back to stage at the panel;

Possible project defence questions to expect

What inspired your project topic?
This question aims to test your understanding of your research purpose – ‘statement of problem’. Which in essence is the underlying situation which your research either want to find solutions to, reasons or causes and effects.

How much of the research objectives is your research able to achieve?
Nobody sets a goal he cannot achieve, atleast not in research. The only traceable evidence of your research objectives is the research findings.
So to answer this question, refer quickly to your research findings. Follow the numbers respectively, matching the objectives and the findings. At this point, feel free to call the panel’s attention to the pages where it is recorded.

Why did you choose this research Methodology?
This is to understand your knowledge of research methodology you actually did and the complementary procedures to reach the desired outcome. As much as you can go through your research procedures in details and with apt reasons why you choose that procedure

What value does your research add to academic and societal knowledge?
To ask this question in another way, one can say – what is the significance of your research conclusion? Or What does the conclusion of this research mean to the society at large?

In response, all you need do is give a practical application if your research findings in the real world or the population of your research.
How and why did you choose your research sample size.

The major reason, (the why) of choosing a certain number of sample size is to make the research data manageable. The ‘how' of choosing a sample size is either purposive or not. That is you either deliberately choose a certain number of sample size or rely on statistical analysis for your accurate sample size.

Did you encounter any major challenge in the course of your research?

I guess the question sounds a little easy. You may have the floor to pour out your grievances over the months including the financial issues, resource materials et all.

But note very importantly some challenges you should bring to table

• The instruments for data gatherings you couldn’t retrieve. Eg. Questionnaire.
• The level of truth in the responses gathered in cases of survey
• The limited size of research. Ofcourse its an undergraduate research and sampled a very little portion of a research population

All these limits the accurate generalization and application of this research outcome. That is one major challenge; you can note that if you may.

Can you make recommendations for further research
If need be, you can. You probably didn’t cross the line because of the limited nature of undergraduate research and the scope of yours, you could recommend further research with stated specific areas.

There are more questions, but these are enough to prepare your mind for the best project defence.

Education has many tweaks to it, so does learning. The mainstream learning methods is the physical method where teachers meet with students face to face before learning could take place. This routine has been on play till the pandemic struck, making futile the idea of physical form of education. As a matter of fact, e-learning has been there haven gained acceptance but does not record as much usage as the face-to-face form of learning.

E-learning is the form of education that is staged online with the use of internet and electronic devices as opposed to a traditional classroom setting. E-learning can be taken collectively by a group simultaneously or individually. However, one of the highest criticisms that e-learning has got since invention is that it lacks some human elements making it an uncommon form of learning and partially acceptable for education.

A recent study at the University of Jos, Nigeria shows that e-learning is quite accepted as a means to effective education. But the same study recorded significant decline in the number of students using e-learning facilities as their main study medium.

But the world wasn’t saying the same thing about e-learning ever since the pandemic struck this year 2020. A lot that weren’t important suddenly became the most effective and efficient including e-learning.

Homeworking, e-teaching, e-learning and such platforms that offer video conferences and chats have been on top of their game since employees and students alike now leverage the internet resources for knowledge acquisition and task execution respectively.

My take on education and e-learning

E-learning, eve with lacking human elements stands a good chance to substitute the face-to-face pattern of education or learning. A quick example is the corona virus pandemic that has forced everyone to stay at home. And because the world gave less attention to e-learning, it is difficult to pick up the broken pieces of time, where will you start?

In a nutshell, e-learning and face-to-face learning should exist side by side with equal opportunities to serve the education needs of students.

But this means more though, what could it be?

If e-learning and face-to-face methods of education must be given equal patronage, then e-learning facilities must be encouraged in tertiary and secondary institution. Infact in this era, the technological advancements has made it possible for students to learn from their cell phone meaning that teachers too can teach via their cell phones. Learning institutions owe them the obligation to programme conducive online cycle of teaching and learning for students and their teachers.

Those opinions expressed are mine; so you can add yours too.

Studentship has many shades to it; there are good, really cool days and there are tough and rainy days too. However, it’s really not in your hands to choose, times and seasons tell but you can actually plan and run ahead of the ‘rainy days’ and still stay cool. I’m talking about mastering savings and the three ways to it. You may not be at school now I understand, but you can add it to your skill-set or make it a habit if you like.

What can students save for?
Like earlier highlighted, students save for rainy days – some time you have all the financial support you need from parents, guardians and sundry, but what happens when you find yourself in a fix and money isn’t home coming, you could fall back to your savings right? Secondly, final year projectsare one of students nightmares; it requires heavy financial input to a fault. So at some point, you may not have all the money you need at the same time so your savings treats you to some financial freedom.

Again, it could turn out that you may not have to touch your savings at all as a student. Your money in the ‘bank’ could build up to something really meaningful and perhaps help become financially free when you are no more a student – when no steady allowance is home-coming.
You still have a chance to master three saving routines as a student to arrive your financial freedom, thus;

Track your income lane
Where does your money come from and how often does it come? Does your money come monthly, weekly, daily, quarterly which one? You may also need to fix the question of who gives you money. Who gives you money or what gives you money and how much determines your income lane as students.

Establish a budget line
From your student allowance, how much can you possibly spend daily, weekly, monthly and how much will be left before the next money comes in? Do not subject your savings to how much is left – you must be ready to cut-down on your expenses and withdraw from spending that won’t make your priority list. Depending in how your money comes, take a book, a pen and wear your thought faculty and plan your spending ; be sure to follow the plan. The rest you can then save.

Do not borrow
Borrowing is a little-looking bottomless pit that can ruin one’s life in a sec. As a student, you may decide to borrow 5k from your folk and when pay back later on, you will have very little for yourself. So how do you save if such routine is repeated?

Alright lets say you don’t borrow physical cash, how about airtime and data borrowing. These two unlocks some Oliver Twist syndrome in students; it’s funny how they pay back though, lol. Instead, discipline yourself to live by what is available at the moment, that way, you can avert spending double without you ever knowing.

Call to action
• Open a savings account apart from the one you are operating now.

• Do not opt for an ATM card; if its compulsory, do not collect it yet

• Do not activate your online banking services for that account

• All you need do is, put money in it, transfer money to it, save, save, save.

I understand that students feel lost now; lost in thought about the untold post covid-19 academic schedule. Perhaps no one ever thought that something else could pause academic activities as hard as industrial strike action. So there are chances that plan to mitigate such intimidating crisis as a pandemic never existed. So what do you do in your little way to keep mind and soul together as an undergraduate without losing sight of your academic career?

It is hard to believe that some final year students had to step back from their final leap into the hallway as graduates. Doing their final year projects from home is a reality they had to embrace. Well it’s difficult to cope but the luxury of time is what you do not have. However, predicting the future of school life and activities after covid-19 is unclear but you can focus on the available opportunities to maintain positive plan that is proven and working.

So here are 3 positive working plans that will help you while the pandemic crisis lasts.

Maintain a steady study habit
Indeed it is not clear what the future holds after the pandemic crisis but to sustain your academic performance and to prepare for the aftermaths, you have to make use of the available opportunities. You still have your study guide or course outline, that’s a great armor you own as an undergraduate because it keeps failure away if you so wish and constantly gives you sense on consciousness about every next topic to be treated.

Now that you are at home, maintain a steady study routine. You really can’t tell how much time you have to stay at home so start now if you haven’t; bit by bit, no one will question you if you decide to study a page a day. Just maintain and sustain a study routine.

Stay healthy and care for yourself enough
Last week I suffered from chest burn which was said to have been caused by eating a lot of fatty meals and staying at a place. I’m a hustler so the stay-at-home seems strange to my entire system – I guess that was the chief cause of the health issue. However, I realized I didn’t need a nurse, just a little workout would do, and guess what? It worked.

You could add up weight now that you are home or settle snacking without control which isn’t healthy. Make sure you keep fit; it keeps you healthy, promotes brain function and facilitate your daily body performance.

Identify new skills and fix yourself in atleast one.
A lot of online skill learning opportunities are flying over the web at giveaway prices; besides I think studying all through the time you are at home will not be feasible, you will certainly get bored. So register with any of the skills that appeals to you; it will give you an edge and perhaps a new learning and career curve subsequently.

More than the greater percentage of the world’s population is observing free-time at home; a free-time that is common for a reason but quite unusual. The Covid-19 pandemic has otherwise proven that we could still make something good out of a bad situation. So, for undergraduates, writing or gathering resources for your final year projects research, I guess you have to cease the moment to make something good out of your isolation state.

While in isolation, there is need to build influence with your network of friends, academic contemporaries, research group and research/academic mentors. Your success in this action you would take, will pull a lifeline down the lane of your final year project for promising and astounding research outcome.

So here are 3 cool strategies to help you improve your final year project research while in isolation

Ask engaging questions regarding your project topic
Your network of friends, research and school mates are stuck at home, seeking how to escape boredom, learn, earn and laugh. Having this in mind, your question could be an icebreaker. Throw challenges and puzzles weaving them around your project topic; ask direct questions too to the ‘serious one’ that you are sure to get great responses from. However, remember they are bored, so you have to make it appealing enough. How?

Offer perks for best answers
Offer perks for the best answers you will get. That way, a lot of people will be engaged because each of them wants the gift item; whatever it is. Your offer doesn’t have to be so expensive; it is either airtime giveaway, a pay for lunch – preferable by cash transfer or anything that is transactionable digitally since everyone is in isolation etc. This is the best way to have your answers in different shades and perspective while making them learn, earn and laugh.

Engage your academic mentors
While in isolation, I’m sure you do know, that your mentors are in this together; they also need an ice breaker. This is an opportunity to remind them of your final year project, the project topic you are working on, how far you have gone and where you are currently needing help.

Ask for their opinion on issues you will raise, tell them what you think and how much they agree or disagree. Allow them vet your write-ups and also some add some more points of view.

To accept to discuss the universal damages and hold-ups that covid-19 has caused doesn’t seem to me like a woe speech neither is it an affirmation of defeat; rather it is thoughtful to retreat so as to make the next strike a big hit. So to retreat, we must discuss. If you lost the scholarship you sure would have gotten to the hard-hitting winds of Covid-19, you have to accept that people lost even bigger plans, opportunities, money, loved ones and some, their much cherished jobs; you are all in this together anyway, somehow.

So it is quite unfortunate that your scholarship came at a time like this; for some you may have rushed your final year projects research to meet up with the scholarship deal and still end up losing the scholarship during the rise of this pandemic. However, there are five keynote leads to take home. These ‘five’ will strike a deal with your sanity, help you retrace your steps then rebound and finally reconnect to your scholarship providers.

Let’s see how that works;

5 things to do if you’ve lost your scholarship because of covid-19

Clear your doubts with your scholarship providers
To be sure you truly lost it or was probably put to hold due to the pandemic, you have to communicate with your scholarship provider. Be sure to understand every information concerning your scholarship, what the situation is and why.

Deal with your sanity
Most times it is shocking to hear a bad news and troubling to confirm it. This is certainly the wrong moment to cry or blame yourself or another; you sure need to deal with your sanity and get yourself together again.

A little more support won’t hurt
Gear up and commence a new search session for scholarships. Now that self-isolation calls, you could do your search with a little more comfort and also seek support from sponsors too.

Keep in touch with your initial sponsorship providers
You could get huge support from your initial scholarship providers even though you lost it with them. So it is advisable to still keep in touch. Check-in from time to time; who knows, the loss you experienced could be temporary.

Everything will get back on track
As soon as the pandemic is down, everything will get back on track but you have to chase your scholarship dream now so secure your place for a second chance when it comes your way.

bluefilm:
What does it mean then?

It means working remotely and being productive equally as buttressed by few points above on how to be productive working from home.

Working from home is almost the only option business outfits can afford in other to maintain the flow of activities. The outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic has put everyone on their toes and gives no chances for casualties. So the idea of going to ‘workplace’ daily, weekly as the case may be is already defeated leaving us with remote working. However, chances are that one can work remotely this period and not be productive at all; it does not mean doing whatever, whenever. It is ideal to work remotely and be productive at the same time.

Productivity in this case doesn’t stop at employees, contract workers or freelancers either, it also extends to students especially final year projects students whose academic pursuit have put on hold for the moment until covid-19 is defeated.

Having registered this, what simple plans could be put in place to ensure that final year project students and employees alike can study and work remotely and still be productive at the same time? We will be considering this in the next paragraph…

Google primer app has shared few tips on how to deal with working remotely and productively; they include

Schedule your time
Schedule your time to be productive while still benefiting from the freedom of working fro home.

Designate a workspace at home
You have your definition of home as much as I do; whatever ‘home’ means to you, designate a workspace to help you focus by telling your brain that you are in the place where you do your work productively an without any disturbance.

Task yourself with goals
Give yourself both small and big goals to accomplish to make sure you have positive reinforcement throughout your days at ‘home’.
In a nutshell, ensure you have a to-do list, a a work schedule, plan properly and set boundaries.

The chapter two of undergraduates’ final year projects portrays the limelight of the research. Aside being detailed, the chapters two of final year projects are usually the most voluminous, having the very remarkable face of a research paper including several citations of ideas, opinions and studies from previous and related research.

Undergraduates final year projects chapter two (2) is often captioned ‘Review of Literature’. It has other sub-captions under it which includes review of concepts, review of opinion, review of studies and theoretical framework. These sub-divisions also have other factions of discussions under it.
Writing final year projects chapter two

Review of concepts
The chapters two of final year projects start with the review of concepts. The concepts reviewed issue or sub topics that are relevant to the project topic under research. The researcher has to start by defining some concepts, bringing several definitions by other scholars into bear. Still under this section, the researcher is obligated to discuss other issues as it relates to the project topic in view.

Review of Opinion
Under this figure, the review of opinion harbors the various opinions which other researchers hold on issues relating to the project topics in view. Doing this, you the researcher must be careful to duly acknowledge every author with year of publication, name of author and the page number in some cases.

Here is a working technique; raise a view point, cite what one, two or three scholars have said about the issue raised; backup your opinion and establish the significance of such issue to a section of the society that it may affect.

Review of studies
In this section of final year projects chapter two, it is required that researches done either published or unpublished should be presented. This time, the researcher has to review the related research or one that was done on similar project topic.

You will state the project topic and give a full citation of the research work and then go ahead to state the objectives of that research, the research methods that were applied, what the research findings were and the conclusions drawn from the research.

Atleast two to three researched should be reviewed under this section. To conclude each figure, you have to present a considerable significance which the each of these researches has on the project current research.

Theoretical Framework
The theories that support your final year projects topic will be required at this point. Atleast two to three research theories will be required to drive the research home. It is also important to state that you have the significance of these theories inputed in your research.

The chapter three of final year project topics are meant to institute the tools that will be used to set the research rolling. The chapter three of final year projects usually explains the ‘research methodology’, as traditionally called, under various categories and research tools. Mentioning tools, I mean the instruments for data collection or gathering, research techniques, research population, instrument for data analysis and the likes.

It is necessary to point out, before proceeding, that the project chapter three is most of the time, is not as lengthy as other project chapters. Issues discussed there-in are straight to the point and detailed but not saturated with too many quotes and unnecessary explanation.

Now that you know…

Here are quick tips to writing final year projects chapter three

The simplest way to start writing this part of your project is to state in simple prose, what your project chapter three is set to achieve. One paragraph is just enough to make your points clear.

The research population
Under this segment of your project, you have to clearly state the actual population that your final year project seeks to study. The population is the entity that research want to understudy, it could be humans, animals, plants, a routine, issues, whatever it is, the term population in research is adopted as a more general term.

Under the population, please state the sample size. The sample size is a portion of the population size that will be selectively chosen for study so that a researcher can generalize the conclusion of the research. This is done when the population is too large to be studied in a short time.

Choosing the sample size for study varies with the research topic, the research population and the livability of the research. Some examples of sampling procedures includes, purposive sampling, cluster sampling, Random sampling etc.

Research techniques
Research techniques to be adopted for final year projects are dependent on the project topic. So far, we have survey, content analysis, experiment, observation, case study and a little more. Stating the research techniques you have adopted for your research, also do well to state why.

Instrument for data gathering
Still in chapter three of your final year project, you have to state the instrument you have adopted to gather data in your research. The instrument you will use depends on the research techniques you have adopted. So for every research technique, there is an instrument for gathering data for it.

Here is a tip of how it works:-

Survey - questionnaire

Content analysis - Coding sheet

Experiment - Specimen

Observation - Visual senses

Instrument to data analysis
Also in final year projects chapter three, clarifying on the instrument for data analysis is very important; infact it shows how much you know about the research you are into. Now, the data analysis has to be presented either in tables, graphs or whichever format. It is at the project chapter three that you will clearly state how you will present yours and why.

Final year projects have a beginning and an ending; while the process of choosing the project topics for the research marks the starting point, the summary and conclusion of the research brings constructive end to the research. Undergraduate research can be conclusive or rather inconclusive; it all depends on what the researcher has set to achieve and the scope of the research also has some level of influence too. While these factors lie side by side, I will like to point out the several ways undergraduates can present conclusions for final year projects.

What is a research conclusion?
Research conclusion is a generalized statement made at the end of the research indicating that the researcher has arrived at a resolution based on the various research findings. This inclusive statement is made in assumption that, while other factors being equal, such research finding can be held as universally applicable.

Several methods of presenting conclusions for final year projects

• Making a comparative statement depending on the objectives of the research and the research topic in question.

• Raising mindful thoughts or rhetorical questions

• Making a generalized statement (mostly used)

The simple method of drawing a research conclusion
Undergraduate projects as much as other kinds of research totally remain inconclusive until a conclusion is drawn; from where if I may? The conclusion of the research is drawn from the research findings. The research finding fulfills the slatted objectives individually; when that is done, a constructive statement is made, such that does justice to the research topic.

I may not be able to explain to the point that makes sense to you, but here is a sample of research conclusion on maternal health coverage in Nigeria newspapers.

“Conclusion
This study therefore concludes that although maternal health issues were captured more as news by the guardian and The Punch national newspapers, which represents an engaging and sharp way of passing written information by the mass media, the coverage of maternal health issues by these newspapers remains shallow and lacks preponderance as most maternal health issues were given low interpretation and analysis.”

From the example above, it is clear that a conclusion for a typical undergraduate research is short, on-point and different from a summary. It is more or less a statement that is made in more general terms to pass judgment on the principals of the research.

Mind you, a research conclusion should not to be mistaken for the summary which is a little lengthy and requires a longer prose.

The conclusion of every project induces the preparation of the projects’ report. So for final year projects, there is nothing short of this same principle especially when it is required in a certain academic discipline. I could still remember very vividly after my entrepreneurial development course in high institution that my university had asked every student in my level of education at the time to present a report of the skill acquisition sessions which was to be attached to the to the SIWES handbook. I really didn’t understand what that meant nor could I really point to how useful it will be to the university, but I must say that the picture has become even clearer now.

Meanwhile,we will examine the idea of final year projects report, what needs it is meant to solve in research and when it is necessary in final year projects research.

What is final year projects report?
While a report may mean something else not to different though, final year projects report could simply be explained as the summary an undergraduate research. It contained information about the success, failures, challenges, victories and prospects of the research.

What basic and vital needs does final year projects report serve?
• It is intended to summarize the research outcome

• It aims at documenting the successes and failures of the research

• It also documents in a nutshell the challenges and prospects of the research for the future

• It signals room for improvement or margin for development

• The provide guideline for project preparation, execution and delivery in future

At what point in final year projects are reports written?
You practically cannot give a report of an unfinished work except in partisan politics. Lol. Everything being equal, final year projects report is usually written and presented after the research is totally concluded. This means that every detail that the research presents is represented in simple and short prose in the report.

Is final year projects report the same as an abstract?
No, it’s not at all. An abstract gives a precise note about the title of a final year project, the chief objective of the research, the procedure taken to meet the research objectives, the research findings and the research conclusion.

On the other hand, final year projects reports contains details of what transpired through the research both the good and bad and what it means for future research.

This article originally appeared on codemint blog

Mentioning that undergraduate academic activities could be monotonous, tedious, challenging and demanding is stating the obvious. Without a doubt, one could easily come to a conclusion that formal education is difficult and so requires personal decision to take up the challenges that comes therewith.

Undergraduates at the tertiary level of education often lay complains of virtually every curricula activities they are assigned to do in school including project based tests such as their final year projects, seminar presentations, mock press conferences, mock consultations and advertisements to state a few. However students seem to forget so easily the school stress when they receive invitations for social events in school or outside school; why is that so? That may be a question for you to answer but our major focus here is to discuss simple principles that final year projects students could adopt in dealing with curricula activities which they may consider tasking while in school.

Before we go heating the nail, it is needful we slate out the actual issues that could be ‘students’ nightmares’ and what in this nightmares is a concern for reflection.

Meeting with difficult curricula activities

I have been there too as a student and understand quite well how easy it is to tag a course, a topic, a project and even a teacher ‘difficult’; it happens so fast before you ‘say Jack’. No one is promising you a smooth sail through school as an undergraduate student or even as a final year projects student but then the impression that accompanies students to their first day in class, especially those spread by their predecessors who didn’t find their moments in school favorable, beats their academic imagination and confidence to 0% leaving them at the mercy of their self-will and self-determination. This bad emotion beclouds their sense of approach towards the courses they have been told about.

On normal bases, the following are academic curricular activities that students must do but still consider difficult even when they are mostly monotonous:-

Impromptu test and assessments
From the kindergarten level of formal education, academic institutions put students through continuous assessments, sometimes announced and impromptu in some cases. These does not sound new at all for anyone who has been through school but the act of putting yourself into it as a student makes it fearful to confront especially when the test is impromptu. In that case, only the prepared mind can beat the task.

Examinations
‘The worst fear’ every student must face is examination – the term that is accountable for malpractices and academic misconducts in the world of academic education. Let’s look at this, exams are announced to allow students to prepare for it, yet many of them come along to the examination halls with micro-chips and brain supports; some end up not reading at all to the examination hall after much advice to study hard. In the end, some perform quite impressive than others.

Final year projects
Continuous assessment questions or practical tasks may be unpredictable neither will examination questions turn out as always predicted but final year projects are often times monotonous in their research procedures, structures and guidelines. Final year projects give students an edge over other academic curricular activities where they have performed poorly. Students naturally see project research as fund-sucking, breath-taking, time demanding and totally frustrating even when they haven’t had an experience yet.

This particular academic exercise involves public speaking so does academic seminars and the likes. This is the plus side of final year projects that throws students off balance even when it isn’t their first time facing a public.

Yeah, we have come a long way, appraising the seeming difficult academic curricula activities.

Now the icing on the cake…
Without a doubt, there are probabilities that the bone of contention is not really in the difficult academic activities; there could be other factors that fuels the difficulty. What could that be?

Boring topics
When a topic is perceived as boring from the first instance, the students’ interest in the topic is already lost to the wind. When examinations and assessments come from such topics or courses as the case maybe, it becomes difficult to confront the questions even when they are simple to attempt.

Poor concentration or Lack of it
Again, poor concentration or lack of it can fuel academic difficulty. When your attention is lost to something else aside the classroom discussion, it will only take a miracle to have you perform better in class.

Difficulty recollecting facts and figures
If you have issues trying to remember what you read, you may never be poised to study again and in a long run causes student to give up easily on their studies. Caught in such situation, student can be forced to think that formal education isn’t their calling; they had rather followed their fate and pay less attention to class room ‘fairy tales’ and logic.

Teachers approach
Students have had enough of the blames over their poor performances academically but teachers approach should also be considered. Not all lecturers are trained teachers and so they lack understanding of how to extend the knowledge to undergraduates bearing in mind their psychological differences.

Simple principles final year projects students can adopt to deal with academic difficulty

Stating the obvious is to re-emphasize that many undergraduates have been in this web for long, especially those preparing to undertake their final year projects. To bring the siege to an end or atleast curtail the mess, here are easy principles that work:-

Never see learning as a challenge; accept it as a another chance
Your perception about learning chooses the way you embrace it. With a good impression, it works out, and with bad impression you get frustrated even in the most simple of them.

Map out pre-study plans for difficult topics
Consider asking for the semester or yearly syllabus the next time you go to school. And when you do, map out pre-study plans for the topics you do not really find friendly and work on it. What I mean is this, you could study every next topic before you attend the class do that especially with the seeming difficult topics. This practice will not only make learning easy, it will upgrade your level of understanding of the topics each time the teacher discuss them before the class. You will stop being passive to become active in class.

Consider dropping plus courses that are not necessary
To cut down the work load, consider your willingness to step-up your academic curricular performance, you have to consider dropping plus courses that aren’t necessary for your graduation in your field. This is important so that you can face the main courses squarely and make the most of it.

If you are a teacher reading this … make students develop interest first
As a teacher, if you’ve lost your students’ interest, trust me you have lost their attention and them too. Consider going back to your drawing board to trace out the strategies that work with your students.

Wrap-up
The psychology of students and their differences is necessary to understand what does and doesn’t work for them. When they lay complains about academic difficulty, there is reason behind it and that reason you must find; am talking to you the teacher and the students themselves if they could be honest. Again, formal education at all level is not a bed of roses, but you must bear in mind that a smooth sail does not make skillful sailors.

The world has felt and experienced noteworthy changes on things we could consider ‘regular’ by seeing them transform all of a sudden and almost pulling the direction of the whole of human endeavors including education into that cycle. So it may be considered out of place for final year projects students at their undergraduate level to not consider the recent changes the world has experienced lately and bring them to table for research.

What is my point? Final project topics ideas do not fall as manner from heaven, they are inspired when certain changes which we could consider unusual begin to occur. The need to question the causes, effects, the source and the needs ascends. So this article looks to guide ‘A’ class undergraduates on final year project topics ideas that will spark up innovation, creativity and subsequent development in the various fields we will point out.

Business management project topics ideas
Currently, the rate of unemployment has become intolerable and so people have looked away from seeking direct employment from public offices to focus more on self-employment. This has spurred the increase in startups, skill acquisition and entrepreneurship development and so on. So as research students with creative mindset, factors that influence such conscious development such as loans, investment, business management, funding etc. needs to be considered while preparing your business management project topics.

So business management project topics that could emanate from the hints above are many but the specific area of your research concerning business management will make a perfect lead.

Environmental Science project topics ideas
The later part of last year 2019 and this year 2020 has seen the weather get extremely cold at the various ends of the world. Some have horribly attributed these changes to climate change including the high heat temperature followed by a heavy downpour during the rainy season. But the fact still remains that we can’t be so sure until otherwise confirmed by research.

Likewise environmental science project topics ideas can be inspire from such areas as climate change, weather conditions, environmental hazards, environmental health, climate chance vs industrial revolution and human activities.

Technology
At the undergraduate level, technology is most regarded unavoidable in the computer science, computer engineering, cyber security and data analysis academic disciplines especially. Computer science specifically as a field of study have seen students graduate from learning what principles and algorithms works to learning how to programme softwares that perform specific tasks.

However coding with various programming languages is now a trend in the technology market as many have almost lost their place due to the increasing emergence of new programming languages concurrently. Computer science students may aswell leverage such new coding languages to write their own computer science source codes for the implementation of their project design.

Data analysis in the other end has become the sensation behind every technological innovation and indeed 70% of the worlds’ development. The psychographics and demographics of internet users have become really useful to implement targeted innovation and as a matter of fact will make a serious source of creative project topics for final year projects students.

Oreoluwa5:
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Holiday is here and it is special to those who embrace its warm glad tidings. A special time indeed when families and friends gather to create memories together; it doesn’t matter how short it lasts, what matters most is the pictures it creates in our head. That quickly points to how accommodating the human mind can be when we are happy building the memory lane.

Undergraduates, particularly those in their final year, in my opinion could embrace holidays as not just a time to relax but also a period to boost their academic bottom line performance both in their final year projects, final year examinations, project defense and general preparation to face life after school. As obtainable among undergraduates, final year students to be precise, don’t really see anything wrong with going home to relax and resume when everyone else is back so that the struggle could continue; they really don’t.

By reading this article, you will definitely be exposed to special holiday tips that will help you pull through your academic bottom line performance when you get back to school to round up. But first, allow me to align your mindset to why these tips are necessary even when it seems like it’s going to pull you out of your comfort or maybe deny you the full portion of it.

Simple discrete things smart final year projects’ students do that other undergraduates neglect

Simple and easy are not one and the same, they mean different things. We have carefully mapped out these practices as simple but not easy because you’ll have to go beyond the ordinary to hit your academic goals. Great success is not for sophomores, it’s for the swift and smart and exactly the reason you should have something to show for it as a final year projects student.

This is what I mean:-

They save when others spend
Smart final year projects’ students are wise enough to save when other students deem it fit to spend. Holidays are very tempting and daring and throwing money and having fun is so easy once it comes handy. But regardless, undergraduates in their final year, who understands the fate their final year holds for them will plan financially ahead.

They learn when others just laugh
One other discrete and smart thing final year undergraduates do is to cease every opportunity to learn when it is funny.

They think when others sleep
Smart undergraduates who have proposed to break a leg with their academic goals don’t sleep the usual time every sundry student. They explore the power of their mind in and out of academic season.

The special holiday tips for final year projects students that will kick-start their bottom line academic performance.

Appreciate yourself
You sure need to treat yourself with the luxury of goodness and happiness that you can afford; appreciate yourself for coming this far, for staying strong and making it to the last lap (if actually your academic performance has recorded impressive remarks). Even if you haven’t fared so well academically, appreciate yourself for not giving up earlier.

Invest time in adventure
Bearing in mind that you will soon face your final year projects, as undergraduates make adventure a great idea for the holiday. You can inquire into any area of life that seems to have some sort of relationship with the final year project topics you may have proposed to research on.

In my opinion, holiday is the best period to do this without pressure, you make your mistakes and correct them without having anyone put blames on you for your misfortune. It doesn’t matter what it is, your adventure could be anything else away from your final year projects but it will go a long way to enrich your memory lane.

Relax and Daydream
Once you get to this point, you would have unlocked the keys to the waves of creativity and insights that have accumulated during your adventure. With this inspiration, you may decide to share the hints to your contemporaries who may or may not be kind enough to discuss it with you.

Regardless, your final year academic performance is very important, you have to put your mind to work first before you get there and to make a difference, you must have to swallow the frog alive.

Holiday is special but I need you to make it an experience by yourself.