Bone marrow is the sponge like tissue found in the interior of certain bones-contains stem cells, which are the precursors of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. These blood cells are vital for normal human body functions. But because of association of certain diseases, stem cells may produce too many, very few or abnormal blood cells. Also, some medical treatments may destroy these stem cells. Bone marrow transplantation is used to treat severe problems. It involves extracting the bone marrow having normal stem cells from a healthy body and transferring into the affected body. The aim of the bone marrow transplant is to rebuild the affected person’s blood cells and immune system.

Bone marrow transplantation is used to cure diseases and also certain types of cancer. Bone marrow transplant may also be required when the person has been given high doses of chemotherapy or radiations and because of it, his bone marrow has been permanently damaged or destroyed by the treatment. Bone marrow transplantation can used to replace the diseases bone marrow with the healthy functioning bone marrow. It can also be used to replace the bone marrow, which has been highly affected, and restore its normal body functions. It is also used to replace the bone marrow with genetically healthier bone marrow so as to prevent it from getting further damaged as a result of genetic disorders. Some of the diseases that have been cured from bone marrow transplantation include Lymphomas, Leukemia in Children, Aplastic Anemia, Thalassemia and some solid tumors.

There are different types of bone marrow transplants depending upon the donor. Autologous bone marrow transplant, allogeneic bone marrow transplant, umbilical cord blood transplant are the different types of bone marrow transplants.

In autologous bone marrow transplant, the donor is the child himself or herself. Stem cells are taken from the infected body, and then are given back after the treatment. In allogeneic bone marrow transplant, the donor is genetically elated to the recipient. In umbilical cord bone marrow transplant, the stem cells are taken from the umbilical cord directly after the delivery of the child. Those stem cells are then tested, typed, counted and frozen until they are required for the transplant.

The typing of the HLA tissue determines the matching of the bone marrow transplant donor and the recipient. The antigens, which are present on the surface of the white blood cells, determine the genetic make up of the immune system. Though there are several antigens present, but there are a few major antigens, which determine the matching of the donor and the recipient. The more the number of antigens matches; the better is the engraftment of donated marrow. As with the other procedures, such as bone marrow transplant, prognosis and long term survival depends upon person to person. The amount of transplants occurring for an increased number of diseases and medical developments has greatly improved the outcome for bone marrow transplant in children and adults.

http://www.bmthospitalindia.com/

Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in head and neck cancers (HNC) has been in use for around two decades. It has clearly been seen that IMRT results not only in a better dose distribution profile to organs at risk (OAR) when compared to 3 dimensional conformal planning, but also in an improved overall survival, progression free survival, loco regional control and quality of life. IMRT has the unique capability of producing inhomogeneous dose distributions, allowing simultaneous delivery of different doses per fraction to different areas within the treatment field.
It has the potential radiobiological advantage of reducing the impact of accelerated repopulation in tumor colognes by using simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) technique. Increasing use of IMRT has also witnessed a growing concern regarding second malignancies as a result of an increase in the treatment time, worsening the accuracy of treatment due to increased intra fractional patient motion and reduction of patient throughput with economic consequences. Besides, it also leads to patient discomfort on the treatment couch and affects reproducibility of treatment position.

It has been seen in various studies that techniques like VMAT, first introduced in 2007, results in:
1. Fast delivery of radiation,
2. Provide better sparing of OARs and
3. Provide more uniform and conformal dose distributions to the target volumes as a result of various factors such as continuous modulation of multi leaf collimators (MLC), field shape, fluency rate, gantry rotation speed and collimator angle.
4. This may also enable more frequent online imaging.

http://www.dhrc.in/

Cancer is treated in several ways, depending on each person′s medical condition and type of cancer. The decision about where to be treated for cancer is one of the most important you will make, especially if it means traveling far from home.