₦airaland Forum

That's SPY Police. Any eligible Nigerian can be enlisted into the Spy police to assist the regular police.

How do we connect?

Olawrites:
I major in these tools for data analysis:

R & Rstudio, Python, and SPSS

Good morning. Please let me the statistical tools you're more proficient. I want to learn.

Although, I'm not an expert in this field but from my little experience it's obvious the soak away is filled up. I had similar experience in 2008. All effort proved abortive until the soak away was evacuated.
You may as well check your neighbors chamber.

You're not alone Comrade. Each time i retrospectively think about the statement, my rhythm of my heartbeat change astronomically. Too too traumatizing.

Host78:
For me it's this Nedu story with his wife. If you remember that time that Comedian Nedu trended with his wife during their divorce saga.

She made one statement that comes up in my head from time to time. This has been up to a year or two now since their divorce but the statement still gives me trouble once in awhile.

She told him plainly that because they were married, he assumed that the child she gave birth to was his.

Till today I still can't get this statement out of my mind. Like how do you even think up something like this and say it with full confidence?

Like why are we married if I can't accept the child from the marriage as my own?

This talk weak me die.

A lot of men will raise children that are not theirs especially the first born. This sane first child will inherit your properties while your real children if any will struggle to get peanuts from your estate after you pass on.

It's a scary future mahn.

I hope we all get finance to run DNA tests o

CORRECT. Thumb up for you.
7 Men have 7 wives ( 1 wife each )= 14 Adults.
Each Husband & Wife: 7 children.
Number of Children: 7*7= 49.
Number of people= 14 Adults+ 49 Children=63 people.

bammyllonaire:
Let's break it down step by step:

1. Men:

There are 7 men


2. Wives:

Each man has 1 wife

So, 7 men × 1 wife = 7 wives


3. Children:

Each man and his wife have 7 children

So 7 couples × 7 children = 49 children



---

Now, add them up:

Men = 7

Wives = 7

Children = 49


Total people = 7 + 7 + 49 = 63

✅ Answer: 63 people

DIMENSIONS OF FRAUD IN NIGERIA (INTROUCTION)
BY
AKOBI EMMANUEL EBENYIN HND, BSc Econs, PGD Crim, Msc Crim. Fnsis.

INTRODUCTION
Fraud is as old as the history of mankind, in the biblical time as recorded in the book of Gen27:5-46 Jacob fraudulently disguised and present himself as Esau and thus, received blessings meant for Esau from Isaac.
In Ancient Egypt, scribes were assigned to the monitoring of the pharaohs’ incoming and outgoing grain and gold inventories so as to prevent fraud and theft.
In Greek civilization, Aristotle reports on the fraud surrounding the enactment of the Seisachtheia, or Solon’s shaking-off of burdens in the 6th century BC, which released the Greeks from slavery for debts.
In Roman times, Cicero’s Verrine Orations attest to the multiple thefts and the fraudulent collection of tax proceeds by Verres, the Governor of Sicily.
It has constantly and continually persists and resists eradication. Thus, become common in our society today; exist in different forms using varying tactics/ modus operandi and affects private enterprises as well as public entities.
In countries most affected by fraud, the destabilizing impact on society constitutes a real threat to their security and sovereignty. The loss of superpower benefactors, unstable commodity prices and rising domestic and foreign debt make hard currency and profits connected with organized crime almost irresistible, especially in marginalized African countries (Snyman 2001:61).
The increased ability of criminal organizations to operate internationally is a potential danger for social and economic order in every country. The huge potential profits to be gained from such organized crime encourage criminals, who are already involved in the less serious crimes, to extend their activities to organized crimes such as fraud, corruption, bribery, forgery, misrepresentation and money laundering on a national and international scale. Men armed with guns, or those equipped with pry bars to open doors and windows, do collectively less harm to a country’s economy than smooth talkers (found among both sexes) who manipulate companies’ books, offer unfounded securities, commit forgery, organize credit cards schemes, take bribes here and there, or induce the unfortunate and helpless to forego proper medical aid for quackery, as well as attempt other cute tricks to separate the unsuspecting and trusting citizens from their property. Armed robbers or those who break and enter doors and windows, do collectively less harm to a country’s economy than those who are able to manipulate others by their persuasive powers, manipulate financial statements of companies, offer unfounded securities, commit forgery, organize credit card schemes, accept bribes or persuade the helpless and unfortunate to forego proper medical aid for quackery. The total losses experienced each year due to fraud operations are virtually impossible to calculate accurately. This type of crime, from a policing perspective, is detectable rather than preventable; even a large increase in the number of patrols, or a separate detective division would have negligible effect (Glick, Newson & Graves 1974:4).
The fraud problem continues to plague organizations and stakeholders around the world.
The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE 2006) estimates that total annual fraud losses in the U.S. exceed $650 billion and that fraud costs organizations five percent of their annual revenue.
1.1.2 OBJECTIVES
The general objective of this paper is to extrapolate different categories of fraud as well as modus operandi of the fraudsters.
1.2.1 ADVACE FEE FRUD
Advance Fee Fraud is therefore defined as an upfront payment, by a victim to a fraudster, to allow him to take part in a much larger financial transaction, which he believes will either bring him profit or will result in credit being extended to him. In this case, the victim is asked to pay an advanced fee of some sort such as “transfer tax”, “performance bond” or “money to buy chemicals”. If the victim pays the advanced fee, there are often many “complications” which require even more advance payments, until the victim either quits, or runs out of funds. It is a crime that involves misrepresentation (as described above), corruption and bribery, forgery and money laundering, extortion, kidnappings and even murder of the victim at some stage.
Fraud in general and Advance Fee Fraud in particular is said to be a crime where the primary motivation is greed. The AFF fraudsters prey upon human vanity, fantasy, loneliness, insecurity, and fear. According to Bohlen and Kerr (Friedrichs 2004:178) it is usually, during hard economic times, when people are desperate for money or savings that get-rich-quick schemes tend to flourish.
These criminal groups, also known as the Nigerian Crime Enterprises (NCEs), are accustomed to executing transnational criminal activities, including fraud scams directed to most countries around the globe. It has become a major business in recent times and has generated very large profits for those who are successful with it.
It must be noted that AFF confidence scams are only limited by the perpetrator’s imagination. However, their proposals share a common thread. The proposals are often unsolicited, emphasize the urgency and confidentiality of the deal, and require the victim to pay various government and legal fees and taxes before receiving what turns out to be non-existent money. New variations of these scams are being developed all the time but the most common forms of these fraudulent business proposals fall into these main categories:
Transfer of funds from over-invoiced contracts
Contract fraud (C.O.D of goods and services)
Conversion of hard currency (black-money & money cleaning )
Sale of crude oil below market prices.
Purchase of real estate.
Disbursement of money from wills (benefactor of a will).
Held for ransom / Kidnappings and murder. In the nutshell, advance fee fraud requires you to hand over money upfront in return for a larger sum. Of the common example is the Nigerian 419 scam. Here you will receive an email from what appears to be businessmen or officials from Nigeria or another African country offering to transfer large sums of money into your bank account to get it out of the country. You will be asked to keep large chunk of this cash provided you pay a fee first. Victims comply end up seen nothing in returns.
1.3.0 OCCUPATIONAL FRAUD
Occupational fraud is subdivided into:
(a)Financial statement fraud
(b)Corruption
(c)Misappropriation of Assets
1.3.1 Financial statement fraud
This refers to an intentional or reckless conduct, whether by act or omission, that results in materially misleading financial statements.
It involves misstating the financial condition of an entity by intentionally misstating the financial details with the intent to deceive end users.
Financial statements can be falsified to:
Deceive investors and creditors
Cause a company’s stock price to rise
Meet cash flow needs
Hide company losses and problems

Financial statements can be misstated as a result of intentional efforts to deceive or as a result of undetected asset misappropriations that are so large that they cause misstatement.
1.3.2 Corruption:
Corruption involves the wrongful use of a position, contrary to the responsibilities of that position, to procure a benefit.
􀂄Examples include kickback schemes and conflict of interest schemes.
1.3.3 Misappropriation of assets
This involves theft, embezzlement, or misuse of company assets for personal gain.
It includes both the theft of company assets, such as cash or inventory, and the misuse of company assets, such as using a company car for a personal trip. Asset misappropriation schemes to be discussed here are: Cash schemes, Accounts receivable schemes, inventory and fixed asset schemes.

Cash Schemes: this is sub-divided into; Skimming, Cash larceny, fraudulent disbursements.
Skimming
This is a process by which cash is removed from the entity before it enters the accounting system.
This is an-off-book scheme‖ because the receipt of the cash is never reported to the entity.
The most common skimming schemes are: unrecorded sales, understated sales and theft of income checks
Cash Larceny
In the occupational fraud setting, a cash larceny can be defined as the intentional taking away of an employer‘s cash (the term cash includes both currency and checks) without the consent and against the will of the employer. Skimming was defined above as the theft of off-book funds. Cash larceny schemes, conversely, involve the theft of money that has already appeared on a victim company‘s books. Therefore, cash larceny schemes are ―on book frauds.

Fraudulent Disbursements
Fraudulent disbursements are the most common form of asset misappropriation, and they occur when an employee uses his position of employment to cause a payment for some inappropriate purpose. Fraudulent disbursements are on-book fraud schemes, meaning that cash (checks) leaves the entity fraudulently, but it is recorded on the books and thus an audit trail exists. Fraudulent disbursement schemes are broken down into: Check tampering schemes, Register disbursement schemes, Billing schemes, Expense reimbursement schemes and Payroll schemes.


CHECK TAMPERING SCHEMES
Check tampering is a type of fraudulent disbursement scheme whereby an employee either (1) prepares a fraudulent check for his own benefit or (2) intercepts a check intended for a third-party and converts the check to his own benefit. Other fraudulent disbursement schemes, such as false billings or payroll fraud, tend to rely on false claims for payment. Some false document, perhaps an invoice or a timecard, is submitted to the victim organization and generates the fraudulent payment. Such schemes are based on trickery—convincing the victim to make a payment based on a fraudulent invoice, timecard, expense report, or other document. Check tampering schemes are a more direct form of fraud. Instead of relying on false support to generate a fraudulent disbursement, the perpetrator of a check tampering scheme takes physical control of a check and places false information on that instrument. The fraudster might forge a signature, alter a payee, alter the amount of the check, and/or forge an endorsement. The key is that the perpetrator places false information on a company check and that this action enables the fraudster to illegally obtain funds from his employer.


1.4.0 STOCK MARKET FRAUD
This is a practice whereby market for securities is manipulated either upward or downward by persons who are seeking to make it appear that the securities are worth either more or less than their true values. It is about creating a false appearance as to the value of the securities. It is one of the common frauds in the security market. Instances are bound where issuers of securities give money to people to acquire those securities and make it appear that there is a competitive market for the security in question. This fraudulent act creates false representation of high demand and thus, its market value will increase. A typical example of market fraud is the criminal breach of security market protocol in Nigeria years back when Mallam Sanusi on assumption of office as the Governor of Central Bank Nigeria lunched investigation and expose commercial Banks executives who where in the habit of issuing bad loans to investors who in turns use such loan for the purchase of their securities. This can also be classified under cooperate fraud.
Also, the U.S. Department of Justice Web site which addresses the major types of Internet fraud reports the following recent examples of various types of illegal activity carried out using the medium.
In the first case, defendants bought 130,000 shares of bogus stock in NEI Web world, Inc., a bankrupt company whose assets had previously been liquidated. Defendants in the case then posted e-mail messages on various Internet bulletin boards, claiming that NEI was being acquired by a wireless telecommunication company. Within 45 minutes of the posting, shares increased from $8 to $15 each, during which time defendants "cashed out." The remaining stock was worth 25 cents a share within a 30 minute period. The second example involves a case in which an employee of PairGain Technologies set up a fraudulent Bloomberg news Web site and reported false information regarding the company's purchase by a foreign company. The employee then posted bogus e-mail messages on financial news bulletin boards that caused a 30 percent manipulation of PairGain stock prices within hours.

1.5.0 Internet Fraud
Under this category of fraud, the perpetrator develops a scheme using one or more elements of the internet to deprive a person of property or any interest, estate, or right by a false representation of a matter of fact, whether by providing misleading information or by concealment of information. As increasing numbers of businesses and consumers rely on the Internet and other forms of electronic communication to conduct transactions; illegal activity using the very same media is similarly on the rise. Fraudulent schemes conducted via the Internet are generally difficult to trace and prosecute, and they cost individuals and businesses millions of dollars each year. From computer viruses to Web site hacking and financial fraud, Internet crime became a larger concern than ever in the 1990s and early 2000s. In one sense, this situation was less a measure of growing pains than of the increasing importance of the Internet in daily life. More users surfing the Web, greater business reliance upon e-mail, and the tremendous upsurge in electronic commerce have raised financial stakes.
A single virus outbreak in 1999 was blamed for more than $80 million in damage, while Web site hacking in early 2000 purportedly cost hundreds of millions more. Adding new wrinkles were complaints about rampant fraud on popular online auction sites. Together, the problems drew tough rhetoric from U.S. officials, who announced new initiatives, deployed cyber-crime units, made numerous arrests, and even pursued international manhunts. According to U.S Justice Department Web site devoted to the topic, Internet fraud refers to any type of scheme in which one or more Internet elements are employed in order to put forth "fraudulent solicitations to prospective victims, to conduct fraudulent transactions, or to transmit the proceeds of fraud to financial institutions or to others connected with the scheme." As pointed out in a report prepared by the National White Collar Crime Center and the Federal Bureau Investigation  (FBI) in 2001, major categories of Internet fraud include, but are not limited to, auction or retail fraud, securities fraud, and identity theft.
The IFCC, in its 2001 Internet fraud report, released statistics of complaints that had been received and then referred to law enforcement or regulatory agencies for action. For the 12-month period covered by the report, the IFCC received more than 17 million inquiries to its Web site, with nearly 50,000 formal complaints lodged. It must be noted, however, that the number of complaints included reports of computer intrusions and unsolicited child pornography.
1.6.0 DATING FRAUD: under this fraudulent scheme, the scammer usually a man assumes the profile of a young, attractive woman on an online dating site. Women can also assume a false identity/profile or may work with males in contacting you. The photos are stunning, perhaps professionally taken or provocative usually downloaded from the internet, but the description of the partner is vague. The usual scam involves starting an online relationship with someone you are led to believe lives somewhere else, in your own country for instance. Only after a relationship is formed does the correspondent inform the foreigner where they are really from. After 1-3 months the scammer asks for money using death or illness in the family, need to escape an abusive situation, visa and travel expenses, or arrest by customs officials for smuggling gold. Scammers may say they are orphans, could not finish their education to gain your sympathy. The stories are usually not true. Claims money is required for medical emergencies are often backed by fake documents from local doctors or hospitals. Regardless of the reason for the request, the scam is usually so involved in the relationship that they send money on the first request. At this point, relationships have usually advanced from email to phone calls and often the Scam may have spoken with the Scammers’ alleged "relatives" and/or visa broker and feels like a part of the family. Scammers do send scanned copies of altered Ghanaian passports and visas to assure foreigners of their existence and/or intention to visit. The next and most lucrative step in the scam comes when the scammer allegedly leaves Ghana but is picked up by immigration authorities. Usually, the scam receives an email or phone call from the scammer in prison asking for more money to bribe the officials to facilitate their release. Customs officers may also be involved with scammers.

CRIMINAL SCIENCE
BY
Akobi Emmanuel Ebenyin HND,BSc Econs, PGD Crim, MSc Criminology
INTRODUCTION
Most theories attempting to explain criminal process represent part of the classic psychological nature versus nurture debate: can behaviour be seen as the result of heredity or the effect of the environment?; are criminals born, bad, or are they somehow made bad? Do offenders rationally choose to commit crime, or are they somehow programmed to do so? Genes are often said to set the limits on behaviour, while the environment shapes development within those limits. Thus a child born with some potential to offend may, depending upon their family environment, come to realise that potential or not. The discovery that our genetic make-up may not be as complex as was once believed suggests that the interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental protection has become even more worthy of investigation.
Plomin (2001) suggests that behavioural genetics must become a prime component within the study of psychology in the future, not in the traditional and much criticised sense of genetic determinism but because 'behavioural genetic research provides the strongest available evidence for the importance of environmental factors'. He adds that most behavioural disorders reveal some genetic influence, in fact rather more so than common medical disorders, but that the exact nature of the 'genotype-environment correlations' will require sensitive and sophisticated analysis. Intervention is then more likely to involve changes to the environment rather than genetic engineering. That is to say, criminal inclination is dependent upon the intersection or correlation of risk factors.
A risk factor for criminality is anything in a person’s psychology, developmental or family history that may increase the likelihood that he/she will become involved at some point in criminal activities. A protective factor is anything in a person’s biology, psychology, developmental or family history that will decrease the likelihood that e/she will become involved in criminal activity. Risk factors generally include: lower class origin, family of origin, poor personal temperament, lower aptitude, early behavioural histories, poor parenting, school based factors, poor educational/vocational/ socioeconomic achievement, poor interpersonal relationships, antisocial associates which support crime, antisocial attitudes/values/beliefs and feelings and psychopathology. Delinquency also has a relationship to attachment to peers. Brownfield and Thompson (1991) found that boys who had committed delinquent acts were more likely to have friends who had done so as well. This increased when the friend was considered a "best friend." As well, risk factors can be divided into the various childhood time periods that they may occur and increase later criminal activity. Patterson, De Baryshe and Ramsey (1989) proposed the Patterson model. Risk factors that may be experienced in early childhood include poor parental discipline and monitoring, poor family environment, coercive parent-child relationships, instability in the family and early childhood conduct problems. Middle childhood risk factors include rejection by normal or conventional peers, and academic failure and underachievement. Late childhood and early adolescence risk factors include a commitment to a deviant peer group.
The "cycle of violence hypothesis" predicts that abused children will become abusers and victims of violence will become violent offenders. Abused and neglected children are more likely to exhibit delinquent characteristics as well as criminal and violent behaviour as adults. Some possible factors about the individual that may lead to crime can be speculated. Things such as chromosomal patterns, physiological under arousal, hyperactivity/ADHD, impulsivity, learning disabilities, fetal alcohol syndrome and other neurological damage, low IQ, hormonal imbalances, antisocial personality disorder, psychopathology and biochemical imbalances may contribute to risk of criminal behavior.
Edwin Sutherland posited that criminals learn criminal and deviant behaviors and that deviance is not inherently a part of a particular individual's nature. Also, he argues that criminal behavior is learned in the same way that all other behaviors are learned, meaning that the acquisition of criminal knowledge is not unique compared to the learning of other behaviours. Sutherland outlined some very basic points in his theory, such as the idea that the learning comes from the interactions between individuals and groups, using communication of symbols and ideas. When the symbols and ideas about deviation are much more favorable than unfavorable, the individual tends to take a favorable view upon deviance and will resort to more of these behaviors.

THEORIES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOURS/ CRIMINAL PROCESS

All theories of criminal behaviour try to address the question of why people commit crime and how do people become criminals? On the assumption that such a course of actions merit explanation of the inexplicable, are criminals somehow different from the rest of us, that there might be a single cause of criminal behavior and by so doing we should be able to predict future criminal behavior. Some of these theories emphasizes physical features, while others stress chromosomes, genetic transmission, or neurological factors, but they all place criminality firmly within the individual, playing down the possible influence of social factors. Subsequent labeling and stereotyping can help us identify this group and reinforce our belief in their status as an out-group.
Criminology is a multi-disciplinary and eclectic discipline and thus, there are many different theories of criminal behaviour. The available major theories are classified according to the different academic specializations of their proponents.
Now let carefully examine each of the theories:
Classical Criminological Theories
The major proponents of these theories are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. These theories were formulated in the 18th century in Europe. These classicists were lawyers, doctors, philosophers, and even sociologists. They were not really criminologists as such, because criminology as a field of study and discourse did not exist at that time. It perceived people as free agent who are able to make rational choices in virtually all aspect of their lives.
In the 18th Century in Europe the dominant philosophy was “Conservatism”. It promoted the idea of absolute morality. This underlined the policy and practice of applying very harsh punishment on criminals that was prevalent at that time. In contrast, the opposing philosophy at that time was “liberalism”, it emphasized the notion of justice and fairness, the principles of social contract, and a balance between the social good and individual liberty.
Cesare Beccaria was born in Milan, Italy in 1738. He published only one major book, on crime and punishment. Beccaria’s book contains almost all modern penal reforms. But its greatest contribution was the foundation it laid for subsequent changes in criminal legislation (Schafer, S. 1969:106). His underlying philosophy was “free will”. He maintained that, behaviour is purposive, based on hedonism” driving by hedonistic rationalism, the pleasure – pain principle. A rational calculator weighing the cost (pains) / benefit (pleasure) of their involvement in crime. He stated that human beings choose those actions that give pleasure and avoid those that bring pain. Therefore, punishment should be assigned to each crime in a degree that results in more pain than pleasure for those who commit forbidden acts. He argued that punishment should fit the crime. (Reid, 1997:75).
Jeremy Bentham was born in 1748. He was British by nationality and a contemporary of Cesare Beccaria. His philosophy was to “let the punishment fit the crime”, because he believed that people act rationally. That people choose acts because they give them pleasure, and avoid acts that result in pain. Bentham called his philosophy of social control as “utilitarianism”.
Classical criminological viewpoints have enjoyed a renaissance in modern criminology in the form of rational choice theories (Clark, 2008:73).
a)Biological Criminological Theories
The major proponents of this school of thought are Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), William Sheldon (1949), and Eleanor Glueck (1956).
Cesare Lombrosso (the father of modern criminology) sought explanation for criminal behavior through scientific research experimentation. As a physician who worked in mental hospitals and prisons, he noticed certain similarities in the physical types of these populations comparing delinquent soldiers, mental patients and prisoners. By comparing their skulls and making careful notes of certain anatomical details, he concluded that there were certain criminal types who inherited their criminal tendencies, and could be identified by the possession of certain stigmata. He believed that those attributes could predict criminality, creating a ‘born’ criminal. This he theorized a result of certain atavisms whereby the criminal would be both mentally and physically inferior to ‘normal’ human beings, and that they would resemble the primitive man, the ape. He used certain physical characteristics as indicators of criminality, and measured them. These includes: Size or shape of the head; abnormal and asymmetric cranium, eye defect and abnormalities/projecting (eye) ridges; large ears; long arms/left handedness; Enlarged cheekbones and jaw; Fleshy protruding lips; Abnormal teeth, dark skin, subject to colour blindness etc. If a person were to portray five or more of these atavisms, then they were seen to be a born criminal. He also added other factors to this theory, including that of an excessive use of tattooing, excessive idleness and a tendency to express ideas pictorially. Sheldon had similar ideas, but these were mainly based around body types. He described three basic body types and different temperaments that corresponded with them. These were:

1. Endomorphs who would be soft and round with relaxed extrovert personalities;
2. Mesomorphs who were athletic and tended to be aggressive; and finally;
3. Ectomorphs who were thin frail and introverted.
Sheldon rated these physical attributes in any given individual, and gave ratings of 1 – 7 to indicate the extent of each body type they possessed then the person would be given a three figure rating showing his/her possession of characteristics. Sheldon compared these ratings on a group of 200 male delinquents, against 200 non-delinquent students. He found that the delinquents were significantly higher in mesomorphy and lower in ectomorphy (1949). He concluded that a Mesomorph was the most likely to be a criminal. Although Sheldon's work was criticised on methodological and subjective grounds - because he rated his subjects' body types himself, and assumed correlation was linked to causality - his theories were supported by Glueck and Glueck (1956). They found that 60% of their sample of delinquents was mesomorphs, while only 31 % of their non-delinquent sample was, and Cortes and Gatti (1972) found in a sample of 100 delinquents that57% were mesomorphic, compared with 19% of controls.
While these findings support the view that delinquents are likely to be muscular and fit, it remains unclear what the exact association might be between mesomorphy and crime. Boys tend to admire others who mature early and are muscular and physically agile. The status these boys acquire can often only be maintained by taking risks, becoming involved in ever more daring and anti-social acts and increasing their chances of apprehension.
The biological perspective on crime causation presume that criminality is a sign that something is “wrong” with the individual, rather than with the society.
Sociological Criminological Theories
These theories specifically seek to account for variations in rates of deviance within groups and societies by examining the social environment. A key figure of the sociological theory is Emil Durkheim (1858-1917), a French sociologist who started by saying the facts to be investigated about crime are social rather than biological or psychological. Therefore, it control must be based upon social variables and changes in social conditions.
A major contribution of Durkheim to the understanding of criminal behavior involved his efforts to demonstrate how suicide relates to an individual lack of integration into stable social groups. He proposed that many suicides result from anomie, a condition of “normlessness” in which people experience an acute lack of meaningful rules and purpose in their lives. Merton further explained the concept of anomie in which he observed that deviant behavior was a product of social structure which pressures people into committing crimes.
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
According to evolutionary psychology, all human behavior, criminal or otherwise, is a product of psychological mechanisms (instantiated in the brain) combined with environmental input that activates them or inhibits their activation. Thus, without correlation between psychological and environment mechanisms, no behavior could be produced.
An unusual explanation of crime which attempts to combine genetic, biological and psychological factors was offered by Hans Eysenck (1964), and refined by Eysenck and Gudjonsson (1989). While it is often presented as ageneral theory of crime it actually attempts to explain why some people fail to follow rules, and suggests that neuroticism and extroversion are linked to antisocial behaviour. At a later stage in the development of his theory Eysenck introduced a third personality variable - P (psychoticism) - which he believed was marked by aggressive, cold and impersonal behaviour. He believed high scorers on this scale, together with high extraversion and neuroticism scores, would be more likely to be associated with violent crime. Much research has been generated in an attempt to verify Eysenck's theory (see Blackburn, 1993), and while there has been some support for an association between psychoticism and serious criminal behaviour, there has been little support for the predicted configuration of high scores in extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism. Moreover, there has been serious criticism of the authority with which this particular theory has been presented when there are misgivings about any evidence for its theoretical foundation. Eysenck developed measures of introversion/extraversion and neuroticism/stability to characterize personality, believing that most people would score somewhere in the middle of each of these two scales.
Neuroticism was seen to include characteristics such as low selfesteem, emotionality, and a tendency to depression and anxiety, while extraversion was signalled by sociability, impulsivity, a search for excitement, and optimism. Eysenck believed that some people are born with different types of autonomic nervous systems which will determine the way they react to environmental stimuli. The extravert is under-aroused arid therefore searches children acquire through the process of socialisation. Their high score on the extraversion scale means that they are under-aroused, impulsive and outgoing sensation-seekers who are difficult to condition. High neuroticism scores are said to be linked with moodiness, anxiety and depression, which produces a resistance to social conditioning and an inability to learn from mistakes.
John Bowiby (1944), suggested that any disruption of the attachment bond between mother and child in the early years might lead to later deviance, mainly because of the consequent inability of such a child to develop any meaningful relationships.
Bowiby's work is very much rooted in a psychoanalytic framework, and although Freud himself had little to say about crime, his view of the small child as inherently a social and motivated by pleasure-seeking and self-destructive impulses is used and developed by Bowiby, in order to explain adult criminal behaviour. If the child is raised in a dysfunctional family it may cause long-term damage to their superego or conscience. A poorly developed superego will result in a lack of control over anti-social impulses, impulsiveness and a lack of guilt, leading to unacceptable behaviour. In contrast, an over-developed superego will produce a desire for punishment, unresolved guilt, and a subsequent 'acting out' type of behaviour.
CONCLUSION:
In view of the assertions discussed above, it can be concluded that the activation of criminal behavior is a correlation of multiple factors.
REFERENCES
Buss, D.M. (2012). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
David M (2004) The Evolutionary Psychology of crime.
Erling .E (1999) Economics of Criminal Behaviour.
Sebastian S (2012), Criminal Behaviour and Psychology.
Durrant, R., & Ward, T. (2012). The role of evolutionary explanations in criminology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology.
Hart, C.W., & Pilling, A.R. (1960). The Tiwi of North Australia. New York: Hart, Rinehart, & Winston.
Jones, O. D. (1997). Evolutionary analysis in law: An introduction and application to child abuse. North Carolina Law Review, 75, 1117-1242.

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The general public is here by warned and advised to be conscious of the existence of some individuals or groups of people parading themselves as Commanders/agents/representatives/consultants and the likes of the Nigerian Legion entering into contractual relationships (especially on security services provision) with unsuspecting person /group in the name of the Nigerian Legion/Corps of Commissionnaires in Lagos State. These sets of persons are either deviant members or outright impersonators. Doing deals with them is tantamount to aiding them to tarnishing the image and/or robbing of the Nigerian Military Veterans Association - the Nigerian Legion in the State.
Kindly dissociate from them immediately (if you are already in any relationship with them in the name of the Nigerian Legion/Corps of Commissionnaires).
For a verifiable and risk-free engagement with the Nigerian Legion Lagos State Command, kindly contact and/or further enquiries:
Chairman@nigerianlegionhqlsc.org.ng
Info@nigerianlegionhqlsc.org.ng
hqnllsc@gmail.com

08059852188
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Signed
For the Chairman/Commandant
Nigerian Legion/Corps of Commissionnaires

Laudable initiative. We have been advocating for the replication of similar initiative in Nigeria Prisons as a way of combating food crisis and malnutrition in Nigeria Prisons. The prisoners should grow their vegetables, cultivate other crops and rear animals for their consumption in the prison. [qquote author=Kobojunkie post=134231541] That is what should be happening all across Africa. In many prisons across the world, prisoners are mined for free labor in exchange for a reduction in sentence,and this is something that ought to be happening the most in Africa. But unfortunately, Africans aren't ready to lift themselves and their nation out of poverty. [/quote]

What quantity at a time?

How old are you please?

BlindAngel:
Good evening Nairalanders, few months ago I posted here regarding how my wife forced me into marriage that I wasn't in anyway ready for because she got pregnant. I posted about the regret I'm still battling until date, because the love isn't there from my own end and I'm also not in anyway attracted to her physically. I have told her severally that I want to option out of the marriage and not doing again but until date she has refused to let me go.

Back to the main point, my wife lost her dad this morning. Her deceased dad has two wife's and several concubines that gave birth to lots of children, my wife doesn't know some of her half brothers and sisters.

So I went to their family house this morning to console them. The eldest son of the family (her half brother) told me and another in law that we'd be the one to pay for mortuary expenses and casket, and when the burial is getting closer they'd give us a list of things to buy and we'd both bring one goats each.

To be brutally honest I wasn't mad because of this latest expense, I got furious immediately and right on the spot because of the pressure my wife pressured me into getting married to her, by now I'd have been totally free of these unnecessary expenses. More than 19 of her sisters, both biological and half sisters that has given birth, no single expense was listed for their man that they got pregnant for and has a child for. But I and the other in law that paid dowry are the one going through these unnecessary expenses.

So immediately he told me about everything, I charged at my wife right on the spot, right in front of her mom, her brothers, her sisters and some of her friends that came for condolence visit. I got so furious and started shouting at the top of my voice, I reminded her how she forced me into marriage that I'm not in anyway prepared and ready for, both physically, psychologically, emotionally, financially. (I have been reminding her regarding this almost on a daily basis and whenever we are quarreling.

I reminded her how she threatened me with suicide and our of fear of the unknown I wasted almost 4m in getting married to her. I told her that I'd have been free of these expenses if not for her pressure.

Immediately she burst into tears, and started crying endlessly.

Her mom and sisters started yelling at me and I yelled back at all of them. They told me I met her a Virgin and now she's no longer good for me (truly, the whole family thought that I was the one that took her virginity) My wife and I agreed to keep it a secret, but the constant remainder from her mom and sisters made me let the cat out of the bag, I told them that I didn't met her a Virgin that she has already started having sex when I met her, they didn't believe me but with my tone, I know they'd.

I also made mentioned that I'm not buying any goat or paying for mortuary or taking any list from them. That it's their dad and they should take care of every responsibilities, after all he has uncountable children, why putting some of the expense on me? I walked away, and switched off my phone until now that I'm just putting it on.

I know that I acted wrongly and allowed my anger to get the best part of me. But I was furious because no single bill went to her sister's baby father's, absolutely nothing was listed for them. I got furious because these expenses won't be on me right now if not for her pressuring me into marriage that I want ready for. I was furious because I and the other in law that they billed became the scape goat by doing the right thing by getting married and not leaving theirs daughter In ruins, where as those that got their daughter pregnant without getting married to them were totally free from these unnecessary bills. I'm in so much pains and regret right now.

What's the current price?

Seriously disappointing

Akanbibabatunde:
Same happened to me. ExxonMobil something. My sister convinced me after cashing out 20k. I greedily put 2500 and cashed out then I invested 55k and gbam.. o tilo


Best is if you want to do the risk, go for foreign platforms. Only if you don't know how to use crypto then it's a issue. Leave naira platforms

You wouldn't understand Comrade. Some of us were introduced by a trusted friend who was convinced after cashing out 5k thrice. Unfortunately instead of starting with little amount like 3k I foolishly invested over 60k without cashing out kobo.

Akanbibabatunde:
Una dey invest for Nigerian sites?? Lol.. the last one I was convinced to join took my 60k.

Please if you have idea of their physical meeting venue feel free to share.

boltwings:
its when they have meeting then the person incharge would be arrested and the owner must appear. They even anounce meetings in their site under notification area. I will alert security personnels in their next meetings anywhere in nigeria

No physical address, no Nigeria Contact number, no name of key promoters. Even the physical meetings is open to those who invested at least 300k. It's been difficult tracking them.

boltwings:
Seriously that physical meetings too made me invest high. These are people that EFCC needs to arrest asap. Pls send reports to EFCC or any other crime fighting agency. I will report to efcc today. They need to be arrested

That's one of the things that gave me the boldness to commit my funds into the platform but on a second look I discovered their customer care line is rather a foreign line. Also, the telegram platform is permanently locked. Let's continue to expose them. They're not what they're claiming.

boltwings:
they are thieves. Chai exactly what I am facing. We even did same kind of investment. Na this kind people efcc suppose go arrest. They are even doing physical meetings in abuja etc

You're not alone Comrade. I have invested a total of 61k yet I can't make withdrawals rather they're demanding for another 80k payment. I have asked all the questions in this world but their Customer Care keep assuring me of the certainty of making withdrawal.
I actually signed up because I was introduced to the platform through a trusted family friend who unknown to me didn't invest much. Those that invested 5-3k are making withdrawals but once you investigate a substantial amount it will get stocked.

I was introduced to OXY Investment platform where investors can invest and cash out at the expiration of the investment tenor. The investment sounds so attractive as a result want to be sure it's not one of the online scammers with network of syndicates.
Please feel free to educate us about the platform if you have ever cashed out or you know someone who has cashed out.

Too too bad.

Righthussle:
This one no mean any thing to Nigerians, na Gaza killings dey worry them.

You're a wise Man.

malali:
Nigeria should position itself to milk the oil windfall.

Sell maximum quota, stay low don't make noise.

Revenue.Revenue.Revenue.

USA is about to fight another proxy war in iran ??

Is the USA really going to stay "neutral" and let them slug it out ??

Never fight an area boy in his territory, even if you are 10X stronger than him........Wait till you catch him unawares !!

You're intellectually endowed

Moyinoluwa35:
Film well scripted by the South Africa government

inbox me your contact.

Questionnaires:
The Current Price of 100 KG Bag Varies From ₦51,000 to ₦54,000 Naira Depending on The Sizes And Varieties of Grains.


They don't package in 50 KG Bag Here.

How much is 100kg, 50kg bag?

Questionnaires:
UGEP Town.

How Many Bags Do You Need?

Where in Cross River State ? Let's do business

Why not divorce him and go elsewhere with dignity instead of looking elsewhere when you're still in the Man house?

Jennyclay:
Why is the man now making video, he should have raise his hand on her and see if the embassy won’t send him back to Nigeria, he’s not a saint either .

Probably the husband wasn’t taking good care of her!
Her reaction said it all.

Personally if I’m not getting enough Money, sex and true love from my man, I will definitely look elsewhere .

To avoid duplication of operational expenses such as electricity, water, security, management etc, it is professionally advisable you site your fas within close proximity. In the event that you intend rearing both layer and broiler please ensure you create a buffer zone between the two to avoid cross contamination. Also, endeavor to take cognisance of the labour/land cost within the locality. For more professional guide please contact ALINCOLN NWACHUKWU AGRO BUSINESS & FEED MILL CONSULT.

wineconnoisseur:
Please farm expert in the house I need your help, I’m planning to buy a land for piggery, poultry, fisheries and greenhouse farming in a semi urban area of ogun state instead of going for the cheaper rural area land due to the proximity and road network. I’m planing to buy 5 acres but now I’m thinking of buying the land in different parts of the semi urban areas like buying one acre each for different livestock, I don’t know if it make sense that way? Just incase if one livestock farm is not doing well, it will be easy to sell the business without affecting others. I will be starting with poultry farm and then the manure will be used for the green house. I will need your inputs maybe to situate the farm on the same land or separately like I wanted to do it. Thanks in advance