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Accounting as one of the subjects in business education, has functions of developing in individuals, skills, knowledge, attitudes and values towards solving problems and towards satisfaction of real needs in life. Accounting is a very important branch of business education in which much of our daily life is governed and attached, by the results and application of business.
The National Council of Education (NCE) in 2007 gave the approval to the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), the government agency saddled with the responsibility of developing curriculum for schools in Nigeria to review the existing senior secondary school education (SSE) curriculum (Ahmed-Rufai, 2010). The author further affirmed that the new curriculum was set to meet up with both national and global challenges and issues.

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Bakare (2007) reported that investors in Nigeria have lost several billions of dollars through the collusion of accountants and external auditors with companies’ management and directors to falsify and deliberately overstate companies’ accounts.
These collapses or systemic failures, as the broad range of financial scandals exposed in the early years of the 21st century have brought into sharp focus and over a more concentrated timescale, issues of long-standing debate (Brown, 2005) including: audit and accounting regulation; auditor independence; earnings management; and audit and audit firm quality controls.
One of the difficulties of evaluating the veracity of these claims, and the validity of the counter claims, is that moral scheme and codes of ethics have undergone changes over time. Prior research on ethics and the profession of accountancy has come from a wide range of disciplines and has focused on a broad range of issues.
It is widely acknowledged that the accounting profession is an important facet of our society (Wyatt, 2004).Accounting emerged from the society; Hines (1988) stated that accounting is socially constructed and socially constructing. This implies that accounting influences society and accounting is influenced by society. In the last decade, studies have shown that the accounting profession has had to deal with a lot of challenges than it has done in its lengthy history which spans over one Hundred years (Mactosh et al., 2010). This period has been characterized by series of business failures, ethical negligence and accounting scandals both in developed economies and developing economies. Publicized cases of the recent past, such as Satyam, Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, Adelphia Communications, HIH, Tyco, and Vivendi, Royal hold and HealthSouth together with a host of companies from Nigeria (such as, Cadbury and NAMPAK), have drawn increasing attention to the accounting profession. This has had a negative and cumulative impact on the way informed opinions view the accounting profession. There has been great apprehension regarding the fairness of the operation of a market system where shareholders, employees in general and pensioners have lost large sums, while those running companies, are seen as responsible for those losses, have enriched themselves as the businesses collapsed. In doubt if Nigerian related research efforts are adequate to fully address the challenges of enforcing ethical guidelines in financial reporting and auditing

In the past, there were cordial relationship between teachers and students which encouraged learning, academic performance and achievement of students. There was a commitment on the part of teachers, respect and other cultural values were upheld by both parents and students. Teachers are role models to students and an instrument through which students could clamp the ladder of greatness in the society. Now, teacher’s academic support and drilling of students to attain success in all ramifications is diminishing due to certain avoidable factors. Teachers and students convey a range of goals, needs, feelings and behavioral scheme that affect the quality of the relationship they form and influence values of their experiences with one another in the classroom.

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It is not an exaggeration to say that teachers and students relationship in Nigeria higher Institutions today requires serious attention if students are to improve their learning process, intellectual change and contribute to societal development. The negative perception of teachers by the majority of students cannot promote a positive relationship. The bad attitude of many students to training is not encouraging as many prioritize their social activities at the expense of their study. Some students take part in associations that are unacceptable in the school community; such as cultism whereby members are terrorizing the lives of other students and teachers. Some get involve in examination malpractices and other vices that are contrary to social values of the educational system and the society. These are not commensurate to positive relationship between teachers and students. Lack of commitment and laxity of teachers in their quality of teaching and availability to help students in solving academic and psycho-social problems is affecting the students. Teachers’ exploitation of students remains a factor that could strain a relationship. Sexual harassment of female students from male students and male teachers is a big issue in the educational Institutions in Nigeria. Likewise female students’ sexual harassment of the male teachers in an attempt to pass examination remains a factor that makes positive relationship that can enhance good academic achievement difficult. These and others remain a problem in Nigeria higher institutions, and they could affect academic performance.

According to Ejili and Anyanwu 2006, the words “education comes from two Latin words “Educare and educame. Educare means to lead to , that is leading a learner from one state of knowledge to a better state of knowledge. “educare” means to bring up or rear, hat is moulding a learner towards the development of his/her innate potentials. How ever, various educators and commentators see the term education differently. The opinions of the various scholars are influenced by their experiences and philosophical perceptions of life.
Ejili and Anyanwu (2006) quoting plato (427-347) as one of the early philosophers that describes educations as that training which is given by suitable habits to the first instincts of virtue in children when pleasure and pain are rightly implanted to national souls. The particular training in respect of pleasure and pain, which lead you to hate and love what you ought to hate and love and called educations. Here platos submission means that education I a means of developing the character of the learner.

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There are basically two ways of acquiring education: they include the following
1. Informal education
2. formal education
According to Ejili and Anyanwu (2006) describes informal education- as preliterate education. It is a type of learning process where there is no organizational structure set in place for the purpose of teaching and leaning. It is the first leaning process available in any society where by the young are made to learn the way of life the society. Put simply, it is the earliest form o education. The family or home provides this form of education.
Formal education: According to Ejili and anyanwu (2006) Formal education this is also called literally or schooling type of education in Nigeria, the Moslem and Christian missionaries introduced this form of education in 14th and 19th centuries respectively. This from of education takes place in an organization educational setting with planned curriculum, teacher, learners, educational administrators, administrative blocks, classroom and other instructional materials which facilitate teaching and learning.
The Enugu state college of Education (technical was established by the Enugu state House of Assembly Law No. 2 of 2006 of 11th April 2006 sequel to this, the state government directed the vacation of independent layout, to house the new college. It also directed the closure of the school of science and vocational teacher Education (SSVTE) of the IMT and transfer of all its staff and students to form the nucleus of the new college.
It is true that nation, can rise above the quality of education provided for her citizen and since the advent of western education in Nigeria examinations have been the major instrument used for the evaluation of the learners (or students achievement) it is a means of assessing the quality and quantity or performance that an individual has accumulated at the end of a teaching process which may spread over a period of seventeen weeks.
According to Adekate (1993), examinations are instruments used for the assessment of individual’s skills and knowledge, content both in general and specific areas of studies and over all academic achievements.
To Liman, as cited by Arifayan (2004), examination is broad perspective is an instrument for testing, assessing, evaluation and accreditation. Thus in schools, examinations as a protent instrument for judgement of knowledge or competence. On her own part, Alutu (2005) simply defined examinations as a process of measuring how much knowledge a student in an institution of learning has acquired after exposing him/her to definite course of instruction. Examination also serve as a menas of selecting the best candidates for various purposes, students are admitted into different institution of learning on the basis of their scores in the stipulated qualifying examinations. More over, promotion of students within the institution/school is based on passing the examinations sets for that purpose. In addition, examination helps the lecturers/teachers to adjust or change his instructional strategies in the process of teaching and learning in the school system. If the students performance in examination is encouraging, then it indicates that the teachers/ lecturers method of teaching are appropriate and efficient.
From the above, it can be seen that success in examination serves as a good motivator for students, teachers, school administrators, and employers of labour on the otherl hand, failure to perform successfully in examination demoralizes all and sundry, especially students. It is the crave to succeed and avoid frustration and or any embarrassment associated with failure that makes students engages in examination malpractices which has threatened the very foundation of our educational system. Examination malpractice is constructed as irregularities, violation of or infringements on examinations rules and regulations before during or after the conduct of examination (2005/2006) students handbook of information, Auchi polytechnic, Auchi.
Alutu (2005) defines examination malpractice as involving a deliberate act of wrong doing, contrary to official examination rules, and is designed to place a candidate at on un affair advantage. Ahmed citied by Aripayan (2004) refers malpractice as any act of wrong doing or neglect that contravenes the rules of acceptable practice before during and after an examination by anybody in any way which is tantamount to malpractice such act could be carried our by the candidate/student, the examination officials, such as an examiner/lecturer, invigilator, supervisor etc. or any other person not associated directly with the examination either individually or with the consent and connivance of either or all of the parties. Such act may be carried out before, during or after the examination with the sole aim of assisting the candidate/student through fraudulent means to obtain grades over and above his/her level of achievement or mastery.

Education is the acquisition and application of knowledge in various fields for effective performance of ones task. The federal, state and local Governments of the federation place high premium on education they recognize it as a weapon against ignorance, disease, squalor and poverty and as a means of raising an enlightened, lively and industrious citizenry and of producing a prosperous nation.

Education is an important medium for imparting the cultural traits and for change and transition and for instructing members of any society on the accepted norms, values and practices. Omebe (2005) states that the main aim of educational institution is to bring change in the behaviour of human beings from the time an individual is born and last till death.

Omebe (2007) defined education as that training which is given by suitable habits to the first instincts of virtue in children when pleasure and pain are rightly implanted in non-rational soul. The particular training in respect of pleasure and pain which leads on to hate and love what love ought to have and love is called education.

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The federal government of Nigeria has adopted education as an instrument for excellence for effecting not only national development but also as a tool in the achievement of her five national objectives stated in the national policy on education (2007). These objectives are the building of:

a. A free and democratic society

b. A just and egalitarian society

c. A united, strong and self-reliant nation

d. A great and dynamic economy

e. A land full of bright opportunities for all citizens.

This implies that among other things Nigeria intends producing education for all her children of school age. This provision of education covers at least from primary school level to tertiary levels depending on the individuals academic ability.

National policy on education (2007:14) defined primary education as the education given in institutions for children aged 6 to 11 plus since the rest of the education system is build upon it, the primary level is the key to the success or failure of the whole system. The duration shall be six years. The goal of primary education is to:

a. Inculcate permanent literacy and numeracy and ability to communicate effectively.

b. Lay a sound basis for scientific and reflective thinking

c. Given citizenship education as a basis for effective participation in and contribution to the life of the society.

d. Mould the character and develop sound attitude and morals in the child.

e. Develop in the child the ability to adapt to the Child’s changing environment.

f. Give the child opportunities for developing manipulative skills that will enable the child function effectively in the society within the limits of the child’s capacity.

g. Provide the child with basic tools for further educational advancement including preparation for trades and craft of the locality. These goals will form the basis of primary education in all the states of the federation.

According to Emore (2005) Defined dropout as a person who withdrew from conventional or who never completed his or her education in the primary school or other higher institution because of one circumstances or the other. The cost of dropping out of primary school can have a profound effect on a young person’s life. The relative earnings of primary school dropout experience more unemployment during their work careers. Young girls who dropout of school are more likely to become pregnant at young age and single parents Synder and Sickmud (2005).

The relative earnings of primary school dropout may be lower than those who completed their education. Similarly, primary school dropout experience more unemployment during their work careers. Young girls who drop out of primary school are forced to take up a nanny job, hawking exercise, farming and planting etc.

Ecological achievement, During planting and farming season, pupils from the populous farming and fishing areas are drawn out from schools to help in these activities. Still speaking on economic, young girls who are unfortunate to come from a poor background drop out of school due to inability of the parent to afford school fee, are force into hawking simply to make ends meet. Both boys and girls dropout of school to take up a nanny job either in their home or outside their home.

At home to save the cost of employing a well trained mature nanny who will be suit for the job, outside the home in order to get paid for and provide for the family needs. Some times primary schools pupils are forced to take some national assignments like taking part in census exercise, registration of voters are drawn out of school to help in these activities .They are sobering statistics when contrasted with the reality of a work place that continue to require skills and the ability to embark on careers that require increase in literacy. More education, enhance technical skills and the ability to embark on careers that require life long learning without the skills and training that schooling provide. Davidson (2005:15) states that those who do not complete their education face a life time of limited opportunities or even possibly a life delinquency and crime.

The purpose of this research work is to broaden peoples understanding of dropout by taking into consideration psychological behavioral risk and protective factors associated with primary school dropout. Though dropout can be viewed as personal decision, it should not be forgotten that other contributing factors such as family, peer relationship, school and individual psychological process must be taken into consideration.

From a historical stand-point, research has shown a one sided view as why pupils dropout of primary school. According to Whelage (2006), it is the characteristics of students along with their families and cultural background that are responsible for their dropping out. Whelage (2006) further added that a more complex and balance picture addressing the cause of dropping out of school has been identified. There is strong evidence that subject failure and school disciplinary problem in combination with chaotic personal, social and family background conditions contribute to dropping out.

The efficient and effective management of any organization lies in the abilities of the top management, to put in place measures that would ensure constant greater productivity and a comfortable working relationship between management and the subordinates. Consequently, motivation has often been an effective tool used by managers and administrators to boost productivity and commitment among members of staff in any organization.
The word “motivation’’ according to R’eem (2011) is derived from the Latin word ‘motus’ a form of verb ‘movere’ which means to move, influence affect and excite. Strivastava and Bhatia (2013:18), defined motivation as an action that triggers, propels and directs human behaviour and how this behaviour is preserved to achieve a particular goal. Mostly in secondary schools, principals are main administrators of staff and students, the motivational strategies and the ways they are employed by the administrators can impact positively or negatively on the attainment of the organizational goals depending on the administrative and managerial style of the principal.

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Since teachers are the most important factors in determining the quality of education that students receives. Teachers’ motivation has an important effect on students their satisfaction and fulfillment for this reason, teachers are to be given proper care so as to bring out their best in delivering their services hence human resources are considered the most important factor of production. Teachers are vital component of school administration that is why, the Federal government of Nigeria made it clear in her National Policy on Education FRN (2004), that the purpose of teacher education should be to produce highly motivated, conscious and efficient classroom teachers. The Federal Government of Nigeria introduced training programmes, workshops, seminar that will enhance the motivation of staff for better success.

In most cases, when teachers are motivated, they perform better than when they are not. Oguru (2000) opined that, there are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to self generated factors that influence people to behave in a particular way e.g responsibility, freedom to act, scope to use and develop skills and abilities, interesting and challenging task and opportunity for advancement. While extrinsic motivation can be defined as what is done to people to motivate them in areas of their work, for example, rewards like increased pay, praise or promotion etc. Obi (2003) stated that, a well motivated and flexible work force can be achieved by a coherent approach to developing strategies in the area of raising teachers’ salaries without stream lining the payment system. When this is done, it will provide an environment that is conducive for the satisfaction of various needs of teachers as to be dedicated in performing their task of teaching as well as empowering them to give high quality outputs and avoid wastage in terms of dropouts, carryover and failures by students as the case may be. It is a fact that, without dedicated, satisfied and motivated teachers, there will be no base for support and stability of education.

According to Ogbonnaya (2005), education is the bedrock of all developments. As such, the importance of education to a nation’s development cannot be over emphasized so also the importance of teachers who are the pillars in the stability and sustainability of education. But it is quite unfortunate that the contemporary teachers keep complaining of poor conditions of service and lack of status in the society and that could be attributed to irregular payment, lack of fringe benefits, lack of promotion and other awards or appraisal that should be given to them to make life better. It is a fact that Nigerian society attaches no value to teachers that is why most parents do not want their children to join teaching profession. They are seen by their counterparts as, people who are poor and wretched. However, staff motivation as a tool can be defined as a method of course of action, or an instrument by which an act can be accomplished. It is an instrument used in performance of operation.
In addition, effectiveness generally refers to the extent to which the organization realized its goals or achieved its purpose for establishment. It is about doing the right thing in the teaching process so that at the end of the teaching, the objectives of the lessons are achieved. (Awotu-Efobo, 1999). The right thing in administrative process could only be done if teachers are motivated to attend to their regular duties.

Staff motivation strategies currently existing in secondary schools and the ideal motivational measures for school administrations are what this work wants to determine.

In education, a teacher is a person who teaches students. The role of the teacher is often formal and permanent. It is practiced as a profession or profession in a school or other place of formal education. Learning is the acquisition of new or changing knowledge, attitudes, skills, or preferences, and may involve the synthesis of various types of information (Adeyanju, 1997).

Learning and teaching is the concern of a trained teacher. Learning is a complex process. This can be defined as a schedule change; a relatively permanent behavior change over time, which is partly caused by the experience. Learning can be the result of newly acquired skills, knowledge, perceptions, facts, principles and new information (Adeyanju, 1997). Learning can be reinforced by a variety of teaching methods that stimulate, motivate and focus learners' attention during the lesson.

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Teaching methods are teaching materials and tools that facilitate teaching and learning in schools (Agunet et al., 1977). Examples of teaching methods include visual aids, audio aids, real objects and many others. Visual aids are certain materials that can be manufactured locally or commercially. They come, for example, in the form of wall maps, pictorial images, images and other two-dimensional objects. There are also audiovisual media. These are educational devices such as radio, television and all kinds of projectors with audio functions. Television and radio programs are another useful method of teaching geography. Movies are also a popular teaching method. In addition to helping students remember important information, teaching methods offer additional benefits. Used properly, they help attract and retain students' attention. Audio or visual media can be very useful for supporting a subject and the combination of audio and visual stimuli is particularly effective because the two most important senses are involved (Burrow, 1986). Teachers need to remember that they are like idea sellers and that it is worth considering many of the best sales techniques that attract the attention of potential customers. It is clear that one of the main objectives of all courses is that students have as much knowledge as possible on the subject, especially on the most important points. Many studies have attempted to determine the extent to which teaching methods serve this purpose. Values ​​reported in the studies vary considerably, ranging from modest results, which show an increase in retention of 10 to 15%, to more optimistic results in which retention is increased up to 80% (Burrow, 1986).

The efficiency of the tools and the ease of preparation can be increased by planning them first as a draft. Revisions and changes are easier to accomplish now than after completion. The basic draft must be carefully checked for technical accuracy, correct terminology, grammar, spelling, basic balance, clarity and simplicity. Teaching materials should also be reviewed to see if their use in the training environment is feasible and appropriate for students.

However, the state of the education system in Nigeria is not encouraging, as classrooms, teaching materials, laboratories and libraries, and teacher qualifications are inadequate.

This contributes to poor school curricula and teaching methods. The purpose of this research is to assess the state of teaching practice in Nigeria and to examine teaching methods, particularly with regard to the Ovum Aba Secondary School.

Effective teaching and learning is affected by a number of factors including admission points, social economic status and school background. Geiser and Santelices (2007), Acato (2006), and Swart (1999) all argue that admission points which are a reflection of the previous performance influence future learning ability of students. Considine and Zappala (2002) argue that families where the parents are advantaged socially, educationally and economically foster a high level of achievement in their children.
Sociocultural approaches to the process of learning are increasingly being applied by educationalists. Sociocultural theorists argue that individuals cannot be considered in isolation from their social and historical context and therefore it is necessary to look at the society and the developments occurring at a given time. Two principal agencies, the family and the school powerfully shape children’s learning experiences. The influence of these two agencies is constrained by the wider social and cultural systems into which they are embedded. There is great diversity in cultural backgrounds, social conditions, family arrangements and school organization. These two factors have been going through constant modifications.

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The relationship between family socio-economic status and the learning outcomes of students is well established in sociological research. While there is disagreement over how best to measure social factors, most studies indicate that students from low social status families do not perform as well as they potentially could at school compared to students from socially high background (Graetz, 1995). Most studies, however, compare students from across all social backgrounds to reach the conclusion that low social status adversely affects a range of teaching and learning outcomes.
Research has shown the importance of the type of school a student attends in influencing educational outcomes. While research in the US has found that social variables continue to influence teaching and learning even after controlling for different school types, the school context tends to affect the strength of the relationship between social factors and effective teaching and learning (Portes and MacLeod, 1996). Similarly, research in Britain shows that schools have an independent effect on student attainment (Sparkes, 1999). While there is less data available on this issue in Australia, several studies using the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth have found that students attending private non-Catholic schools were significantly more likely to stay on at school than those attending state schools (Long et al., 1999; Marks et al., 2000). Students from independent private schools are also more likely to achieve higher end of school scores (Buckingham, 2000). While school-related factors are important, there is again an indirect link to social factors, as private schools are more likely to have a greater number of students from high socially high families, select students with stronger academic abilities and have greater financial resources. The school effect is also likely to operate through variation in the quality and attitudes of teachers (Sparkes, 1999). Teachers at disadvantaged schools, for instance, often hold low expectations of their students, which compound the low expectations students and their parents may also hold (Ruge, 1998)

Formal education confronts students with many demands that are not a regular or frequent characteristic of their everyday experience outside the classroom. The practice of education confronts students with meaningful and necessary discontinuities in their intellectual, social and linguistic experiences. Hence, the need to examine the effects of social factors on effective teaching and learning in senior secondary schools.

The Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has no doubt adversely affected the global economy. It has forced many businesses to temporarily shut down and governments across the world to place a restriction on movement while exempting providers of essential services who are to strictly observe social distancing rules while providing services as a way to contain the spread of the virus.
Unfortunately, the educational sector is a part of the receiving end. According to UNESCO, an estimated 1.725 billion learners have been affected as a result of school closures, representing about 99.9% of the world’s student population as of April 13th, 2020.
The severe short-term disruption is felt by many families around the world: home schooling is not only a massive shock to parents’ productivity, but also to children’s social life and learning. Teaching is moving online, on an untested and unprecedented scale. Student assessments are also moving online, with a lot of trial and error and uncertainty for everyone. Many assessments have simply been cancelled. Importantly, these interruptions will not just be a short-term issue, but can also have long-term consequences for the affected cohorts and are likely to increase inequality.

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The recent outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic increased the gaps in the education sector globally. Though, the Coronavirus pandemic is novel, but it already has noxious effects on humanity. COVID-19 outbreak has created educational disruptions, and global health concerns that proved very difficult to manage by global health systems. As at now, no nation or race across the world is immune from the coronavirus pandemic, and the entire world seems overwhelmed by the speed of the spread and the devastating effects of COVID-19.
Going to school is the best public policy tool available to raise skills. While school time can be fun and can raise social skills and social awareness, from an economic point of view the primary point of being in school is that it increases a child’s ability. Even a relatively short time in school does this; even a relatively short period of missed school will have consequences for skill growth. But can we estimate how much the COVID-19 interruption will affect learning especially learning/teaching of biology? Not very precisely, as we are in a new world; but we can use other studies to get an order of magnitude.
The COVID-19 epidemic sweeping the globe has affected millions of students, whose school closures have more often than not caught them, their teachers, and families by surprise. For some, it means missing class altogether, while others are trialing online learning often facing difficulties with online connections, as well as motivational and psychosocial well-being challenges. These problems point to a critical gap in school-based contingency planning within broader education sector preparedness planning and emergency management. Education sector preparedness aims to protect students and educators, plan for continuity of education, and safeguard education sector investments, all of which ultimately contribute to strengthened resilience through education. The NCDC National Disease Control Center) Services preparedness guidance for school-based pandemic suggested that school-based outbreaks often give rise to community-wide outbreaks; thus, planning and practicing for such epidemics are an act of safeguarding not only the health of students and staff, but also of the wider community.
Based on this background the researcher wants to investigate the effect of Covid-19 induced Schools’ lockdown on teaching and learning of Biology in Tertiary Institutions in Lagos State.

In the field of education & psychology, learning has been discovered all over the world to be a highly complex problem. Several researchers have tried to explain it differently and the description of each is partially true. Over the years, researches on factors that influence academic performance of students have attracted the interest of not only researchers but concern of teachers, counselors, psychologists, and school administrators as well. Study method is the knowledge and application of effective study skills or techniques by students. The term study habit refers to the way in which students’ study either systematically, efficiently or inefficiently. In line with what has been said above, we can deduce that good study habit will definitely yield positive academic performances and achievement and also inefficient or poor study habit leads to academic failure. Students’ attitude and study habit towards any subject has been described as a function of passion coupled with their belief on that particular which has a long way to go on their academic performances.

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In Nigeria, many factors have been highlighted to influence the ability of students to cultivate effective and efficient study habit. Such factors include; state of health, motivation, anxiety and state of mind, conducive and suitable environment for studying, availability of textbooks and well equipped libraries. In a research carried out by (Nuthana & Yenagi, 2009) the causes of poor academic performance among Nigeria students were thoroughly examined. In which some of these factors identified include; low student’s intellectual ability, achievement motivation, lack of goals, low self-esteem, low socio-economic status of the family, poverty and poor study habit as a major factor.
A survey was carried out in some selected schools in Nigeria to identify some major causes of low academic performances in students. Some of the problems identified include inadequate teachers, problem of inadequate facilities in the school, problems caused by poor parental background, unfavorable government policies and low educational sector funding (Ajila and Olutola 2007). Likewise, Ichado (1998) also dispute environment from which the student comes from play a major role in influencing study habits which invariably affect academic performance. The concept of study habit is broad as it combines nearly all other sub-topics under it such as study attitude, study method, and study skill. In a research conducted by Allport (1960), it was argued that attitude toward study by drafting a good study pattern can greatly contribute to students’ academic performance. Successful learners all over the world are said to have adopted positive attitude towards study and are time conscious over what they have to do.
According to Hussain (2000) study habit refers to predispositions which students have developed towards private readings through a period of time. According to him, study habit is a gateway to successful achievement in studies.
A research was carried out by Morahan (1999), he found out that male and female have different ways of studying (study habit). In this study, he discovered that the male student took up courses that have more of logic and sciences while female student were attracted to simpler courses and such it is in line with their passion which require different study habit and might have a positive effect on academic performance of students. Positive academic performance and achievement depends upon the student’s ability to schedule his time, the plan of his study, the habit of concentration, note –taking, mental review, over learning, the judicious application of whole and part method massed and distributed learning and so on. In other words, positive academic performance is a function of proper study habits and skills. Since study habits are an important factor in learning, it becomes necessary to investigate into its nature.

The problems associated with study habits might have a major effect on a student’s academic performances, it is believed that everyone has a different study habit and it is important to find out the best personal way to study. Studying with friends has a long way to go in student’s study habits, it has a positive influence in which they discuss what have been read together but also has a negative effect in which they might not read but discuss throughout the stipulated time for reading which boils down to time wastage.
A very good and conducive environment encourages students study habit and might have positive impact of their academic achievements but students reading in an unfavorable environment might find it difficult to study which might affect their academic achievements. Students with financial constraints might also find it difficult to perform excellently well in their academics

Prepare the context before starting to write and start from the basics: Be well-prepared before diving into new topics, as we were constantly told in school. For drafting research reports, the arrangement of survey questions may not be the best or most productive. The concept is to begin with a wide issue and narrow it down to a more particular one, focusing on a conclusion or support that a research should back up with evidence. Without a doubt, the most challenging aspect of reporting is getting started. Begin with the title and introduction, then describe the initial discoveries, and so on. After the marketers have thoroughly documented the data, they can produce a general conclusion.

Keep the target audience in mind while selecting a format that is clear, logical and obvious to them: Will the findings of the research be presented to policymakers or other researchers? What are people's overall opinions on the subject? This necessitates greater caution and diligence. To begin producing the study report, a researcher will require a substantial amount of data. Keep the phrasing, the numbering of the annexes, and other details consistent. Follow the company's established format for delivering research reports and demonstrate the project's consistency with the company's goals.

Have a clear research objective: researcher should read the entire proposal again, and make sure that the data they provide contributes to the objectives that were raised from the beginning. Remember that speculations are for conversations, not for research reports, if a researcher speculates, they directly question their own research.

Establish a working model: Each study must have an internal logic, which will have to be established in the report and in the evidence. The researchers’ worst nightmare is to be required to write research reports and realize that key questions were not included.

Gather all the information about the research topic: Who are the competitors of our customers? Talk to other researchers who have studied the subject of research, know the language of the industry. Misuse of the terms can discourage the readers of research reports from reading further.

Read aloud while writing: While reading the report, if the researcher hears something inappropriate, for example, if they stumble over the words when reading them, surely the reader will too. If the researcher can’t put an idea in a single sentence, then it is very long and they must change it so that the idea is clear to everyone.

Check grammar and spelling. Without a doubt, good practices help to understand the report. Use verbs in the present tense. Consider using the present tense, which makes the results sound more immediate. Find new words and other ways of saying things. Have fun with the language whenever possible.

Discuss only the discoveries that are significant: If some data are not really significant, do not mention them. Remember that not everything is truly important or essential within research reports.

Try and stick to the survey questions: For example, do not say that the people surveyed “were worried” about an issue, when there are different degrees of concern.

The graphs must be clear enough so that they understand themselves: Do not let graphs lead the reader to make mistakes: give them a title, include the indications, the size of the sample, and the correct wording of the question.

Be clear with messages: A researcher should always write every section of the report with an accuracy of details and language.

Be creative with your headings: Particularly in segmentation studies choose names “that give life to research”. Such names can survive for a long time after the initial investigation.

Create an effective conclusion: The conclusion in the research reports is the most difficult to write, but it is an incredible opportunity to excel. Make a precise summary. Sometimes it helps to start the conclusion with something specific, then it describes the most important part of the study, and finally, it provides the implications of the conclusions.

Get a couple more pair of eyes to read the research report: Writers have trouble detecting their own mistakes. But they are responsible for what is presented. Ensure it has been approved by colleagues or friends before sending the find draft out.

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A research project is a large undertaking that necessitates a lot of effort on your part as a researcher. Your research subject is the most important factor in determining the outcome of your study. The qualities of a good research topic are as follows:

A well-defined research topic is half of the equation for a successful study. The research topic is sometimes phrased in such a way that it appears to be double-barreled. The research topic should be well-defined and well-structured, as well as simple to comprehend. It should only have one meaning.

The most significant characteristic of any study topic is clarity. The topic must be simple enough for people to understand the nature of your research. So that people are not distracted, the research topic should have a single interpretation. In order to correctly complete the task, the topic must be very clear in your head. There should be no uncertainty in the research topic. Clarity also implies that the research topic must be directional and should serve as the foundation for the entire research methodology.

The research problem should be titled according to the rules of titling. There are numerous titling rules. You can use either sentence or title case, however most titles are written in title case. Before you write anything down, go over the rules for titling titles.

The study topic's wording should be straightforward. You should only use technical jargon when absolutely essential; otherwise, use plain language that everyone can comprehend. Keep writing ethics in mind to avoid using any immoral terms or sentences. Do not bring prejudice into the study problem or research topic, either directly or indirectly, knowingly or unwittingly.

The researcher's current importance should also be taken into account while choosing a study topic. A topic that is no longer relevant will be of no use to anyone; instead, the issue should be of current importance. You should also consider how useful the issue is to the field in which you are performing the research.

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1.1 Back ground
The government's planning and efforts are centered on development. However, if there is no peace or national integration, development cannot thrive, especially in heterogeneous countries. Following the civil war in Nigeria, the necessity for unification and control of all centrifugal forces led to the creation of the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) by Decree No. 24 of May 22, 1973.
Instrument for national reconstruction, reconciliation and reconstruction after the thirtieth month of the civil war in Nigeria (Adedayo, 2010). The unfortunate history of the nation's history required the creation of the NYSC, which clearly showed that the system had been established "with the objective of encouraging and developing in an appropriate manner the common ties between the world's youth. Nigeria and promoting national unity "(NYSC). , 2017). The heterogeneity of Nigeria and the events that preceded the establishment of the NYSC triggered an avalanche of arguments for and against the persistence of the regime . With a large number of ethnic, religious and political crises that currently invade the country, reservations have been expressed about the effectiveness of the NYSC to facilitate integration as expected as provided in the decree and the law.
According to Eduprojects.ng NYSC remained in the headlines of national newspapers in Nigeria. The northern part of Nigeria gradually descended to structural anarchy due to Boko Haram and subsequent terrorist uprisings; while militancy and kidnappings dominate in the south. The question was raised as to whether the NYSC could operate in these areas of undeclared and unsolicited wars.
Instructively, most Nigerians doubt and even oppose young graduates deploying in these increasingly dangerous places for the NYSC program for a variety of reasons. However, analysts attach great importance to the fact that Youth Corps members have become guinea pigs, while the NYSC program has unfortunately become a true barometer to measure the degree of security in different parts of the country. If the members of the body successfully complete their year of service in their country of origin, the nation is at peace.

To persuade the reader that the idea is worth pursuing or adopting, a proposal or recommendation requires study. A research project proposal could be turned down for any of the following reasons, all of which are related to a lack of research:

Unnecessary Project: the problem has already been solved or the issue is well-known (or is in the process of being solved). Proposing that the school cafeteria replace plastic cutlery with compostable silverware, for example, when it has already done so, would be refused.

Impractical Scope: You may not have access to the information, resources, or equipment you need to finish your intended study; appropriate conclusions cannot be reached within the time frame and resources you have. For instance, if you suggest a two-year study yet your project is due in two months, your proposal will be denied.

Un clear problem :Due to the lack of clarity in the research problem, the study plan lacks a distinct emphasis (your idea is too vague and not well though out)

Academic research is described as the gathering, analyzing, and interpreting of data in order to answer questions or solve problems. However, in order to qualify as good research, the method must have specific features and properties: it must be regulated, rigorous, methodical, valid and verifiable, empirical, and critical to the greatest extent feasible. The following are the main characteristics of high-quality research:

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It is based on the work of others.

It can be replicated and doable .

It is generalizable to other settings.

It is based on some logical rationale and tied to theory. In a way that it has the potential to suggest directions for future research.

It generates new questions or is cyclical in nature.

It is incremental.

It addresses directly or indirectly some real problem in the world.

It clearly states the variables or constructs to be examined.

Valid and verifiable such that whatever you conclude on the basis of your findings is correct and can be verified by you and others.

The researcher is sincerely interested and/or invested in this research.

Meanwhile, Poor research has the following properties:

The opposites of what have been discussed above.

Looking for something when it simply is not to be found.

Plagiarizing other people’s work(Stealing).

Falsifying data to prove a point.

Misrepresenting information and misleading participants.

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Several ingredients are required for research, some of which are difficult to manage and others to arrange. It is carried out by a single person, but it necessitates the acceptance/approval of multiple others, including guides, supervisors, members of the defense committee, interviewers, focus group participants, and so on.
Research is a never-ending process in developing countries. Choosing a research topic, a statement, and so on might be difficult for researchers. Furthermore, researchers encounter problems related to expansion, infrastructural deficiencies, budgetary constraints, and so on. Here are the top ten challenges we found most scary for Final year project students:

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Lack of communication with the supervisor: A university lecturer has a lot on his plate. It is critical to have supervision when working on a research assignment. The progress of the research is hampered by poor communication. It is critical to speak with your supervisor in order to clear up any questions you may have about the study topic, discover what the supervisor expects of you, and gain a better understanding of your study topic.

Lack of Scientific Training: The research methodology is not systematic. Many researchers undertake research work without having actual knowledge of the research methods. Even the guides do not have a thorough knowledge of the various methodologies. Before undertaking research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects.

Time management: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes a lot of time. In such a scenario, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible.

Not having a definite deadline: Deadlines are stressful. Deadlines help you get closer to your goals. Many times, Universities fail to implement a due date to submit the research paper, leading to confusion and improper time management among the scholars.

A quantity of literature: It can be difficult to deal with the quantity of literature that one might have accessed. The literature review is iterative. This involves managing the literature, accessing data that supports the framework of the research, identifying keywords and alternative keywords, as well as constantly looking for new sources.

Implementing quality of writing within the literature review: A literature review has to go beyond being a series of references and citations. You need to interpret the literature and be able to position it within the context of your study. This requires careful and measured interpretation and writing in which you synthesize and bring together the materials that you have read.

Insufficient data: Insufficiency of data is a potential problem. Most of the business establishments are of the opinion that researchers may misuse the data provided by them. This affects the purpose of research studies for which that particular data may be of utmost importance.

Lack of confidence: Lack of confidence is one of the most common problems among researchers. Researchers with low self-esteem feel less motivated thereby affecting the quality of the work.

Concern that your focus is either still too broad or too narrow: This anxiety is unavoidable. As you read through the literature, be prepared to make changes to your research. This may necessitate increasing the research's emphasis or narrowing it down to make it more manageable. A broad research topic might be reduced by including relevant context, seeking for another variable within the study issue, or focusing on a theoretical standpoint.

Library management: Library management and functioning is not satisfactory in many Universities; A lot of time and energy is spent on tracing appropriate books, journals, reports etc. Also, many of the libraries are not able to get copies of new reports and other publications on time.

Research demands immediate action on the part of the concerned authorities or personnel at national levels, so as to transform these challenges into major opportunities.

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The value of education to a nation cannot be overstated; in most parts of the world, education is seen as a fundamental human right. Education is one of the most important indicators of a country's progress and development. Kill a nation's education if you want to destroy it.

Unfortunately, the level, quality, and standard of education in Nigeria has declined dramatically over the last two decades, making Nigeria the primary nation of origin for African students travelling to other areas of the world in search of quality education.

Sometimes I wonder Nigerian student do well abroad, they make exploits and sometimes are one of the best students in Europe and other part of the world but when they are here, they don't perform up to standard. They are not well utilized and the best in them is not brought out.

Today , i will be addressing the possible issues responsible for this and the possible solutions to this problem. why is Nigeria Educational system lacking behind? Why is it that we produced half baked graduates from colleges and universities?

Almajiris, dropouts, migrant groups such as nomads, fishermen, farmers, pastorals, etc. Given all these programmes, there are yet lots of challenges affect the management of ANFE in Nigeria which hinders full implementation of all this programmes; such as poor funding, inadequate provision of human and material resources, politicizing ANFE, lack of professionals in the field, inadequate and unstable facilitators, problem of staff development and training, inadequate programmes monitoring, evaluation and supervision, etc (Adeyinka, 2010). Therefore, adequate attention, priority and efforts must be channelled towards ANFE which is imperative as spring board to develop and improve human capacity development and aid individuals to attain sustainable livelihood.

Apart from the technical difficulties, most of the universities are also in crisis and rely on foreign donors even for education, the infrastructure of most schools is in collapse; professors moving abroad for better salaries has affected the online education in sub Saharan Africa. Most professors who could have trained to teach online programs are living abroad and the population numbers of students are growing hugely day by day (Adeyinka, 2013). In Nigeria, for instance, there is online university but no teachers to efficiently teach the courses.

It is interesting to note that a few decades after the publication of the Phelps-Stokes and Advisory Committees Reports, particularly after World War II, slight adjustments were made in schools' curriculum which was slightly oriented towards African life. But the progress in this direction was not remarkable, for as late as the 1960s, education in African schools, particularly in Nigerian Universities, was still " too literary, not practical, not adapted to the needs of a developing agricultural nation, " (Adeyinka, 2002). The word of Ajayi and Obidi (2005) is apposite here when they asserted that this type of academic education only " tends to produce proud, lazy people who dislike manual labour and prefer white-collar jobs.

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There are so many other problems which would be highlighted below.

poor funding: Nigeria's Ministry of Education is in charge of education. On a regional level, local governments are responsible for executing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools. As a result, education funding is mostly a government responsibility. Because of the long-standing high degree of corruption at all levels of government in Nigeria, education has always been underfunded, resulting in substandard infrastructure, a lack of good teaching aids, and nonpayment of teachers' allowances.

Lack of Qualified teachers: In Nigeria, the poor working condition, poor remuneration and allowances the teachers are subjected to have discouraged capable and qualified teachers from taking up teaching jobs, they rather apply for other better paying jobs than teaching, while the few teachers who have taken up the teaching profession did so due to lack of better jobs, hence, their low level of dedication as they are always on the look out for greener pastures. This directly affects output as the quality of education is drastically reduced by this menace.

Academic fraud ,corruption and indiscipline: There have been several complaints of corruption and indiscipline in Nigeria's educational system, particularly in higher education, where incidences of cultism in schools and bribes to pass exams have been on the rise. Academic dishonesty is rampant at all levels of learning. Other types of academic misconduct that have plagued the Nigerian education system include impersonation, faking academic records, paying for marks or diplomas with gifts, money, or sexual favors, harassing examiners, and attacking invigilators, among other things.

Poor teachers welfare: his is another major problem affecting the level of education in Nigeria. It is one of the consequences of both poor funding and corruption. Poor salary scale and bonuses, as well as irregular payments of salaries, are the problems that teachers face in Nigeria. It is a sad practice that teachers have to take industrial actions before they get their salaries.

Infrastructures and training facilities: In Nigeria, the majority of schools and institutions are in poor condition. The educational environment in most states is not conducive. The structures are dilapidated, and the majority of them are devoid of teaching resources. Practical and technological facilities are lacking in schools. Education is more theoretical and quantitative than qualitative due to a lack of standard and up-to-date practical facilities.

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introduction

In Nigeria's democratic dispensations, political thuggery and election shenanigans have become all too common. Because of the social, political, and economic clout of individuals engaged, it has become a national and international issue. The ruling elite or potential ruling elite are the persons who have these abilities, and whose activities have been institutionalized to the point of subverting the constitution for their own selfish and economic advantage.
Gboyega (2004) observed that political godfathers are placed above the law, including the constitution, by purpose. They and their thugs have unrestricted access to weapons. Most of these thugs are recruited and trained for various political reasons like as intimidation, harassment, violence, assassination, rigging, and so on. They are entitled to police escorts and are immune to the crimes of kidnapping, harassment, and maiming.
some of them are placed on regular salaries, with allowances accompanying their remuneration. Similarly, some of them are employed as special advisers, special assistants and personal assistants while those who do not fit in for the aforementioned positions are made contractors to the government at Federal, State or local Government Areas
Most of these thugs were used to rig elections in 1999,2003,2007 and 2011 general elections in Nigeria, where most of the elections were monitored and conducted by political thugs under the cover of INEC’S ad-hoc staff. In fact, the officers who were officially assigned to do the job were overpowered by these political thugs through pointing out gun to them, causing crisis and violence in the voting venues
As a result, electorates were obliged to vote in opposition to their wishes.
INEC officials were coerced to modify election results in favor of a particular party after party representatives at polling booths were threatened with compromise. Because of money politics, the masses who wish to participate in politics have found it extremely difficult to break into the electoral arena.

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Therefore, rather than being democratized, the Nigerian state has largely been militarized by the struggle for powered amongst the various contending groups in the polity. The civil disturbances, rise of ethnic militias and politically motivated killings of opponent are pointers to increasing militarism of the Nigeria state, which has further affected socio-economic and political development of the state. These thugs have several names in different places such as in Lagos we have Oduduwa people’s congress (OPC) or popularly the Are boys, in the Niger Delta we have Egbesu boys, in Calabar we have Bakassi Boys, Bauchi has Sara-suka (cut and stab), Yankalare in Gombe, Yandaba (Jungle boys) in Kano and Ecomog in Borno. The current development in Maiduguri city has revealed that most of these thugs have metamorphosed to Boko Haram and their activities have reached an alarming level which is compromising socio-economic and political development in the State.

statement of the problem

Over the years the activities of thugs in Nigeria have been recognized and powerfully backed by the political class. Thus, it has gone beyond what is known or seen in the first, second or the aborted third republic as Nda-Isaiah (2004) observed that thuggery has even gone beyond that of the rag-tag hoodlums that it used to be. Today, thuggery has been given new garb of legitimacy by the political class. The presence of energetic (but aggressive) youths can be noticed in the name of body guards. Unfortunately physical realities have shown that violent activities are carried out while political activities like campaigns/elections are going on. The teeming youths who are supposed to have been harnessed or trained towards nation building are used (misused rather) by politicians particularly those in power (and the opposition) to harass and intimidate the opposition including the innocent citizens and at worse maim and kill under the influence of drugs and political power. Thus, their precious energy is misused in destabilizing the society. The major problem is that instead of stopping such activities it is often regarded as normal way of politics and those in power often provide the platform upon which ugly political thuggery is committed.
Indeed, over the years the dominant class or simply the elites have failed to leave up to expectation in most part of this country of which Borno is a component of the greater entity with particular reference to curtailing the activities of things. The citizen are gradually losing confidence in the leadership of Borno state since it fail to stop the activities of the thugs in destroying lives, properties and commercial areas. Thus, the question of good governance, socio-economic and political development is being compromised

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The idea behind discipline in school is not across a single point of view About the proper definition of school discipline but to bring together contrasting opinion and attitudes, so that reader give the background on which to base is own conclusions.

How ever View More: Education Project Topics in discipline expresses constancy that is what ever situation. There are always a set of rules and regulation necessary foe achievement of the goals of the situation. That is why discipline has often as the order with which an individual advances towards achieving a goal that he has set for himself or that some one has lawfully set for him, for example in a school setting there are a number of rules and rightfully prescribed for student by the government or the school authorities these rules are expected to be observed by student in order to achieve the school goals. All that has been said implies that discipline is a goal oriented behaviour. It is any action taken with a view to achieving the objectives of a given situation, organization or establishment.

Discipline is one of the most controversial topic in education, it is an area of interest that closed involves many parents and teachers who feel the need to refine school values to take account of change in the social environment but are not always sure of the best way to go about the job.

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Discipline can be defined as the order with which an individual advance towards achieving a goal that he has set for himself or that someone has lawful set for him

Discipline as the first law in good school for without it school life cannot fulfill it purpose.

Discipline is define as the layout order of control and self impose by pupils rather than imposed from out side by the teacher.

Discipline is define as the highest order of control and self impose by the pupils rather than imposed from out side by the teacher.

Discipline can also be seen as the measured by the extent to which the children are self controlled and willing apply themselves to the task appointed by the teacher.

Discipline as near the total freedom to young stars to find their own philosophy of behaviour and relief or would it be wise to seek to pressure same or the entire traditional standard as an essential bulwark against the risks of social disruption

inductive research methods validate an observed occurrence, while inductive research methods analyze it. Deductive techniques are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis, whereas inductive approaches are more commonly associated with qualitative study.
Research is conducted with a purpose to:
Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities


What are the features of research project ?

Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

What is the purpose of research project ?

There are three main purposes:
Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.

Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive studies describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.

Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

Asking the right questions and selecting an appropriate approach to analyze the issue are the first steps in research. You should discuss the results or observations after you've gathered responses to your questions to come up with logical conclusions.
When it comes to consumers and market research, the more detailed your questions are, the more accurate the report would be. By thoroughly gathering consumer data through surveys and questionnaires, you will gain crucial insights into brand awareness and product needs. You can use this information to make informed decisions about your marketing plans and effectively position your business.


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Types of final year research project methods

Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.
Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

Qualitative methods
Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Types of qualitative methods include:
One-to-one Interview
Focus Groups
Ethnographic studies
Text Analysis
Case Study

Quantitative methods

Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.
Types of quantitative methods include:
Survey research
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.
It is essential to ensure that your data is:
Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial.
Accurate – free of errors and including required details.
Reliable – other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar results.
Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame.
Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business decisions.

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The population of the world is estimated to be 6.8 billion (Population Reference Bureau, 2009). Women constitute more than half of this number and more than 70 per cent of them are illiterate and poor (Haese & Kirsten, 2006). The ones who are receiving schooling at various levels, especially at the tertiary level, are constrained or handicapped in various ways, making successful academic performance far from the reach of many. Many experience a life that is a complex web of many roles and many tasks, View More Child/Basic Education Final Year Project Topics require the average women to perform “different roles” at different times in a bid to fulfill her family‟s needs. These roles have been theoretically characterised as reproductive, productive and community roles (Bakare-Yusuf, 2003:10; Haese & Kirsten, 2006). Bakare-Yusuf, like many other feminist scholars, argues that women, both now and in the past, play pivotal reproductive and productive roles that facilitate patriarchal economic and productive dominance.

The role of women across the world is changing but not always to their advantage. The most visible example of this is their contribution to economic development, but owing to the limitations arising from stagnancy or little progress being made in women‟s education, that is, enrollment rate and academic performance in tertiary institutions of learning, women and, in particular, married women have yet to reach self-fulfillment and to achieve in all aspects of life. In this regards, Ossat (2005) views higher education for women as an achievement and a task.
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In May 2002, the federal government of Nigeria, in a joint venture with UNICEF, published the findings on an analysis of the situation of women and children in Nigeria. Education and women‟s development were key issues on which the searchlight was focused and these were discussed intensively. Both are regarded as being inseparable and complementary. In a different study conducted in South Africa, a further assessment shows that higher education – any type, not excluding women – has come under considerable pressure to be more responsive to the marketplace and to produce new kinds of knowledge workers (Jansen, 2001).

Women are workers at home, although most of them are not remunerated for the services they render there. In addition, poorly remunerated in their various places of work, women in Nigeria are among the poorest in Africa and the developing world. Also, they are less empowered, thereby making it difficult for them to perform their tasks and roles at home (Potokri, 2010), in the workplace and in the larger society efficiently and effectively because of the improperly connected variables: women, education and development. To be precise, higher education for a married woman cannot be neglected, quantified or overemphasized.

Arguably, there is no African country that does not want to increase the educational participation of woman at tertiary institutions of learning, or, better still, enhance their academic performance, given its importance as highlighted above. Higher education for women is worth prioritizing, hence it cannot be overemphasized. Although most countries consider higher education for women a desirable instrument for development, its current under provision is a major stumbling block to economic, social, mental and political development. On account of this, the low participation and low enrollment of women in higher education has been viewed as being synonymous with low economic productivity, the prevalence of preventable diseases, malnutrition, the population explosion and mass poverty (Bolarin, 2005). Similarly, Dike (2002) reveals that higher education for women gives them a greater sense of how to reduce risks in life and change their behaviour.

The barriers to women‟s participation, enrollment and academic performance, as well as to completing their education are numerous and have been documented by several studies (Howard, 2001; Jamil, 2003). These barriers are related to policy, infrastructure, household and family resources and community beliefs and practices. Jamil (2003) articulates that many notable barriers to women‟s education are not by law within the limits or responsibility of the government or the education sector. Household circumstances and community beliefs and practices are examples of the types of barrier that may not be affected by government leadership and action, but that seriously affect women‟s education. He further states that the relationship is indirect and subject more to influence than control. On the other hand, while policy, school-related infrastructure, and schooling and instruction may be difficult to change, they are within government‟s mandate and organisational control (Jamil, 2003; USAID, 2000).

Buttressing the opinion of Jamil, Administrator J Brandy at the USAID Symposium on Girls‟ Education (2000:7) stated: “It is apparent to say that these barriers affect female students‟ enrollment and completion rates; and each is related to the others, comprising parts of an interlocking social system that includes national and local, private and public, and group and individual dimensions.”

In addition, Noah (1997) rightly states that these barriers or problems could be attributed to three broad factors: the mode of introduction of Western education to most African countries, the absence of critical research and the dearth of essential political will on the part of African leaders and the elite. Lips (1999) suggests that if we are to grapple successfully with the problems of women‟s education and economic development, of preparing women to take their rightful place in society, there are a number of issues on which to focus, one of them being indispensable higher education for women. In addition, she affirms that pay equity, the “glass ceiling”, work and family balance and the feminization of poverty, among other things, must be addressed in order to promote and encourage women to pursue higher education.

School plants planning such as school site planning, instructional space planning, administrative space planning, space of convenience planning and circulation space planning are essential in Viewing More Adult Education Project Topics in teaching and learning process in the school system. The extent to which, these spaces may enhance better teaching and learning depends on their location, structure and facilities within the school premises. It is likely that well planned school plants in terms of location, structure and facilities will facilitate effective teaching and learning process and enhance better learning outcomes of the students.

Odupurokan (2011) states that a well planned school plant will gear up expected outcomes of education, that will facilitate good social, political and economic emancipation; effective teaching and learning and academic performance of students. Therefore it can be said that the school plant is an essential aspect of educational planning because unless schools are well suited, buildings adequately constructed and equipment adequately provided much teaching and learning may not take place. Corroborating these, Mark (2002) and Ajayi (2007) maintained that high levels of students’ academic performance may not be guaranteed where instructional space such as classrooms libraries, technical workshop and laboratories are lacking.

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Olagboje (2008) sees school plant maintenance as any work carried out on any component of the plant with a view to keeping it at good working condition. According to Hinum (1999) the quality and durability of a building largely depend on the type and level of servicing, repairs and the rate at which the needs and requirement change. School facilities management involves keeping records of the facilities, supervising the facilities, planning for the facilities, motivating students and students to participate in facilities maintenance and evaluating the available facilities.

Good physical working condition in any occupation can have a positive impact upon job effectiveness and morale. According to Ayodele (2000), it is difficult to separate teaching effectiveness from school environment. Physical surroundings (school plant) impact job satisfaction and hence job performance – teaching.

Bankole (2003) contends that the physical environment has been shown to play a significant role in teaching effectiveness. Students agree that the facilities in which they teach can deter the quality of their teaching, if the physical environment is substandard. A student that teaches in a classroom with a projector and interactive board will definitely be more effective than a student using black board (Chalk and Talk).

It is important to note that while new students are needed to address retirement and enrollment growth, more emphasis should be placed upon retaining the students already employed. When students are retained, it boosts the learning attitudes and behavior of students. Students learn better from students whom they have already developed a bond or familiarity.

School plant is very essential to achieving positive outcomes in the teaching – learning process. The school plant is the pillar and support of all teaching and learning activities. The site, size, arrangement and other aspects of the classroom, support facilities such as labs, toilets and other equipment can either be welcoming or repulsive to students and students alike. This simple fact has been noted to profoundly influence the acts of teaching and learning.

In addition, Adesina (2001) stressed that the quality and quantity of educational facilities available within an educational system positively correlates with the quality and standard of the educational system. Durosaro (2008) examined school plant planning in relation to administrative effectiveness of secondary schools in Oyo state of Nigeria. He found that schools that planned and maintained their facilities had higher students’ retention and is more effective than the others.

[sub][/sub]The majority, if not all, studies and experiments begin with a research question i.e after selecting good final year project topics in your field. Unfortunately, it can be difficult for researchers to translate what they consider to be real, important problems into sound research questions (Doody & Bailey, 2016). Furthermore, despite the importance of properly designing these questions, there is little guidance about how to come up with an original research issue (Sandberg & Alvesson, 2011). Although the ability to ask good questions is not a natural trait in researchers, it can be developed (Lipowski, 2008).This article aims to guide researchers in the pursuit of creating good research questions by first providing a research question’s definition and importance and then discussing methods commonly used in constructing these questions.

What is a Research project Question?

The aim of a study or research project is to address a research question. This question often refers to a problem or issue that is addressed in the study's conclusion by data analysis and interpretation. The research question in most studies is written to describe different aspects of the analysis, such as the population and variables to be analyzed, as well as the issue that the study solves a research issue. research questions, as their name suggests, are often based on research. As a result, these questions are complex, which means that as researchers review relevant literature and create a context for the analysis, they may modify or refine the research question. Although several research projects concentrate on a single research issue, broader studies often employ multiple research questions.

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Importance of the research question

The primary benefit of framing the research question is that it narrows down a wide field of interest into a particular study area (Creswell, 2014). Hypotheses and study problems both act as a driving paradigm for research. These questions often show the study's parameters, establishing its limits and maintaining continuity.
Furthermore, the research topic has a cascading impact on the remainder of the research. The research methodology, sample size, data collection, and data analysis are all influenced by these concerns (Lipowski, 2008).

Types of Research Questions

Depending on the type of study to be conducted, research questions may be divided into various categories. Knowing what form of study one wants to conduct—quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods studies—can aid in choosing the best research topic.
As discussed below, Doody and Bailey (2016) propose a range of different types of research questions.

Quantitative research questions: Quantitative analysis problems have a high level of precision. The population to be studied, dependent and independent variables, and the study design to be used are usually included in these questions. They are normally framed and finalized at the beginning of the research project (Berger, 2015).
Quantitative research questions often help to link the research question to the research design. Furthermore, these aren't questions that can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no." As a consequence, terms like "is," "are," "do," and "does" aren't included in quantitative research queries.

Quantitative research questions are often used to better understand specific social, familial, or educational experiences or processes that take place in a specific setting and/or venue (Marshall & Rossman, 2011). They're divided into three categories: descriptive, comparative, and relationship.
Descriptive research questions are used to determine how a study's population responds to one or more variables, or to identify variables that will be measured in the study. The majority of these inquiries begin with the word "what."

The aim of comparative research questions is to find out how two or more groups differ on an outcome variable. These inquiries may also be causal. For example, the researcher might compare a group in which a particular variable is present to a group in which that variable is absent.
The aim of relationship research is to discover and identify patterns and interactions between two or more variables. The terms "association" and "trends" are often used in these queries, which involve both contingent and independent variables.

Qualitative research questions: Qualitative research questions may cover a wide range of topics or focus on a particular field of study. Qualitative research questions are related to research design in the same way as quantitative research questions are. Qualitative research issues, on the other hand, are typically adaptable, non-directional, and more versatile than their quantitative counterparts (Creswell, 2013). As a result, studies based on these questions are typically designed to "discover," "explain," or "explore."

Ritchie et al. (2014) and Marshall and Rossman (2011) have also further categorized qualitative research questions into a number of types, as listed below:
Contextual research questions seek to describe the nature of what already exists.
Emancipatory research questions aim to produce knowledge that allows for engagement in social action, especially for the benefit of disadvantaged people.
Evaluative research questions assess the effectiveness of existing methods or paradigms.
Explanatory research questions seek to expound on a phenomenon or examine reasons for and associations between what exists.
Exploratory research questions investigate little-known areas of a particular topic.
Generative research questions aim to provide new ideas for the development of theories and actions.
Ideological research questions are used in research that aims to advance specific ideologies of a position.

Mixed-methods studies:
In most mixed-methods studies, a collection of quantitative and qualitative research questions is needed. Where a mixed-methods analysis focuses on the importance and differences in quantitative and qualitative methods rather than the study's integrative aspect, separate questions are necessary (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2010).
In addition, researchers can create a single mixed-methods research query. This suggests an integrative process or part between the study's quantitative and qualitative research methods, according to Tashakkori and Teddlie (2010).

Steps to Developing a Good Research Question

A good research question should be important, determined, and meaningful in general (Stone, 2002). Creating a research question is a difficult task, but there is a tool you can use to make it go more smoothly. This method's steps are illustrated below.

1. Start with a broad topic.
A broad topic provides writers with plenty of avenues to explore in their search for a viable research question. Techniques to help you develop a topic into subtopics and potential research questions include brainstorming and concept mapping. These techniques can organize your thoughts so you can identify connections and relevant themes within a broad topic.
When searching for a topic, it’s wise to choose an area of study that you are genuinely interested in, since your interest in a topic will affect your motivation levels throughout your research. It’s also wise to consider the interests being addressed recently by the research community, as this may affect your paper’s chances of getting published.

2. Do preliminary research to learn about topical issues.
Once you have picked a topic, you can start doing preliminary research. This initial stage of research accomplishes two goals. First, a preliminary review of related literature allows you to discover issues that are currently being discussed by scholars and fellow researchers. This way, you get up-to-date, relevant knowledge on your topic.
Second, a preliminary review of related literature allows you to spot existing gaps or limitations in existing knowledge of your topic. With a certain amount of fine-tuning, you can later use these gaps as the focus of your research question.
Moreover, according to Farrugia et al. (2010), certain institutions that provide grants encourage applicants to conduct a systematic review of available studies and evidence to see if a similar, recent study doesn’t already exist, before applying for a grant.

3. Narrow down your topic and determine potential research questions.
Once you have gathered enough knowledge on the topic you want to pursue, you can start focusing on a more specific area of study. One option is to focus on gaps in existing knowledge or recent literature. Referred to by Sandberg and Alvesson (2011) as “gap-spotting,” this method involves constructing research questions out of identified limitations in literature and overlooked areas of study. Similarly, researchers can choose research questions that extend or complement the findings of existing literature.
Another way of identifying and constructing research questions: problematization (Sandberg & Alvesson, 2011). As a methodology for constructing research questions, problematization aims to challenge and scrutinize assumptions that support others’ and the researcher’s theoretical position. This means constructing research questions that challenge your views or knowledge of the area of study.
Lipowski (2008), on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of taking into consideration the researcher’s personal experiences in the process of developing a research question. Researchers who are also practitioners, for instance, can reflect on problematic areas of their practice. Patterns and trends in practice may also provide new insights and potential ideas for research questions.

4. Evaluate the soundness of your research question.
Your initial research and review of related literature will have produced some interesting questions that seem like they’re worth pursuing. However, not all interesting questions make for sound research questions. Keep in mind that a research question draws its answer or conclusion through an analysis of evidence.
Hulley et al. (2007) suggest using a set of criteria- known as the “FINER” criteria-to find out if you have a good research question. The FINER criteria are outlined below:
F – Feasible
A good research question is feasible, which means that the question is well within the researcher’s ability to investigate. Researchers should be realistic about the scale of their research as well as their ability to collect data and complete the research with their skills and the resources available to them. It’s also wise to have a contingency plan in place in case problems arise.
I – Interesting
The ideal research question is interesting not only to the researcher but also to their peers and community. This interest boosts the researcher’s motivation to see the question answered.
N – Novel
Your research question should be developed to bring new insights to the field of study you are investigating. The question may confirm or extend previous findings on the topic you are researching, for instance.
E – Ethical
This is one of the more important considerations of making a research question. Your research question and your subsequent study must be something that review boards and the appropriate authorities will approve.
R – Relevant
Aside from being interesting and novel, the research question should be relevant to the scientific community and people involved in your area of study. If possible, your research question should also be relevant to the public’s interest.


5. Construct your research question properly.
Research questions should be structured properly to ensure clarity. There are a number of frameworks that you can use for properly constructing a research question. The two most commonly used frameworks are explained below.

PICOT framework

The PICOT framework was first introduced in 1995 by Richardson et al. Using the PICOT framework; research questions can be constructed to address important elements of the study, including the population to be studied, the expected outcomes, and the time it takes to achieve the outcome. With these elements, the framework is more commonly used in clinical research and evidence-based studies.
P – population, patients, or problem
I – intervention or indicator being studied
C – comparison group
O – outcome of interest
T – timeframe of the study

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Uttor (1999) defined information as data value in planning, decision making and evaluation of any programme. He goes further to say that it is a data that have been subjected to some Viewing more: Mass Communication Project Topics processing functions capable of answering user’s query be it recorded, summarized, or simply collected that would help decision making. It is well understood in terms of books, journals, magazines, public and private sector documents of all kinds, whether published for mass circulation or unpublished and restricted or confidential in nature, results of research efforts which are made available to colleagues in form of reports, books articles and non-printed materials. From all these definitions, it is apparent that information is crucial to man’s survival.

Looking at the history of mankind, we find that each century has witnessed different transformations. Accordingly, there has been new emphasis and shift in educational processes (Mangal, 2001, p.1). Education is an activity or process, which modifies the behavior of a person from instinctive to human behavior (Taneja, 2003, p.9). This definition reveals the innate truth that education aims at discovering aptitudes as well as to progressively prepare man for social activity; because of this, education through which the basic needs (food, shelter and clothing) are provided is necessary for the survival of the society.

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In spite of the fact that institutions of higher learning in Africa are generally aware of the impact, if not indispensability of ICT on teaching, learning and research, ICT is still rarely utilized to enrich teaching and learning activities in many universities because of the absence of connectivity in the institutions. institutions In another dimension, even when the connectivity is available, the level of accessibility and utilization is still poorly low. In some institutions, students’ access is still generally poor, while only the teachers and support staff use the ICT facilities can be described as an individual’s way and manner of gathering and sourcing for information for personal use, knowledge updating and development. Faire-Wessels (1990:361 in Kakai et al, 2004) referred to it as the way people search for and utilize information.

Kakai et al. (2004) observed that, often students’ information seeking behaviour involves active or purposeful information as a result of the need to complete course assignment, prepare for class discussions seminars, workshops, conferences, or write final year research papers. To (Fister, 1992:168) undergraduate students may be smart people, but they are still finding the process of research intimidating. Fister explained that these students do not learn the basic information skills; they only end up using trial and error methods of research. This limits their capabilities to satisfy their needs. Wilson’s 1996 model noted that in the process of seeking information, problems are encountered (Mellon, 1986).

Study habits is a well planned and deliberate pattern of study, which has attained a form of consistency on the part of the students towards understanding academic subjects and passing examination (Pauk, 1962; Deese, 1952; Akinboye, 1974 cited by Oyedeji). Therefore, study can be interpreted as a planned program of subject matter master. According to Crow and Crow, (2007), the chief purposes of study are: to acquire knowledge and habits which will be useful in meeting new situations, interpreting ideas, making judgments creating new ideas and to perfect skills. Therefore, successful achievement in any form of academic activity is based upon study, interpretation and application. Everyone has different study habits. All often, students perform poorly in school simply because they lack good study habits. In many cases, students do not know where to begin. Those students in high school who succeed especially well usually study alone and follow a study technique that has been worked out by them and that incorporates desirable procedures. Good health, sufficient sleep, appropriate exercise and nutritious diet are essential to achievement of good study results. Study conditions that are unfavorable include inadequate lighting, extremes of temperatures, humidity, poor posture, subnormal physical conditions and emotional disturbance.

The educational foundation of a child starts right from the home. It starts with informal Education Project Topics which being with the parents when the child is of age he will be sent to school for final education. At school the child is exposes to so mine people like the teacher, classmates and health of school. All these people associated with the education of the child certainly influence the students greatly. The academic performance of the child are greatly influence by the students who are mostly his classmates and peer group because he spend most of his time with them. The peer group is therefore the first social group outside the home in which the child attempt to gain acceptance. Each peer group has its code of conduct which does not always confirm with advance standard. The peer group becomes an agency of enculturation and learning. Even very young children develop a sense of self from their perception of important people in their surroundings including relatives, teachers and peer socio-economics status, ethnicity and parents occupation affects how families view themselves and the process by which they socialize their children (Bornstein, 2002). Later as children leave their home setting their self perception and socializing skills become influenced by how their peers view them. When children move out from family to child care centers, school and the community at large they begin to form attachments and friendships emerge through their play. These relationship influence behaviours. Even infants and toddlers are observed reacting to other infants by touching them, by crying when others cry and later by offering nurturance or comfort. At about age three, early friendship begins to have a more lasting influence (Parke, 1990) peer influence on behaviour gradually becomes more dominant.

Smart and Smart (2000) defines peers as equal or in the usual meaning as friend of about the same class members of the same society such as the boys scout, girls, guide, chorister, football team, social clubs can form peer group. The peer group influence on students academic performance depends greatly on the skills and potential of the students. Derville, B. (2001) observed that as a child grows up his own peer group of companion are likely to become of greater importance to him than his parents and teachers. Harris (1998, 2002) and Rowe (1994) maintained that peer groups have an even stronger influence than that of parents, although that extreme position has been refuted by other researchers (Berk, 2005).

Gradually, children discover that others can share their feelings or attitudes or have guilt different ones. The perspective of others will affect ho children feel about their own families. Children usually have a family view of their own and of other cultures. So when confronted with other perspectives, they often need to re think their own view points. It is often difficult for chuckler to adjust to the idea that other families can function radically differently from their own and yet hold many of the same attitudes and beliefs and be equally nurturing and secure. The peer group serves as a barometer for children examining themselves and their feelings about self and family. The peer group also influence development of children’s socializing skills. These early friendship help children learn how to negotiate and relate to other including their siblings and other family members. They learn from peer on how to cooperate and socialize according to group norms and group- sanctioned modes of behaviour. The peer group can influence what the child values, know, wear eats and learn.

The extent of this influence, however, depends on other situational constraints, such as the age and personality of children of the group (Harris, 1998, Hartyp, 1983). In its most acceptance form, the peer groups is healthy coming of age arbiter, by which children grasps negotiating skills and learn to deal with hostility and to solve problems in a social context. In its most destructive mode, the peer group can demand blind obedience to a group norm, which can result in socially alienated gangs with pathological outlooks (Peer, 1987). Despite so much change in today’s society, the fundamental tasks of growing up still endure to find a place in a sense of belonging, to identify and master tasks that are generally recognized as having values and therefore can earn respect by acquiring skills to cope with them to acquire a sense of worth as a person, and to develop reliable and predictable relationship with other people especially a few close friends and loved ones. Conceptualization of the term students is derived from Latin word “stud” which means growing up. It is a period of transaction in which the individual transforms from childhood to adulthood.

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Wentzel (1989) and Lingrett (1995) found out that as children grow and move to adulthood, involvement with and influence of peer identification increase as modeling value of the family decreases. In most cases, peer tends to replace the modeling value of the family context during early childhood. As a result of the social acknowledgement that students look for, they are under certain among of pressure that drives them to abide by the peer convictions or rejections. The way social interaction affect academic achievement of students is important for parents, educators, and policy makers. The peer group’s influence on a students especially during adolescents and early adult hood is a powerful force for both pre-social and anti-social development. Academic performance has also been a subject of intense study. Caltern (1998) came up with the findings that strong relationship does exist between school adjustment behaviour and peer acceptance. It was also found out that strong and quality peer associations are related to poor or good academic performance and successful school transition. Peer influence is one of the most frequently referred to forms of negative peer influence. It is particularly common because students are forced to spend large amount of time in fixed groups (school and sub groups within them) regardless to their opinion of these groups. In addition to this, they lack the maturity to handle it. Also students naturally wish to behave negatively towards those who are not members of their peer groups. However, students can also have positive effect for example if one is involved with a group of people that are ambitious and working to succeed one might feel pressured to follow suit to avoid feeling excluded from the group.

Positive peer influence on academic performance depends on the students self identity, self esteem and self reliance. Peer influence can mobilize student’s energy and motivate for success. Peer can and do act as positive role models. Negative behaviour that his or her value might otherwise reject. If a student is influence negatively from peer it affects their academic performance. Stronger student do have an impact on their peers and actually help improve the over all academic performance, for example, if student are friends to secondary school dropout, they have tendency to be absent from school, have lower grade and less positive attitudes towards school, they are less popular and less likely to plan to attend higher institutions. If dropout maintains contact with friends who have stayed in schools, however, these friends may provide moral support for returning to school. Attitude and aspiration of peers as well as peer expectations and standards affect individual’s efforts and achievement in school for many secondary school students, achieving in school is in direct conflict with peer acceptance.

However, it is through the peer group that students are most likely to be introduced to problem behaviour such as drinking, smoking, diligence and low academic performance. Positive peer influence generates more alternative solution to problem, proposed more mature solution and are less aggressive than students who are influenced negatively. Students are attracted to join peer groups because such groups provide them with sources of information needed to be empowered academically, vocationally, psychologically or otherwise and give the feedback about the appropriateness of their emotions especially when students are highly stressed or under stressed (Schachter, 1989).

What is a problem statement?

In writing a good final year project topic, a good problem statement is mandatory. A problem statement is a description of a current issue or problem that necessitates immediate action to resolve. This statement succinctly illustrates the current problem's barrier between a functioning process and/or product and the current (problematic) situation. This argument is entirely factual, relying solely on the reality of the problem and omitting any subjective viewpoints. To make this process go more smoothly, ask who, what, where, where, and why in order to organize your problem statement. This makes it easier to write and read, as well as making the topic more understandable and therefore solvable.

Why is a problem statement important? A issue statement serves as a means of communication. Businesses, people, and other organizations need problem statements in order to develop change programs. A simple, succinct problem statement is usually used by a project's team to help identify and understand the problem and formulate potential solutions, whether the problem is related to much needed road work or the logistics for an island construction project. These statements often provide essential details for decision-making in relation to these programs or processes.

problem statement have multiple purposes: A communication tool, an issue statement is a statement that expresses a position on a subject. In order to develop change plans, businesses, individuals, and other organizations need problem statements. If the issue is related to much-needed road work or the logistics for an island construction project, a project's team normally uses a simple, succinct problem statement to help define and understand the problem and propose possible solutions. These statements also provide crucial information for making decisions about these systems or processes.

problem statement help guide research project: When the project gets started, the issue statement serves as a roadmap for getting through it. It is often referred to in the project in order to keep the team engaged and on track. This assertion is referred to again at the end of the project to ensure that the solution has been applied correctly and that it solves the original problem. This will assist in ensuring that appropriate measures are taken to avoid the same issue from reoccurring in the future. Keep in mind that the problem statement does not seek to describe the solution or outline the methods for obtaining it.

How to write problem statement
A problem statement is a tool used to gain support and approval of the project from management and stakeholders. As such, it must be accurate and clearly written. There are a few key elements to keep in mind when crafting a problem statement that can have a positive impact on the outcome of the project.

Describe how things should work: To begin, you'll want to provide some context that will make it easier to understand the problem. Start by explaining how this particular process should work. Concisely describe how the process would function if the current problem didn't exist before mentioning the problem, keeping the end-user in mind. For example, let's say that you have an idea of how to increase efficiency in a process to maximize the best use of resources. You might begin by describing a theoretical situation in which the system is more efficient and working toward your proposal from there, always keeping in mind who, what, when, where and why to keep yourself on track.

Explain the problem and state why it matters: Not only should the problem statement state what the problem is, but also why it is a problem and why it is necessary to solve it. In certain situations, this would naturally lead to the other 'W' questions. For instance, why should we fix this issue? Since it has an effect on the productivity of departments X, Y, and Z, wasting money and increasing consumer prices. This section explains what the problem is, how it affects, and why it should be resolved. You may also provide what attempts to fix the issue have already been made and why they have failed. Explain what you know about the current issue in as few words as possible.

Explain your problem's financial costs: You'll want to clarify the costs of not solving the issue as you present it to decision-makers. Since businesspeople communicate in monetary terms, it's easiest to frame the issue and potential solution in terms of financial costs. For example, if the issue is directly costing money, stopping the company from making more money, or harming the company's public image (indirectly costing money), make sure you communicate it to them specifically and explicitly. Attempt to pinpoint exact dollar amounts for the cost of the issue.

Back up your claims: If you've established that the issue is costing the company money, you'll need to back up your arguments with proof. You might not be taken seriously if you skip this stage. Do your homework, cite your sources, and be prepared to present your findings.

Propose a solution: Your suggested solution(s) to the problem should be described in the problem statement. You won't be focusing on finding a single solution at this stage, but you should have a good understanding of the problem's causes and be ready to suggest realistic solutions for understanding and resolving it. Declare your goals by presenting well-thought-out solutions to the issue.

Explain the gains of your proposed solution(s):You've now identified a perfect situation in which the issue does not exist. You've identified the issue, explained the consequences of failing to address it (using dollars and solid data), and suggested some practical solutions. Now is a great time to show why this approach will succeed, focusing on performance and the financial effect of your solution once again. Describe how the strategy will reduce costs, how it will open up revenue sources, and what intangible benefits it will provide, such as improved client satisfaction. All of this should fit into a single paragraph.

Conclude by summarizing the problem and solution: You'll now proceed to your conclusion. The problem, why it needs to be solved, and a succinct case for why your solution is the correct solution to the problem should all be included.
Following this format would aid anyone who reads it in comprehending the issue and being open to considering the best approach.

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Background Of Study

In Nigeria today, most children are from a family of lone parent; this might be as a result of untimely death of one’s husband or one’s wife; it
could be as a result of birth out of wedlock. Bring up a child under the guidance of their parents become a problem especially the child that is with just his or her mother. Because mothers are not as authoritative as the fathers. Children with lone parents tend to be of a bad behavior compared to those with both parents.
Financially, morally and psychologically the children with lone parents are affected.
Now on the financial aspect of it, the lone parent might be just the mother; she might not be doing very well in business and can not provide all the needs of their children, this might lead the children to look for financial assistance by all means and they might end up stealing, meeting with bad friends as this will affect their behavior. Mother will be struggling to meet up with the demand of her children and will not have the time to always advise them on what to do and what not to do.
On the area of children with just the father as a parent, will not have the guidance from the mother; father will be out always to provide food for the family, no emotional attention will be given to their children.
The father can only provide money for their feeding, but will not prepare the food for the children. The worst of it all is when a child falls in the hand of a drunk father who is always out of the house, the children will suffer the absence of their father.
Some might take up to the father’s drinking habit and this have a very bad influence on the children.
Most children with a single parent find a way to survive because of lack of proper parental support, some become hard just to fit in the society.
On the area of academic performance, most children with lone parent tends to become drop out of school, some peform badly at school because of financial challenges, either to pay their school fees or to buy their textbooks and other learning materials.
So many research work has been done concerning the effect of single parenting on the behavioural pattern of children. Consider some cases in Nigeria, we found out that single-parent families to those raised in families with two biological parents consistently find that those raised in two-parent families with biological parents do better on educational achievement and adjustment in school (Carlson and Corcoran 2001; Hetherington and Clingempeel 1992; McLanahan and Sandefur 1994; Pryor and Rodgers 2001). A part of this difference may be due to single mothers’ lower educational attainment, less social support, fewer economic resources, and more stressful environments (Carlson and Corcoran 2001; Dunn et al. 1998; McLoyd 1990; O’Connor et al.2001). However, children in mostly white, middle-class stepfamilies also do less well on a range of outcomes than their counterparts in two-parent families with biological parents (Amato and Gilbreth 1999; McLanahan and Sandefur 1994). This suggests that biological fathers are important for children’s well-being and development.
Despite the foregoing, however, some have concluded that absent biological fathers may not be all that important in black single-mother families, given the presence of father figures (or “social fathers”) who may be viable substitutes or replacements for absent and uninvolved biological fathers (Furstenberg 1995; King and Cherlin 2002). Since many black children have never lived with their biological father in the conventional sense, others have assumed that the implications of never having had a father present in the home are probably different from the implications of having had a biological father present who left, as in most white stepfamilies (Mott 1990). Stated differently, there is some suggestion in the literature that the salutary effects of being raised by two biological parents that seem to apply to children in middle-class white families may not apply to children in mostly poor and near-poor single-parent black families.
The present study tested this notion. In doing so, we expected that more frequent contact between nonresident fathers and their 3-year-old children at time 1 in poor and near-poor single-mother black families would moderate the potentially negative effects of mothers’ parenting stress and frequent spanking (or negative parenting) on child behavior problems in kindergarten a year to a year and a half later (at time 2). This is important because research demonstrates that children who perform well as they begin their school careers tend to continue to do so, while children who have poor starts tend to continue to do poorly in school (Alexander and Entwisle 1988; Ladd and Price 1987).
There are several ways in which nonresident fathers can have an influence on children’s well-being. They can maintain contact with their children and pay child support. Studies have shown that many nonresident fathers have infrequent contact with their children and fail to pay child support (Furstenberg and Harris 1992; Hawkins and Eggebeen 1991).

Statement Of Problem

The issue of single parenting has risen to about 60% in Nigeria; the society today no longer advice the children especially the female counterpart on the risk and set backs in being a single parent. The federal government of Nigeria has set aside funds for the orphanage homes but no funds have being set aside for lone parents, there are no such funds for single parenting

Aims And Objectives Of Study

The aim of the research work is to determine:
1. The roles of parents on the behavioral pattern of children.
2. The major causes of single parenting.
3.To examine the impact of single parenting on the academic performance of a child.
4. To recommend care the federal government of Nigeria gives to the children with a single parent.
5. To determine the effect of single parenting on the behavioral pattern of children

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Background of the study

It is almost assumed that as liberal democracy has gained traction, democratization has been reduced to the "introduction of elections and multi-party politics," especially in Africa (Ntalaja,N.G,1997). This means that the importance of elections in the democratic process should be examined. This is particularly important given the fact that democratic rule in Africa is weakening due to election disputes. Elections in Nigeria, to be sure, have not given the requisite leeway for democratic survival.
As a result, they need to be re-evaluated from the ground up. Nigeria's political history has resembled a parabola, swinging from near triumph to outright defeat and perplexity, resulting in a long period of regime chaos marked by coups and assassinations.
Counter-coups, civil war, election annulment, and post-election violence, a form of violence.
It is critical for all stakeholders to rise to the challenges of credible elections and democratic consolidation in Nigeria in this era of globalization of democracy, with global standards and criteria for calculating election credibility.

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Background to the Study

Violence is a common occurrence in any culture and sphere of life.
Social life is essential. It isn't only limited to the political realm. It has an effect on every aspect of human life. As a result, political violence is merely a subset of all forms of violence. Kidnapping, murder, arson, and thuggery are only a few examples. This demonstrates that we live in a violent environment, and the likelihood of violence is increasing by the day. Violence knows no geographical bounds.
It is as old as time and predates modernity. For example, according to Ekiran (2006:286), both the Biblical and Quaranic accounts of creation and the events that followed in the Garden of Eden, especially Adam and Eve's refusal to obey God's simple command, amount to violence.

Since the word violence comes from the roots of violation or infringement, defying a superior's injunction is tantamount to violent conduct (Ninalowo, 2004; 18)If anyone violates or infringes on a set of rules, it is considered abuse. As a result, violence can be described as an outburst of rage and frustration directed at social problems that the perpetrators believe have affected or are likely to affect them in some way (Ekiran, 2006:285). It is a type of violent action that often includes physical fighting and can result in bodily harm to both offenders and innocent people. It's a bad wind that doesn't help anybody.
With some degree of accuracy or certainty one could say that one type of violence or another is to be found in every human society.

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Nigeria presently is faced with enormous challenges to peace and stability than ever before. The different regions in the country, the Northern part of the country, the South West, and the Niger Delta, are a volatile mix of insecurity, ethno-religious conflict and political instability. A large number have been wiped away in conflict between the two major religious groups stimulated by various events: the implementation in 2011 and 2013 of Sharia, or Islamic law, in 12 of Nigeria’s 36 states; aggressive campaigns by foreign evangelists; and the 2002 Miss World pageant saga which resulted into another religious imbroglio when a local Christian reporter, Isioma Daniel, outraged Muslims by writing in one of Nigeria’s national papers, This Day, that the Prophet Mohammed would have chosen a wife from among the contestants. Similarly, in 2006, riots triggered by Danish cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed left more people dead in Nigeria than anywhere else in the world (This Day September 2006). The attention to the role of religion in conflicts has been persuaded by positive and negative developments, including the de-secularization of Nigeria’s polity and the rise of religious conflicts. In the country today, focus is now on the militant forms of religious fundamentalism as a threat to peace. Also important has been the phenomenon of continuous armed religious crisis which has gone viral quickly across other states in the nation (Mason and Talbot 2013; Polgreen 2008) . Religious diversity appears to play a complex role in these conflicts, often entrenching struggles over resources through ethnic violence and social exclusion. Both the federal government and some Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have set up various institutions to deal with ethno-religious conflicts in the country.

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