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A literature review examines textbooks, academic papers, and other sources relating to a specific issue, field of study, or theory, and provides a description, summary, and critical review of the sources in relation to the research question at hand. Literature reviews are intended to provide readers with an overview of the sources you used while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate how your findings fit into a larger field of study.

A literature review can simply be a list of relevant sources, but in the social sciences, it is more likely to follow an organizational framework and include both summary and synthesis, generally within defined conceptual categories. A synopsis is a reorganization, or reshuffling, of that material in a way that indicates how you intend to investigate a research issue, whereas a synthesis is a reorganization, or reshuffling, of that information that indicates how you propose to handle the research challenge.

A literature review might: Reinterpret old information in new ways, or combine new and old perspectives. Follow the field's cognitive development, including major arguments. Depending on the circumstances, evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most current or relevant research, or Find gaps in how a subject has been explored to date, most likely towards the conclusion of a literature study.
A literature review's objective is to: Assess each piece of work in terms of how it adds to a deeper knowledge of the study topic at hand.

Describe how each work links to the others being discussed.

Determine new methods for understanding prior research.

Any research gaps should be identified.

Distinguish between previously published findings that appear to be in conflict.

Take the lead in addressing the need for more research.

Place your research in the context of past research.

Reviews Of Literature In Different Formats

Argumentative Review: This strategy involves reading literature with the intent of supporting or refuting a pre-existing argument, firmly held conviction, or philosophical issue. The idea is to build a body of work that takes an unconventional perspective. Given the value-laden character of some social scientific research for final year project topics, argumentative strategies for reviewing the literature can be a valid and productive type of discourse. They can, however, cause bias when used to make summary claims like those seen in systematic reviews.

Review of History: Few things exist without a connection to the past. Historical literature reviews look at studies across time, sometimes starting with the first mention of a topic, concept, theory, or phenomena in the literature and following it through the history of scholarship within a subject. The purpose is to put research into historical context in order to show how knowledge has progressed and to point to future research prospects.

Integrated Review: Integrative Review is a sort of study that involves reviewing, analyzing, and synthesizing representative literature on a topic in an integrative manner in order to generate new ideas of getting education final year project topics. The volume of literature includes all works that address similar or identical ideas or research challenges. A well-written integrative review meets the same requirements as fundamental research in terms of clarity, rigor, and repeatability. This is the most common sort of review among social scientists.

A higher institution is one that one attends after completing his secondary school education. It is the highest level of education at which one may select one's professional path. According to Olaitan (2004), universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education exist in Nigeria. Among these three, university education continues to be the highest level of education available at all tertiary institutions. According to Aguba (2006), the first tertiary institution in Nigeria was established in 1932, when University College Ibadan and University of Nigeria Nsukka were established as pivot universities, and they were sources of pride for students and the entire country because of the high standards and respect they received. Then there were free academic sessions, no strikes, protests, or demonstrations, and similar events.

The standards began to deteriorate in 1944, when students at King's College Ikeja, Lagos, staged the first student protest in Nigeria, protesting against the British authorities' plan to use the college as a base to house the West African Frontier Force raised in their West African colonies to aid in the Second World War. Late Chief Col. Chukwuemeka Odunegwu Ojukwu (rtd), Late Chief A. Y. Eke, Late Chief Olu Akinfosile, and Late Chief Victor Orie-Whitey were the protest's leaders.

The situation became bloody in 1953, when Professor Wole Soyinka founded the Pyrates Confraternity, also known as the Magnificent Seven, at University College Ibadan (UCI), now known as Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, with the goals of abolishing convention, reviving the age of chivalry, ending tribalism and elitism, and exposing the absurdity of colonial menta.
The issue is much worse in the twenty-first century, when there are regular instances of student discontent, which has spread like a virus across Nigeria's educational system. According to Adebayor (2008), the time when a kid is at a higher institution is the period when the family experiences hypertension and hyperactivity. Because it is impossible to complete a course in the time allotted, a year or two is added to the four-year period.

According to the Cambridge International Dictionary of England (2005), student unrest refers to disputes or fights among various groups of students. It also described student unrest as a state of agitation characterized by angry or violet behavior by students demonstrating against something. Students' discontent, according to Hornby (1996), is a condition of agitation in which students are unhappy or unsatisfied and are inclined to protest or fight. Students' protest, students' rampage, students' violence, and students' cultism are five terms used by educational scholars to describe student unrest. Many factors have been attributed to the causes of student unrest, but educational scholars have viewed the causes from various perspectives.

Okeen (1997) decided to take a multi-dimensional approach to the problem. It has an international, national/social, institutional, and individual level, according to him. Religious intolerance, unemployment of institution graduates, rural killing(s) of students, inadequate home training by parents, lack of inadequate infrastructures and facilities in educational institutions, inadequate vehicle for student transportation, breakdown in communications between the authorities and students, according to Yalokwu (1992). Other scholars have stated that socio-personal, educational, and vocational pressures on students, cultism, rigid rules, inadequate infrastructure, communications gaps, individual indiscipline, students' politics, students' intimidation by staff and students of the institution, external influence, and family influences are all factors that contribute to student unrest in Nigeria. Get Trending: Research Topics

The unrest among students has harmed our educational system even more (Akagu, 1995). It has also contributed to the international non-recognition of some Nigerian higher education certificates, building vandalism, armed robbery, rape, and other criminal activities. As a result, in order to improve Nigeria, the researchers sought to determine the impact of student unrest in higher education and, if possible, propose or suggest solutions, as this type of unrest was not common in Nigeria's early higher education institutions.

The Problem is Stated

Students' rioting has caused untold harm and hardship to the students, the institutions involved, the parents, and the general public. The Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (Frcn) reported on September 29, 2011, that a cult group known as Blue-Landers killed several cultists believed to be members of Green-Landers in Yenegoa, Bayelsa State. Because the rate is so high and alarming, educators have felt compelled to look into the root causes. It touches on nearly every critical nerve center of our society's very existence. It raises fundamental questions about our society's structure and organization.

Students' discontent often results in widespread damage of school and staff property, severe injuries, and, in the worst-case scenario, death, causing immense pain and suffering to parents and guardians. Many committees, laws, and orders have been established in attempt to address the reasons of this discontent, but none of them have produced a good outcome, making this a highly important and national educational issue. Because the issue is so serious, it's critical to attempt to figure out what's causing the students' discontent and offer recommendations for potential remedies.

Adult and non-formal education is referred to be the "tool par excellence" for lifelong learning in the National Policy on Education (2014). The goals of adult and non-formal education are outlined in Section 6 of the Policy, which include providing functional education and continuing education for adults and youths, providing education for different categories of formal education system completers to improve their basic knowledge and skills, and providing in-service, on-the-job, vocational, and professional training for various categories of people.

Adult education in Nigeria, according to Onyenemezu (2013), is not only about Education or remedial education to fill a gap. That it is what everyone, regardless of prior schooling, needs and wants as long as they are alive. This viewpoint is consistent with Nasir's (2015) assertion that Adult Education included many of the topics studied in school for people who never had the chance to do so. Adult Education, according to Dave (2013), seeks to provide lifelong education that prepares individuals for change and instills a dynamic mindset in them. This is due to the fact that the world, including technology, communication, and business, is continuously changing. To keep up with the changes, humans have an insatiable need to learn. Get more: Adult Education Project Topics

Bown and Okedara (2011) used the phrase "cradle to grave" to express this desire for lifelong learning. Nigeria's hope for the realization of the millennium development goals, which include eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, is that when individuals are equipped with lifelong skills and knowledge (Federal Government of Nigeria, 2014
Adult education has had a hit-or-miss history, beginning with great rhetoric, promises, and expectations and ending with little success, neglect, and disappointment in far too many instances. At the level of rhetoric rather than action, adult education has been merged into a larger agenda of education and development. It has been too frequently limited to a narrow understanding of schooling abilities in the arena of action (Umar, Eshak, Bichi, & Aujara, 2010). Adult education, on the other hand, is a low priority for most governments in underdeveloped nations with little financial and human resources, such as Nigeria.

In reality, certain socioeconomic, political, cultural, and environmental obstacles have prevented many individuals from exercising their right to education (the Universal Declaration of Human rights to Education). As a consequence of these reasons, a larger proportion of a country's population does not benefit from formal education. Many individuals who enrolled in different levels of formal schooling were unable to achieve their educational goals. Adults in society are obviously the most impacted by these variables, since many of them may have dropped out of formal schooling as illiterates or semi-literates. Adult education is undergoing a significant transformation in response to the new economy and the needs and interests of learners in the twenty-first century, necessitating research into the issues and possibilities of adult education in Nigeria.

One of the most important differences between animals and humans is man's capacity to talk and communicate in a way that others can comprehend. Understanding a language is feasible in any culture because people in that society agree to respond to a certain sound code. Every English-speaking language, for example, understands the meaning of the term "water." Language, according to Akindele and Adegbije, is "a human phenomena with form that may be defined in terms of sound units (phonemes), words, morphemes, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs or discourse" (1). It is clear from that description that language has been recognized as man's most remarkable attribute. Human humans perceive and understand reality and pass it on from generation to generation through language. Blakar supports this viewpoint, claiming that "we truly live and behave in an universe of language" (4).

Noam Chomoky was reported by Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman as saying, "When we study human language, we are reaching what some could call the human essence." The mental properties of distribution that are, as far as we know, unique to man. (1). By far the most significant method of human communication is language, which Oyewo Yinka defines as "the medium or vehicle for communicating ideas, a system of arbitrary vocal symbol founded on social collaboration; the sum of meaningful speech in any given culture" (15). The emphasis of this study is on the impact of Nigerian Pidgin English on pupils. Pidgin includes a variety of histories including linguistic interaction, borrowing, and code-mixing. get more: final year project topics

The origins of Nigerian pidgin may be traced back to interactions between multilingual coastal populations and Portuguese traders, who were subsequently joined by the Dutch and English. Nigerian Pidgin English is growing increasingly popular in the country, particularly in secondary schools and colleges, as well as at public functions and in offices. It serves as a common language for social integration among the country's many ethnic groupings. Nigerian Pidgin English has progressed to the point where it is being used for literary purposes.

“Dis Nigeria Sef,” a poetry published by Ken Saro-Wiwa, No Food No Country, a play by Tunde Fatunde, and Grip Am, a play by Ola Rotimi are some of the works in which Nigerian pidgin is used as a medium of expression; nevertheless, some people believe it to have a low social standing. Nigerian Pidgin has established itself as the most widely used lingua franca for communication among the country's various ethnic groups. According to Jowitt, "pidgin flourishes as an inter-ethnic communication medium, notably in the south, and especially in big towns with numerous non-indigenous people (Bendel, Benin, Port Harcourt, etc.) or throughout States with tiny many ethnic groupings...

" (13) In this scenario, Nigerian Pidgin is a circumstance in which the usual linguistic pattern is changed yet widely accepted to communicate meaning. The language not only evolves, but it also evolved from a mash-up of various languages. Nigerian Pidgin English has obtained a broader audience in all areas of the economy, notably in the educational sector, according to the students for whom this work was created.

Concepts and variables are mental pictures; concepts are extremely subjective and cannot be quantified until they are ope-rationalized; variables, on the other hand, may be measured using one of the statistical scales. Let's take a closer look at ideas and variables to better comprehend them.

What exactly are concepts?
Because concepts are very subjective in nature, using them in a research study might be challenging. These subjective ideas are impossible to quantify using a statistical scale. According to Kumar (2000), ideas are mental pictures, and hence their meanings differ significantly from person to person. Concepts are subjective impressions, and people's comprehension of them varies, making it difficult to compare answers if they were quantified. Concepts should be transformed into variables so that they may be measured; nevertheless, the precision of the same variable will vary depending on the scale.

If the researcher is employing ideas in his investigation, he will need to discover indicators that represent these notions. These indicators might be chosen by the researcher subjectively, but they must have a logical connection to the idea. After that, the indications may be transformed into variables.

Example:

Take, for example, the success of a drug in healing an illness. The researcher can use the following indicators: changes in death rate, changes in morbidity, changes in disease recurrence, or disease prevention. These indications can subsequently be transformed into variables and measured.2. We may use another idea as an example: how wealthy someone can be. To quantify this notion, you'll need an indication, and you may determine someone's wealth by looking at his possessions. This wealth can take the shape of his earnings, cash in his bank accounts, owned homes or other real estate, and so on. Get more: Projects Topics

A psychologist might wish to see how successful his counseling for anxiety sufferers is. Effectiveness is a notion that is impossible to quantify using any statistical scale. He can measure the success of his counseling therapy using the following indicators: % decrease in inpatient anxiety, number of days off from work, number of visits to the psychologist's office, and so on. You can't measure anything on a scale unless you transform your notion into an indicator and then a variable. These indicators are not suited for use directly in a research project due to their subjectivity.

Education is the process through which a society's collected information, skill, and values are passed down to its members, particularly the younger generation. Education is the process by which every civilization strives to maintain and enhance the collected knowledge and skills in its culture in order to encourage ongoing human welfare and secure its survival in the face of change generated by man and nature in the federal republic of Nigeria (FRN)(2010).

It is a weapon for learning skills, appropriate information, and habits for an individual to survive in a fast-changing and inventive environment, according to Adepofu (2004). Education, according to Odigbo (2000), is the mechanism by which a person is educated so that he can live efficiently and successfully in society and contribute to its progress and upliftment.

Childhood education is a type of education provided to children aged 2 to 11 years (pre-operational and operational stages). Childhood education is divided into two stages, according to Unachukwu and Ebenebe (2009): early childhood stage (2-5 years) and later childhood stage (6-15 years) (5-11 years).

This study, on the other hand, is focused on a child's growth and development throughout later childhood. In the Nigerian educational system, this is a level meant to prepare children for secondary school. The "primary education stage" of a child's growth and development is referred to as such. During this level of school, a pupil's education is exposed to several programs, one of which is the right to primary education program. According to the National Policy in Education (NPE; 2004), the elementary education program's goals are as follows:
Developing the ability to adjust to a changing environment in the kid. This might be helpful: Education Research Materials For Final Year Students

Permanent reading and numeracy, as well as the capacity to communicate effectively, are instilled.

Citizenship education serves as a foundation for successful involvement in and contribution to society's life.

The establishment of a solid foundation for scientific and critical thinking.

Character and moral education, as well as the formation of good judgment.

Providing a fundamental instrument for future educational accomplishment, including preparation for local trades and crafts.
To attain these goals, all hands must be on deck to give the kid with chances that will expose him or her to the realities of life, which necessitates active involvement.

A society as a broader social system provides and facilitates the smallest, most sensitive, most essential social structure: the family. Shirina (2013) A child's initial point of interaction with the world is his or her family. As a result, the kid receives early schooling and socialization from his or her parents, as well as other essential family processes. According to Agulana (2000), the family establishes the psychological, moral, and spiritual foundations for the child's entire growth.
Many additional variables impact a child's growth, including his or her genetic make-up and the forces that operate around him or her (Mishr a and Bamba, 2012).

When families break up, the children are the ones who suffer the most, since they are often left with intellectual, physical, and emotional wounds that last a lifetime (Anderson, 2002). Spending quality time with your family has a significant impact on your child's academic development. Most parents who practice family see this as a chance for communication, bonding, child development, and learning for their children (Zabriskie and McCormick, 2001). The amount of time parents spend with their children is a significant investment in their well-being and development (Gauthier et al, 2004). Family time is an ideal setting for teaching youngsters how to do the right thing in a natural way.

Family/home is either broken or intact structurally. A stable family provides a foundation for children to succeed in life. Children develop their awareness of sentences, structures, linguistics, syntax, and vocabularies by studying with their parents through block activities with a stable household (Lin, 2010). All of these techniques promote the development of early reading and writing skills. Children from stable households are less likely to engage into conflicts, consider suicide, smoke, consume alcohol, use drugs, or become sexually active at a young age than children from unstable homes (Eisenberg, et al, 2004). When parents divorce, their children are left with little security, causing them to lose their basic understanding of what it is to be a child.

Identify the writers.

We recommend making an initial list of authors and their order when planning a research endeavor. The projected contribution of each member to the project should be made apparent in such a list of authors, which should be based on recognized criteria. We suggest that each research group establishes and communicates the criteria for authorship on publications resulting from the work to be done to its members. The group may choose to apply existing standards in this regard; see our post on "Components of a Research Article."
A list of authors will guarantee that everyone participating in the project knows if they can expect to be an author and, if so, what their contribution will be from the start.

It should be regarded as a working list, with the final version reflecting real contributions to the project. (Also, there may be more than one list because it is possible that a given project will result in more than one article.)
Before the experiments are finished, start writing. Start writing while you're still conducting your tests. Writing frequently sparks new ideas: you could realize that you need to perform more tests or add more controls after all. You won't be able to test these ideas if you wait until you've finished in the lab, disassembled the equipment, and maybe moved on to another position.

Decide when it's time to go public. When your findings form a full tale (or at least a complete chapter) that will make a substantial contribution to the scientific literature, it's time to publish. Collecting a certain amount of data isn't enough.
Make a title and an abstract. Drafting a working title and abstract aids in defining the topics of the article, as well as determining which experiments will be published in this paper and which research will be saved for a future publication. Get more Final Year Research Topics

Examine the list of writers once more.

You must now choose the authors and the order in which they will appear once you have chosen which experiments will be included in this article. If you've followed our instructions up to this point, you've already compiled one. Reevaluate it in light of the contributions made to those experiments as well as the new contributions that will be made throughout the paper preparation. If you already have a list, make changes to verify that it follows your criteria. Any modifications should, of course, be made with prudence and tact.
When selecting a journal, there are numerous aspects to consider. It's doubtful that one journal will contain all of the features you want, so you'll have to make some compromises. However, there is one need that must be met if papers are to be deemed research articles: they must be peer evaluated before publication.

The journal's focus:

What kind of research does it publish? Is it a wide or a limited focus? Which academic fields are represented? What is the journal's focus, for example, clinical or basic research, theoretical or practical research?

Is the journal indexed in major online databases like Medline, Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, or Current Contents?
Do you appreciate the format, typeface, and style utilized in referencing references in published articles? Is the journal publishing brief and/or fast messages, if this is relevant?

How do you determine your research interests and why is this important? During our academic and research careers, we learn that we have specific areas of interest that we prefer to pursue more than others. Most of the time, we are excited to work on exciting projects for lengthy periods of time. On the other hand, a lack of interest makes us feel overwhelmed when we have to complete the most difficult work in our studies.

Select a topic that piques your curiosity.

Pick a broad area of interest to begin with; this is the first step in studying your hobbies. Consider what it is about this subject that attracts you the most. What are some specific topics in the subject that you'd want to focus your study on? There might be numerous areas of interest, and you can research which one appeals to you the most.
Now split down your major field of interest into subtopics and assess how important each one is to you. Find out which topics are worth investigating and learning about. Make a thorough list of subtopics. If you're not sure if your list is thorough, talk to someone who knows what they're talking about. An broad list can aid you in deciding on a study topic that is both interesting and relevant to you.

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You may use any method to list all of the sub parts; for example, brainstorming is a great way to accomplish it.
To understand more about the prospective subjects, you may also read and analyze literature in the subject area. Consult your supervisor, research adviser, instructor, or a subject matter expert if you're still unclear.

Select sub-topics that pique your interest.

After you've compiled a complete list of all possible research sub-areas, you can exclude locations that aren't of interest to you. A easier way to accomplish this is to eliminate the portions that are least interesting. Look into the other options that are still accessible. Continue to cross out things that don't pique your interest until you've found something you're enthusiastic about. This topic must be manageable in terms of time and other factors.

Last but not least,
You should now be able to develop relevant research questions, objectives, and study hypotheses. If the issue appears to be too wide and tough to manage, you should limit it down.

Make a list of the people who will benefit from your research. Your target audience might include academics, healthcare professionals, business professionals, the general public, and others. Your study will acquire more citations and so reach even more people if it reaches a broader audience.

This is a free-to-read paper.
There are numerous benefits to publishing your research paper in a magazine that provides free access to students and instructors. This will make it easier for a broader audience to read your research. People who do not have a subscription but do not have access to your study can still read it.

For their research, many researchers in poor countries rely on open-access articles. They can’t get open access through their colleges or other organizations. Furthermore, libraries in poor countries lack the same research resources as libraries in developed ones.

Research writing and online publication
If you want to reach a wider audience in today’s environment, you need to have an online social presence. To attain this aim, you need write on a regular basis and share your work online. You should publish and share any new knowledge you discover online in addition to your study report. This will make it easier for you to connect with people who share your interests.

There are several academic blogs where you may share your thoughts, ideas, and content. Academic blogs provide you a platform to promote yourself. These blogs can also be used to provide a link or URL to your research paper.
It is worthy of being shared on social media.
Promote your most recent research paper on Twitter, LinkedIn, or any other social media platform. You might share it on social media every few months to keep your paper’s audience up to date.

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Decide who your target market is.
You should know who your target audience is and how your research will assist them. Share your findings with them via email, social media, face-to-face meetings, and other means so that they may read it and forward it to others. Even a small number of people who are interested in reading your research can assist you in reaching out to a larger audience.

The advantages of writing and publishing on the internet
There are a number of benefits to publishing and sharing your content on the internet. Your research might rapidly reach a broader audience, and you could get feedback that will help you improve. You’ll have more possibilities to grow, progress, and learn from your career as a consequence. Academic blogs are fantastic for generating serious debate on any topic.

You may communicate with your audience in a variety of ways, which may assist you in determining who your target audience is. You can determine the origins of the bulk of your audience and adjust your research and material appropriately.
One of the most major advantages of online publishing is that it allows you to create material as a group. Even though you conducted your research independently, students, teachers, professors, other researchers, scholars, and others will review it. This will enable them to get new knowledge from your research while simultaneously allowing you to gain new knowledge from their comments.
You’ll be able to link and connect with your audience once you’ve gotten to know them. You will learn everything there is to know about them and their needs. It will also help you figure out what topics you should write about.

After you've decided on a study topic, the following step is to limit down research paper topics. Narrowing your research paper's topic allows you to make it more manageable and practical to complete in a timely way. This stage is critical for your research paper since it prepares the groundwork for a successful research endeavor. Thinking about the constraints of your research project and deciding how you can narrow down your topic is the greatest approach to narrow down a research paper topic. These constraints forced you to work in an orderly manner and kept you on track throughout the research paper writing process.

The study paper's length

Many research paper assignments have a minimum and maximum length requirement; this length can be measured in words or in the number of pages you must write and submit. When professors do not specify a duration, you must use your best judgment to determine how lengthy your work should be. You cannot begin writing a research paper without first determining its length; otherwise, you will find it impossible to handle.
Once you know how long your research paper will be, you may limit down the topic and make it more manageable. Consider a topic statement that you can easily write within the word or page restriction set by your teacher.

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Time allotted to finish the task

The time you have to finish the project, like the length of the assignment, plays a part in limiting down the research paper topic. Research papers have a certain amount of time to finish, which helps you learn how to organize and complete a project on time. This will assist you in learning how to complete lengthy theses and dissertations in the future.
Consider how much time you have to finish this project when narrowing down the topic. A research paper that must be completed in three months differs from one that must be completed in six months; each has its own set of constraints. Remember the rule: the less time you have, the more precise the topic should be, and the more particular the topic, the easier it will be for you to manage.

There is research material accessible.

So that you are safe when working on your research assignment, you should be able to gather enough content connected to your issue. There are certain topics that are more important, yet your library, or any library nearby, does not contain enough literature on them. Today, you may search both print and nonprint sources for content relating to your topic. Consider if you'll be able to gather enough information from print sources. Can you locate the information you're looking for through nonprint sources if it's not accessible in print?

Sources in print

The library is an excellent resource for research, and professors frequently request that students obtain materials from the library. The amount of literature available in libraries is restricted, and this one constraint makes it impossible to search for any topic of interest. This adds another constraint to your research paper topic: you must narrow down your research paper topic so that you can obtain enough material from your library.

Sources that are not printed

Nonprint sources, such as the internet, provide limitless knowledge on any subject, and you are not restricted to a few books or periodicals. You can do your study using e-books, e-journals, websites with articles, blogs, and other resources. Although you should be aware of which internet sources are trustworthy and which are not, you should also check with your teacher to see whether you may utilize internet sources.

Your research paper's target audience
What is the target audience for your research article, and how does this influence how you should limit it down? Before you limit down the research paper topic, ask yourself these questions. You should know who your audience is ahead of time, whether it's your peers or someone from outside your school, because this will decide what you should write and what they want to read.

There are a few easy guidelines to follow to avoid plagiarizing in your study. Plagiarism is a term that refers to the act of copying someone else's Plagiarism is when you use someone else's ideas, thoughts, words, or any other work without their permission and without giving them credit. Plagiarism is a literary crime that may be committed purposefully or inadvertently by a student. To ensure that he does not plagiarize any sources, the student must meticulously document all of them with complete citations. In his research work, the student can prevent both intentional and inadvertent plagiarism in a variety of methods.

Make use of quote marks.

When publishing a straight quotation from an author, it is critical to ensure that proper credit is given. In his or her research work, the student should avoid using too many direct quotations. When a research paper contains too many direct quotations, it becomes a collection of other people's work. When students don't want to modify the language of a quote, they should put quotation marks around it. The author's name and the date of publication should come before the quotation. Many citation styles exist, and many of them require an in-text citation. The author should be cited both in the text and at the end of the paper.

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Give credit where credit is due.

The first step is to make notes that include complete references. A student must understand what information should be included in his notes and why it is necessary. When you're writing your research report, you'll need to identify whether notes are quotations, paraphrases, summaries, or dialogues. If you don't know anything about your message, you won't be able to properly acknowledge the source. Each sort of note must be attributed in a certain way. The name of the author or editor, as well as the year of publication, should be included in the in-text citation. You can cite the source at the bottom of each page where it occurs; parenthetical citations help users to find the source.

Documentation inside the text

Many citation styles, such as MLA and APA, prefer in-text or within-text documentation. You can use whatever citation style you like, but you must adhere to the citation requirements. In MLA citation format, you must include the last name of the authors as well as the page number on which the source appears. Whether the source is a print or non-print one, the way in which you reference it in-text varies (book, journal, diary, autobiography or DVD, recorded video, or audio etc). When writing an in-text reference in the APA style, you must provide the author's name and the year of publication.

Documentation at the end of the text

Regardless of the citation type you use, end-of-text documentation should be given. This allows readers to look up the source and learn more about the subject. For a student preparing a research paper, a correctly worded end-of-text citation substantially improves the research paper's credibility and authenticity.

Make a clear distinction between your effort and that of others.

To make your research work legitimate and free of plagiarism, we covered how crucial it is to take appropriate notes, create in-text citations, and end-of-text citations in earlier paragraphs. A decent research paper requires careful effort; you should know exactly what content is yours and what material is obtained from other sources. Distinguish your analyses, ideas, views, points of view, and conclusions from those of other authors.
Avoiding plagiarism in research is easier said than done because there are so many factors that can lead to plagiarism. You may do it intentionally or unintentionally, but keep in mind that if you avoid plagiarism in the first step of your research, you will be able to avoid it later.

There are four types of notes that can help students through their research report. The type of note you should take is determined by the requirements of your research report. For your research report, you can mix and match any two sorts of notes. Paraphrase, direct quotation, and personal remark are the four types of notes for the research report.
You're already aware that you must take a single note on a single sheet of paper and write crucial facts about the note on the page's corners. These crucial elements will also include the type of note:

A final note

You may have written summaries as a student; the guidelines for writing a summary are the same here. The following features should be present in the summary note: It should be shorter than the original text, reflect the author's point of view but in your own words, and adhere to the author's original structure of ideas.
To create a summary note, you'll need to be able to read and write well. The goal is to pick the most significant aspects and leave out the minor information.
When there are a lot of information and students feel that there are too many topics to cover in the research paper, they usually create a summary note.

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A word of caution

A paraphrase restates the original text in your own words, but the note's length remains the same as the original text. Keep in mind when writing a paraphrase that you do not have to interpret it in your own terms; instead, you must follow the author's ideas and thoughts.
When you wish to reduce the language and make it more clear, you should create a paraphrase. You might wish to rephrase a technical paragraph in layman's terms so that your audience can comprehend it. Poetic expressions may also be translated into prose; for many individuals, prose is easier to grasp than poetry. The goal of paraphrasing is sometimes to make the material simpler to read and evaluate.

An example of direct quoting

A direct quote is a word-for-word reproduction of material from a book, newspaper, journal, or other source. Not only the text, but also the punctuation, should be meticulously observed as in the original source. When utilizing a direct quotation in your research paper, you must be very careful to give full and due credit to the author of the quote.
You may need to write a direct quotation in your research report in a variety of scenarios. For instance, suppose you need to write about a contentious issue and wish to prevent any prejudice by altering some terms. When you have to write about anything where accuracy is critical, you can find a straight quotation useful. When you come across a flawless piece of writing that cannot and should not be modified, you may also utilize a direct quotation.
When taking a direct quotation note, use the same rules as when taking a summary or paraphrase note. Write down the complete citation for the quotation, as well as the fact that it is a quotation.

A personal remark

Your study work will become more personal and distinctive as a result of your remarks. In your research report, you must provide your own findings and views. When we are reading about a topic, we frequently have some ideas about it. When you have any thoughts and insights regarding the subject, jot them down on a note card. This can come in handy later when you need to put down your findings. These thoughts, if not carefully recorded, may be forgotten. Because you cannot rely on your memory, it is best to be safe and record them. A personal comment is simple to record, but it will come in handy later when you're summarizing the whole study report.

Every step of the research study is critical in determining what attributes or characteristics make a research successful. Negligence in any phase can have an impact on the entire study, not just that section. There are certain features that must be included in every study in order for it to be considered legitimate and generalizable. It is not enough to have information and data to write a good research paper; you must also understand the qualities of a good research paper in order to present it properly.

Rigorous
In actuality, research is a time-consuming and difficult task that demands a great deal of patience and control. To keep its quality, a research article requires rigor. There are various aspects that can influence the research's quality and outcome; the researcher should be able to regulate these factors. Some elements will have a beneficial impact on the research, while others will have a negative impact. Negative influences can compromise the research's validity, thus the researcher should keep them under control.

Example
In a study on the effect of humidity on the tensile strength of viscose fabrics, for example, the researcher must examine the fabric's performance under high humidity, low humidity, and standard humidity. The researcher will keep the humidity under control in order to obtain reliable and generalizable results. In a separate study, the researcher must investigate the impact of socioeconomic status on children's school achievement; the researcher will discover that no other factors influence the children's performance.
Many other factors, such as parenting style, peer group influence, or sibling rivalry, can influence a child's performance, but the researcher must maintain strict control over these extraneous factors.

Controlled
A study report should also have to be controlled or measured, which is a very vital and basic feature. Everything you provide in a research report is pre-planned and cannot occur by accident. Choosing a research topic is the initial stage in conducting a study; from there until the finish, when writing the research report, the researcher should maintain control over the investigation. He should weigh the pros and downsides of each step he intends to take before taking it.

Example
A study is being conducted on the influence of permanent press finishes on the fabric's durability properties. There should be no other finishes on the cloth in this study, and the researcher should correctly assess the influence of permanent press finishes.

Clear
A research paper should be free of ambiguities and have a high level of clarity. Clarity is one of the most important aspects of research, and a research report that lacks it is ineffective.

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Example
A researcher should be mindful regarding the research's clarity. The researcher should first generate a clear research question or research problem, and then perform the research without difficulty if the research topic is clear and understandable. If the researcher's research problem is how media effects child development, the researcher must specify whether development, social, mental, physical, or motor, is being studied.

Concise
As a researcher, you do not need to add a lot to the research paper in order to make it distinctive or intriguing; instead, you should simply include important and original content. A succinct research would be easier to understand for the readers; there should be no extraneous details in the research.

Example
The researcher can write a lot of facts and explanations, but they must be relevant to the research. The researcher should not include extraneous details in the research. Dissertations and theses are more extensive than research papers.
When writing and conducting research, the most critical consideration is validity. The veracity of the study article is its true strength. A valid study can be applied to a variety of situations in general or to a specific situation, person, or culture.

Example
The constructs you're using to assess attitudes, behavior, or other phenomena, and whether they're measuring what you're looking for or something else entirely.

Sequential
The study must be carried out and written in a logical order. The researcher should follow a set of steps so that he is not confused about how to put this research together at the end. It is preferable to begin drafting the research paper while performing it.

Example
You can't write the analysis until you've written about how the data was collected and processed. You must follow a specific technique and order.
Precise Preciseness refers to the research paper's thoroughness and the depth of its inquiry into the research issue.

One of the most crucial aspects of your research's success is the design of your research questionnaire. If you're collecting data via a research questionnaire, you should understand the fundamentals of questionnaire design. One of the most effective survey research instruments is the questionnaire. In the social sciences and psychology, it is more commonly used. When compared to other survey research methodologies, collecting data via a questionnaire is easier. The questionnaire's design is what makes it so challenging. To create a questionnaire for your research, you'll need to understand some basic standards.

There are various websites that offer questionnaire designs and templates; but, if you understand the basic laws of questionnaire formatting, you can construct your own questionnaire. The respondents do not respond well to the badly prepared questionnaire. As a researcher, you should create a questionnaire that is flawless.

A questionnaire is a set of questions that the researcher asks the participants to answer. The researcher creates a list of questions that are pertinent to his study and the responses to which he hopes to obtain from the respondents. The respondents are given the questionnaire by the researcher, and they are asked to respond to the questions. The researcher is unable to edit the questions once the questionnaires have been distributed to the respondents. He also cannot guarantee that the respondents would provide complete responses.

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The researcher might make interactive statements on the questionnaire to encourage respondents to answer each and every item in the study questionnaire. He should also arrange the questionnaire in the most efficient manner possible to make it easier for respondents to answer the questions. The purpose of the research questionnaire is to obtain raw data that must be examined and concluded.

Making a question is both an art and a science; you must understand the psychology of the people you will be asking these questions to. You might want to inquire about her age, but asking such a question of a young lady differs from asking the same inquiry of an elderly woman who may wish to conceal her age. You should be able to pose inquiries in a nice and gentle manner so that replies answer appropriately. There are a few more things to think about while creating questions for your research questionnaire.

Questions that are simple to grasp will elicit more responses. Sometimes we ask a simple question in a complicated way, and people don't comprehend what we're getting at. Instead of attempting to make the statements tough, utilize plain language.
Double meanings should be avoided at all costs, as they may cause confusion among respondents. The research questionnaire is sent to a remote community, and there is no way to clarify the questions. The responders may be confused if the questions have two meanings. If your questionnaire has questions with many meanings, you will get skewed results.

Every inquiry should be as unbiased as possible, free of bias and prejudice. The researcher must guarantee that the research questionnaire does not contain any personal bias.

There are no ambiguities: misunderstandings happen when you don't know how to phrase your queries correctly. When the researcher is unsure about the research and its goals, ambiguities arise.

Avoid using leading questions that could lead the respondent astray. Neutral questions should be included in the research questionnaire. The researcher should leave it up to the respondent to choose the questions he wishes to answer.

The Questionnaire Can Be Administered in Several Ways There are several ways to administer the questionnaire to the target group. The respondent response rate on the research questionnaire should be as high as possible. You should select the most appropriate way of research questionnaire administration to optimize the output.

Online administration is still relatively new, but it is growing in popularity. Because this strategy allows you to cope with a large and dispersed population. This method, like any other method of research questionnaire delivery, cannot guarantee a complete answer.

Another strategy that has been in use for a long time is the administration group. This strategy allows you to send the research questionnaire to the entire target group at once, resulting in a high response rate. You can also have a conversation with the respondents if they have any problems. It is, without a doubt, the most effective means of distributing the research questionnaire.

You can also use a public gathering where a large number of people have assembled. If you're utilizing random sampling, you won't be able to use this method.

Primary and secondary objectives are the two sorts of study objectives. The researcher's research aims outline what he or she hopes to accomplish through the study. They are developed following the completion of the research problem. To the readers, they give significance to the research and characterize it. Their goal is to figure out how to solve the research difficulty.

The significance of research goals

They are the ones who define the research because they give it significance.
Without research objectives, a study is pointless, just like any other task.

They assist in the development of hypotheses.

They serve as a guide for the researcher as he or she conducts the study.

They also assist in the conduct of a dependable and valid research investigation.

They also provide readers and the researcher with a summary of the findings. The researcher and the reader can tell what the author aims to achieve by reading the study objectives.

It also saves the researcher time by avoiding the acquisition of unneeded data.

They also provide a step-by-step procedure for conducting research that is well-organized and sequential.

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Different types of research goals

General aims and particular objectives are the two categories of research objectives. Although some studies use the phrases primary and secondary aims, the goal remains the same.
Primary objectives are the same as precise goals, whereas secondary goals are the same as broad goals. Not every study has a secondary or general goal, but every study has a distinct goal.

Overarching goals

The general or secondary objectives give a more in-depth look at the study's goals. They give a broad summary of the investigation; most studies have a single overarching goal.

aims that are specific

The study's principal goal is defined by the particular or broad objectives. Because every "what," "where," and "how" of the research should be stated in the unique objectives, there can be a lot of them. The study's precise purpose is its essence, and it provides the key idea because it focuses the research.

Summary

The purpose of research objectives is to find answers to the research topic. General aims and particular objectives are the two categories of research objectives. Because the research is centered on research objectives, they define the research and make it valid and dependable.

In the past, there were cordial relationship between teachers and students which encouraged learning, academic performance and achievement of students. There was a commitment on the part of teachers, respect and other cultural values were upheld by both parents and students. Teachers are role models to students and an instrument through which students could clamp the ladder of greatness in the society. Now, teacher’s academic support and drilling of students to attain success in all ramifications is diminishing due to certain avoidable factors. Teachers and students convey a range of goals, needs, feelings and behavioral scheme that affect the quality of the relationship they form and influence values of their experiences with one another in the classroom.

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It is not an exaggeration to say that teachers and students relationship in Nigeria higher Institutions today requires serious attention if students are to improve their learning process, intellectual change and contribute to societal development. The negative perception of teachers by the majority of students cannot promote a positive relationship. The bad attitude of many students to training is not encouraging as many prioritize their social activities at the expense of their study. Some students take part in associations that are unacceptable in the school community; such as cultism whereby members are terrorizing the lives of other students and teachers. Some get involve in examination malpractices and other vices that are contrary to social values of the educational system and the society. These are not commensurate to positive relationship between teachers and students. Lack of commitment and laxity of teachers in their quality of teaching and availability to help students in solving academic and psycho-social problems is affecting the students. Teachers’ exploitation of students remains a factor that could strain a relationship. Sexual harassment of female students from male students and male teachers is a big issue in the educational Institutions in Nigeria. Likewise female students’ sexual harassment of the male teachers in an attempt to pass examination remains a factor that makes positive relationship that can enhance good academic achievement difficult. These and others remain a problem in Nigeria higher institutions, and they could affect academic performance.

A major challenge facing higher education institutions around the world is how to achieve quality outcome for students in an increasingly globalized and competitive environment (Harvey and Kamvounias 2008). Education is a reciprocal process, during which the learners acquire knowledge, ability and self thought (University of Wisconsin 2001). Nursing education is designed to educate and train nursing students to become competent and qualified professional Nurses (Mellish, Brink and Paton 2009). In order to provide skilled nursing care, professional Nurses must be educated and trained to make certain skill and be knowledgeable about the science of nursing. (Mellish et al., 2009.)

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According to Leufer (2007) nursing student need the appropriate knowledge and skill to enable them to deliver safe and competent care to their patient, according to Mellish et al., (2009) students enter the nursing programmes with different expectations of what is to be learnt, different intellectual skills, types and level of motivation and different interest. Furthermore, professional Nurses can also come from different culture, backgrounds, consequently, professional Nurse education, who are responsible for educating and training these students have a challenging task. Many researcher conducted detailed studies on factors contributing to student performance at different study level. Geiser and Santelices (2007), Acato (2006) and Swart (1999) all argue that admission points which are a reflection of the previous performance influence future academic performance. Graetz (1995) said that one’s educational success depends very strongly on social economic status of the parents. Considine and Zappala (2002) argue that families where the parent are advantaged socially, educationally, and economically foster a high level of achievement in their children, this is because students from high social economic background are well exposed to scholastic materials which aid their intelligence. Sentanu (2003), Kwesigh (2002) and Portes and Macleod (1996) as cited in Cosidine and Zappla (2002) all argue that type of school a child attends influences academic achievement. Mr Mabuda, a director in nursing, states that nursing as a profession is still faced with a number of challenges which ranges from education and training, coaching and mentoring, limited facilities for clinical placement of students and the nursing shortage (professional Nurses update September 2008), these challenges inevitably influence the academic performance of students and ultimately threaten the nursing profession. The typical learning environment, comprises of the number of student in the classroom, the academic environment, teaching strategies and the perception of the impact of group size on the learning experience (leufer 2007) the learning environment, plays an important role in captivating the student interest and in maintaining it. It is therefore important to consider how nursing students experience learning in a large class environment (leufer 2007) this would provide information such as:

• Are student distracted by such large number

• Do student feel assertive enough to interact or ask questions.

Large group learning suggests that there is a relationship between class size and participation level, which then affect the learning experience of student (leufer 2007). Furthermore, the recruitment of more students without providing adequate infrastructure, many logistical problem have been encountered for example, inadequate sound system, control of attendance, ventilation increasing noise level, these problems create further problems such as difficulty in managing the group which results in late commencing of lecture. According to leufer (2007) all these has impact on the academic performance of students. Motivation plays a fundamental role in learning (Glynn, Anltman and Owen 2005) increase in enthusiasm and motivation which may result in better academic performance, similarly the lack of inspiration would result in a lack in motivation, resulting in poor performance outcome (Leufer 2007). Baybel et al.(2005) state that there are many factors that adversely affect nursing educational performance like inadequate infrastructure, inefficient use of technologies and educational techniques, student teachers relationship.

Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, governments, firms and nations make choices on allocating scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. Economics is concerned with human behavior such as how people earn their living and make a choice between alternatives to satisfy their wants. It focuses on the study of firms and the government whose activities are geared to the production of goods and services for the satisfaction of human want since economics is concerned with human behavior. So economics is a social science, and like any science subject, the reasoning procedure in economics is methodological, its analysis is systematic, and the validity of its various theories.Economic education is vital to the future health of our nation’s economy. It gives our students the building blocks for a successful financial future. It empowers students by giving them the knowledge and tools to improve theirwell being.

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Economists recognize that developing basic economic and financial knowledge is an important goal for a democratic society that relies heavily on informed citizens and personal economic decision-making. When households are capable of building wealth, they are also capable of building more economically stable neighborhoods and communities.The study of Economics plays an important role throughout our lives. Today, economic issues are drawing the attention of every citizen directly or indirectly. It is therefore, appropriate to include Economics as a distinct area of study in the system of school learning particularly because for most of the students it will be a terminal stage. At the same time it fits within the frame of schooling wherein it is advocated that education should be relevant to the needs of students. Economics, in comparison to other social science subjects has an edge in providing certain job opportunities to the learners and open the gates for various occupations, if they pursue the study of the subject further. Another reason why Economics teaching is necessary is that there are many changes occurring in our economy like privatization, liberalization and the outside forces are influencing it like globalization etc. This makes a strong case for imparting economic education to all the students so that they may understand these new concepts and issues are related with economy. Further, the learning of Economics helps the student to participate effectively in economic and social affairs and to take intelligent decisions in day-to-day life. At the same time the democratic system which we have adopted will succeed only when we win the race on economic fronts. In the interests of our own survival and of the nation, there is no education more important than that which helps us to understand our economic problems and reflect on them. From all these angles, Economics teaching – learning become cogent and highly significant in modern times. Economics at the secondary school stage has been developed with some difference, generally not found in the formal education system at this stage. The whole idea behind arranging the units in the present form is to make Economics teaching more useful, nearer to the environment of the learner and to build economic literacy.

Education transforms individuals into problem solvers who evince knowledge and are capable of utilizing the acquired knowledge to provide solutions to a wide range of problems. A good level of education confers on a student a corresponding high level of meta cognitive skills which in turn helps the student to have a good knowledge of himself as a cognitive processor, and knowledge of task and strategy variables necessary for effective learning (Hoe, Cheong and Yee, 2013).

However, sometimes, some students even at high educational level and with high level of meta cognitive skills inexplicably fail to demonstrate the knowledge they have acquired during teaching and learning sessions. Such students attend classes, do their assignments but fail to perform in the day of reckoning (examinations) especially when the stakes are high. The students who have done all that is necessary but develop cold feet rather than confidence during examinations may be manifesting test anxiety.

Examination anxiety which is also called test anxiety in research literature is an uneasiness or apprehension experienced before, during and after examination because of concern, worry or fear of uncertainty. It was defined by Zeidner (2008) as a set of phenomenological, physiological and behavioural responses that accompany concern about possible negative consequences or failure on an examination or similar evaluative situation. It is feeling that someone might have in a situation where performance really counts or where the pressure to do well is intense.

Test anxiety is not entirely bad. In fact a low level of test anxiety is normal and necessary among the students in order to maintain focus and to galvanize them into action preparing, plotting and perfecting strategies that will guarantee optimum success in the examinations. It is needed to motivate and help the students to stay mentally and physically alert (Birjandi and Alemi, 2010).

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However, when the anxiety or level of arousal exceeds that optimal level, the result is decline in performance. Hence the individual fails to fulfill the required obligation (15). Anxiety is an intrinsic part of human nature and if we learn why something happen it usually becomes less frightening (19). Psychologist made a distinction between two basic types pf copying strategies which includes problem fixed strategies and emotion focused strategy (32). Problem focused strategy attempts to deal with those aspects of environment that are responsible for stern and anxiety expression, that is dealing directly with the stress situation while emotion focused strategy tends to change the way a person thinks about a stressful situation.

It is when anxiety is in its severe form that some students experience genuine problem in academics. Their minds go blank, they experience the shakes, their hands go numb and they suffer from number of sudden disabilities associated with anxiety during examination. Academic performance is the outcome of education. It refers to the extent to which a known to be influenced by anxiety. (15) reported tat anxiety can occur as a result of stress, affecting learning and memory and also affecting academic performance negatively. According to (20) an optimal level of stress can enhance ability and improve academic performance.

Test anxiety or performance anxiety is common in nearly every aspect of human endeavour. Excellent players have deprived their countries or clubs of the opportunities to lift trophies during club or international sporting competitions by missing penalty shots as a result of performance anxiety.

A study conducted by DeCaro, Thomas, Albert and Beilock (2011) found that baseball players put into a high pressure condition had increased errors and decreased ability to recall details like directions in which their bats were moving. Some candidates seeking for jobs find it difficult to remember even their own names during interviews for highly paid jobs in such a situation where good performance counts and pressure to do well is palpable (Putwain, Woods and Symes, 2010). It is performance anxiety that makes a professor seat profusely and sounds incoherent almost at the point of collapsing while presenting inaugural lecture with intimidating audience in attendance.

In contrast to fear, anxiety involves a more general or diffused emotional reaction beyond simple fear – that is not of proportion to threats from the environment (2). Anxiety is defined by (33) and (1) as a complex psychological and behavioural state. (16) opined that anxiety, an emotional state of a human during life is both life-saving and also causes problems in the mental life of human beings. Humans have to always express inner struggles with different words, moods, feelings and emotions. Therefore in terms of the internal struggles, man uses expressions such as anxiety or worry. Anxiety is the most important factor of mental disorders based on the theory of psychological analysis. Freud called anxiety “emotional pain”. This means the same as if the body suffered from injury, inflammation and disease. Anxiety according to (21) is the price paid for civilization. (24), maintained that students’ stress is an unavoidable phenomenon which is often seen in the undergraduates identified such factors as physical, mental, family, job and social relationship as contributing to stress in these students which they noted can affect their academic performances negatively.

Anxiety surrounding examination and other specific situations affects approximately 25% to 40% of individuals (6), (9), (26), (33) with more females than males being affected. Anxiety interferes with school functioning only when an abnormal level is affected. Anxiety interferes with school functioning only when an abnormal level is reached, where as within normal range, being anxious does not automatically imply worst school functioning and indeed may to a certain extent be motivating and enhancing to academic performance (25). (10), ranked anxiety into four levels: mild, moderate, severe and panic anxiety.

Mild level of anxiety is healthy, at this level, perceptual field is heighten, pupils dilate to accommodate much light, hearing and smelling intensified and sense of touch is highly sensitive. The individual is highly alert and attentive and learning and cognition is in its best state. This stage improves academic performance.
Moderate level of anxiety on the other hand is unhealthy, the perceptional field of a person at this level is narrowed; individuals experiencing this level of anxiety have selective inattention. They have decreased focus and automatism can be observed as repetitive purposeless movements such as shaking of hands and feet, twirling of hair and tapping of fingers. Academic performance at this level depends on the individual’s ability to control the anxiety and carry out the assignment task.
Severe level of anxiety is characterized by reduced perceptual field and a difficulty in communication. Gross motor movements, such as pacing are characteristic of people at this stage. Academic performance at this stage depends on the educator’s ability to recognize such individuals and provide a safe environment for them. Communication should be kept short and simple since communication is altered. Performance at this stage is reduced since most educators may not be able to provide such environment for the student.
Panic level of anxiety is the worst and most severe form of anxiety. Total disruption of perceptual field is present. It is also characterized by loss of ability to communicate, loss of rational thought and total loss of conscious thinking. Academic performance at this level is very poor since the student will be unable to remember exactly what he/she is supposed to do.
Academic Performance of Students

Academic performance is a term used to describe the rating of a student following an examination. This is an important aspect of student’s life and is known to be influenced by various factors including anxiety and level of hard work/preparations done prior to the examination, (11). (30) opined that academic performance is measured by the standing rates of grades of students in every subject and students have their own attitude towards learning and achieving a high level of academic performance. In order for a student to succeed he needs to be armed with strategies and techniques that will supplement his desire to reach his goals. One way is to have an efficient and adaptive study habit free of anxiety. (31) stated that academic performance of nursing students can be determined by various academic and non-academic factors that include measures of previous academic performance such as college and high school grade point (GPA), scores of different aptitude tests and certain demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, residential background and previous work experience. Furthermore, knowledge about predictors of academic performance help in developing strategies to facilitate students’ success in nursing education programmes and ensuring adequate training and provision of man power in the nursing profession (3), (13).

The effect of anxiety on academic performance as revealed by (11) is not always obvious and new research funded by the ( suggests that there may be hidden costs. The research found that anxious individual find it harder to avoid distractions and take more time to turn their attention from one task to the next than their less anxious peers.

They further stated that a lot of negative effects of anxiety appear to be caused by difficulties with controlling attention. This suggest that training techniques designed to enhance attention, control the ability of students to ignore distractions and prevent the switching of their attention from one task to another could help anxious students to achieve their academic potential. Also showed that anxious individuals often perform at a comparable level to non-anxious ones but only do so at a greater cost in terms of effort or perhaps long term stress. This implies that it is important that teachers focus not only on whether a student’s academic performance seems to be satisfactory but also on how much effort the student had to put in to achieve that level of success. Anxious students may be trying desperately hard just to keep pace with academic demands and this could be at great psychological cost.

Anxiety and Academic performance of students.

Anxiety symptoms are extremely common in childhood and adolescence and can negatively interfere with general well-being, social life, academic performance and development of social skills. (25) stated that anxiety symptoms are associated with impairment of memory and cognitive functions and can contribute to poor school performance and academic failure. Anxiety as illustrated by (29), plays important roles in our lives. These include immediate reaction to stimuli following onset, anticipation and being prepared for important events in the future. It may be unpleasant, but it is often adaptive and in its absence one may have trouble as life becomes difficult to organize.

They further pointed out that anxiety can disrupt our lives if it becomes maladaptive. However, (18) explained that the consequences of anxiety during test or examination may limit the educational or vocational development and promotion through the educational system. It is normal for a student to feel anxious before a test or examination, but it becomes problematic when the level of anxiety is excess. (26) opined that a variety of factors can contribute to a student’s level of anxiety, examples include: past experience with courses, perception of course load, their ability to manage time, family issues and beliefs, which may have been shaped by a complex interplay of factors, may result to a unique reaction to a situation and lead to anxiety. The negative effects of anxiety can be explained by two models namely; the interference and the Learning Deficit Models. According to the interference model, anxious students are distracted due to task irrelevant cognitions and negative thoughts during examinations, while the learning deficit model proposes that it is student’s ineffective study habits during preparation for an examination that causes them to be anxious. Researchers found that anxious individuals find it harder to avoid distractions and take more time to turn their attention from one task to the next than their less anxious peers. This makes learning, reading, remembering and writing difficult affecting academic performance. Since, the anxious individuals perform at a comparable level to the non-anxious ones with a greater cost in terms of effort or perhaps long term stress; it is believed that students with high anxiety as well as those with moderate levels of anxiety will perform the best (7). (15), maintained that if an individual’s experience is negative, then anxiety level will be higher, leading to lower academic performance. Consequently, if an individual’s experience is positive, then the anxiety level will be lower leading to higher academic performance. From these investigations, it has been observed that high and lower levels of anxiety is related to poor academic performance while a moderate level of anxiety is related to optimum academic performance. Reported that chronic anxiety has a detrimental effect on academic success, every individual experience anxiety, although it most often ensues when the individual is uncertain about an outcome. (7) observed that about 30% of student nurses suffer from anxiety especially in specific situations including: test, examination and presentations. According to (4) the unfavourable effects of anxiety experienced by nursing students leads to the development of low self esteem over a period of time which adversely affects their academic performance.

Schools are established to equip the youths with essential skills needed for functionality as useful and knowledgeable citizens of the country. However, examination of school records shows that students’ academic performances have remained for long very unimpressive. Obviously, this is not healthy for the growth of the country.

In a study, Polom (2011) analyzed West African Examination Council (WAEC), examination in Mathematics and English Language administered in 2010, and discovered that only 27.40% of the students made at least a pass and above in the two core subjects. He equally reported that the number of those who had credit and above in a foreign Language like French Language declined from 21.34% to 17.22% (WAEC Office Data base, Calabar, February, 2012).
Poor student’s performance in WAEC Examination has for some time now been a matter of great concern to education stakeholders. Concrete evidence of students’ poor performance in examinations could be seen in the results obtained each year in externally administered examinations like the WAEC examinations. As presented in Table 1, for example, students’ results in English Language and Mathematics provide a disturbing trend. In Mathematics only about 25% of those who attempted the examination in 2006 had credit passes and above. About 41% and 31% had passes and failing grades respectively.
The situation improved in 2007 when about 47% of the candidates had credit passes or above in 2008, 57.28% of the candidates also had credit passes but the situation reversed itself in 2009 and 2010 when only about 47% and about 41.95% of the candidates respectively had credit passes”. Similarly for English Language those who had credits passes declined from about 32.48% in 2006 to 30.32% in 2008.The results improved to 35.02% in 2008, then 41.55% in 2009 but moved down to 35.13% in 2010. These unsteady but declining trends are disturbing.

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Apart from the concerns of parents, teachers and the state government, the incessant failure of students in WAEC and NECO senior school certificate Examination (SSCE) has always been a source of worry for the Government of this country. In December 2012, Federal Ministry of Education organized a two-day summit in Abuja to discuss the issue. In the summit, the then minister of education, Prof. Ruqayyatu Rufai, expressed the Federal Government displeasure at the students’ poor performances. She noted with regret that less than 30 percent of over a million students, who sat for the examination within the last six years, obtained credits in five subjects, including English Language and Mathematics.

The effect of this is that more than 70 per cent of school leavers are always armed with school certificate result that do not qualify them for higher education. Besides, the high proportions of school leavers are always unable to gain employment as a result of poor academic performance. The result of persistent poor learners’ performance in schools is always a serious disruption in the overall manpower supply for the economy. Students who have poor academic record would find it difficult to cope in a competitive society. Individuals who fail in school may not be adequately and mentally equipped to face life squarely.

In presenting a report at WASCE monthly seminar, the Head of Research Division revealed that the percentage of failure rate for English Language and Mathematics in the past five years surpasses that of the percentage of credit level passes. In all these, the accusing fingers from different quarters have pointed at teachers. That is why in looking for solution, efforts had been directed at helping teachers to improve upon the services they render in schools. Teachers have in synergy with Parents Teachers Association (PTA) taken appropriate steps towards improving academic performance of students in several ways. For example, they have been mounting extramural classes to give students more time to learn than what official school time allows. This apart, principals keep time book for teachers and attendance register for students.

On its part, the Cross River State government has embarked on several capacity building critical to successful teaching and learning improvement in the following broad areas: policy, training and pedagogy, infrastructure development, teacher welfare and empowerment. Essential facilities and equipment that have implications for school learning like ICTs, laboratories and collateral equipment cum libraries are now available in most schools. A lot have also been spent on training and retraining of teachers to arrest the ugly trend.

Despite huge government investment in education and steps taken to improve performance of students’ in school, students’ academic performance is yet to produce acceptable result. The researcher became interested in this problem as a result of concern from education stakeholders and researchers continuous search for solution to poor academic performances.

According to Isangedighi (2011), the amount and quality of learning the individual is capable of, his involvement in learning activities; and the overall balance achieved in his development as a person depends to a large extent on his personal status as a composite unit. He also noted that, some of the difficulties some learners encounter that serve to undermine their abilities to achieve as much as others, are classified as learning disabilities. To that extent the researcher is of the view that learning disabilities could be responsible for poor academic achievement of secondary school students.

Poor academic performance is a serious problem that requires the attention of all stakeholders in education from Ministry of education to the student themselves. Since learning disabilities have been observed to be difficulties that could undermine students` ability to perform well academically. The researcher is therefore interested in helping the school system find a dependable solution to the problem of student poor academic performance. This study is concerned at determining if learning disabilities could be associated with poor academic performance among students. Areas of learning disabilities considered for the study include; hyper distractibility, eye-hand coordination, spatial awareness disorder, figure-ground relationship, dyslexia disorder, hypo-activity and impulsivity.

Learning disabilities as seen by MacArthur (2009) is not a single disorder, but is a category of disorders in any of seven specific areas: receptive language (listening), expressive language (Speaking), basic readings skills, reading comprehension, written expression, and Mathematic calculation. These disorders are manifested in a variety of ways including listening, thinking, talking, reading aloud, writing, and spelling or in Mathematics calculation. The broad question the study will answer is whether learning disabilities could influence the academic performance of the affected students.

In the Nigeria national policy on education (1981) it stated that school education should “equip students to live attentively in our modern age of business education”. In accordance with this aim of education, Boge (1979) has this to say, “one major educational problem is preparing the young people to cope with the intellectual and cultural environment characterized by rapid changes”, it is assumed that these young people should have some basic understanding for the English language.

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Business education has continued to occupy its separate place and some time, it is often neglected in some schools even where the various branches of English language are taught they are done without regard for the basic requirement needed in spite of the effort made during the present decade by the federal and state government of Nigeria to give Business Education subject their role in education note much has been achieved in some schools and local government area. The effect of the deficiency in teaching Business Education in schools are particularly evident in developing countries such as Nigeria

The teaching of Business Education has not been as effective as it ought to be. It is therefore necessary to diagnose the various factors responsible for the mass failure of students and proper means by which the anomalies could be arrested. The importance of Business Education in the life of man need to be over emphasized, therefore if the subject is not effectively taught, the rudiment that are necessary for development of the basic concept of English language would be lacking at the secondary schools level and this could permeate the other state of the nation’s educational level. It is believed that the importance of Business Education if well understood and all the factors responsible for its unhealthy development are quickly nipped on the bud it would be possible to build a Business Education culture oriented society which will augur well for the healthy development of the nation

Teaching and learning are the different sides of the same coin. Learning is intended to bring about change in behaviour while teaching is to instill in the learner characteristics such as attitude, value adhered to lay down procedure, ruled and principles which are expected to cause the change in behaviour. The understanding of the world teaching is imperative to the understanding of the role its practitioner plays in the upbringing of the students. There might be one and encompassing definition of the word teaching but attempt have been made to define and explain it, this is moreso as teaching has a meaning, purpose and a degree structure or level (Imogie, 2015). Teaching can be defined in terms of socialization to mean interpersonal influence aimed at changing the ways in which one person can ior will behave. This definition therefore makes teaching an everybody’s business int eh society especially as socialization of citizens in the society can be influenced not only by the school but by other agents- Religious centres, mass media and the family.

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Teaching, them is the content of such interactive human relationship designed to promote behaviourable change since one of the major objectives of education is to produce good and useful citizens in the society. The important of teachers and teaching cannot be over emphasized. The importance of teaching lies in the fact that, it is a process where by the various educational programmes are translated into action at the classroom. This today through teaching, the teacher decides what kind of people or to be more specific, kind of person we shall be. Teaching as a processed will make a nation in as effort at social economic and political development; attain desire goals which depends on the efficiency and determination of teacher. It is important to known at this point who is a teacher.

In all societies of the world, it is a known fact that education starts in the house or rather from the home, children learn to speak and to do things by imitating their parents, relations, peers etc during early days this process of socialization was done by several people who had no formal training. However, as a society become complex, interogenous and specialized, the need for formal education or training arose. Children writer introduced to formal education under the care and tutelage of a specialized personnel whose training and duties are to inculcate in the young child value norms rules and all standard of the society is into exist this personnel. Is the teacher.
Understand the importance of teaching in the development of individuals it is pertinent to examine the place of the teacher. This study therefore is to examine the role of of teachers in the upbringing of students. In this study the factors responsible for the continuous participation of teachers in the task of teaching will all be looked into. This study therefore looks at problems-what are the roles of teachers in the upbringing of students: consequently the following research questions are set for answering in this study.

What are the possible roles of government in the teacher education scheme?

To what extent have private school actually affected teaching and learning process in teacher education.

What are actually the contribution of both private and public school in the teaching and learning process?

Education is man’s fundamental method of reform and progress. It can be regarded as the tool with which society brings the transmission of its own culture. Reomer (1981) refers to education as “all those experiences of the individual through which knowledge is acquired, the intellect enlightened or the will strengthened “ while Unachuka (1989) defines education as “ the process by which individuals are assisted formally or informally, though proper direction and finance, to develop their capacity for their own benefit and that of the society.

Education can therefore be regarded as a social process whose purpose is to bring about certain desirable behavioural change in the total development of the individual. In the whole world education has been given more regard while in Nigeria particularly education has been seen as the main vehicle for rapid development.

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It is obvious that since advent of the Europeans, Nigerians have attached much importance to western education. The first type of schools according to Bab Fafunwa (2001) were the Islamic and Arabic schools which emerged as a result of the Islamic Scholars arrival into the country on the pretence of trade. They brought along with them their religion which was Islamic under which were the Arabic school.

The first set of schools were usually situated under big trees with students who were mainly normally conducted in the evenings after their trading activities with the merchants who acted as the tutors. These teachers are called “Mallams”. It is obvious that the first type of school system didn’t have any facility apart from the slate and foreign textbooks used.

Furthermore, with the arrival of western education, the uses of facilities became ivogue. Classrooms which came in small rooms now in form of schools which comprises of administrative blocks, offices with such facilities as chairs, tables, chalk and chalkboards. Textbooks were also provided to aid teaching, this ease the way knowledge was formally imparted to the students to prove for old stanions system.

Walberg and Thomas (1992) shown that pupils have been noted to learn best when they can effectively explore at school environment that is rich in material, so that whenever they are given the responsibility to make meaningful choice, they afford to interact with the available facilities.

This led to Adaralegbe’s (1978) statement which states that the large scale of educational programme had been embarked upon, because of increasing awareness of the country that, education pauses the way for modernization and enable one to improve oneself. Putting this into consideration in our schools presently it will be noted that, education by various government bit yet, much efforts is still required to meet up adequately. Since over fifty million people desire education presently.

Classrooms are very vital in schools, the classrooms are constructed to suit the purpose of learning and also considering climate of the people. eagle Hardt (1954) emphasized that classrooms referred to as “Teaching laboratories”. Much importance should be attached to facilities to enabler an imagined educational programme to be achieved. This in short shows the importance of the provision of efficient and effective facilities to help enhance a smooth and conducive teaching and learning process to enable the production of effective manpower for the nation.

he dynamic nature of the curriculum process informs the concept of effective planning of integrated science curriculum in secondary schools. This is so because science education plays a vital role in the lives of individuals and the development of a nation scientifically and technologically (Aleboisu and Ifamuyiwa, 2008). It is widely and generally acknowledged that the gateway to the survival of a nation scientifically and technologically is scientific literacy which can only be achieved through science education. This starts from giving students a good foundation in integrated science from junior secondary level. But government in this direction can not be said to have yielded much fruits given the dwindling nature of student’s performance in integrated science in junior secondary school and the low rate of students offering science in senior secondary school as well as their performance in core science subjects.

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Disturbed by this ugly development, researchers in the field of science education in Nigeria embarked on series of studies to find the logic behind this ugly development.
They found that the problem stemmed from the first form of science a child comes across at the junior secondary school level that is integrated science. Integrated science provide students sound basis for further science education study, hence a child that is not well grounded in integrated science at this level would not show interest in offering core science subject (Biology, Chemistry and Physics) at Senior Secondary Schol level which are pre-requisites for studying science oriented courses at the Nation’s tertiary institutions. They also found that lack of qualified teachers, lack of practical work as well as lack of equipments and facilities for teaching, insufficient allotment of time for integrated science on the school time table and poor methods of teaching are the major factors militating against the successive implementation of the core curriculum in integrated science (Ajuwape and Olatoye, 2004). It is against this background that the researcher seeks to investigate the subject matter of this research: The impact of effective planning and curriculum development on teaching and learning of integrated science in secondary school.
Integrated Science have been taught in Junior Secondary Schools since 1972 in order to inculcate science knowledge and encourage students to offer science subjects in Senior Secondary School (Ifamuyiwa, 2008). But inspite of this, government effort cannot be said to have yielded much fruits given the dwindling nature of students’ performance in integrated science which has a negative effect on the future performance of those offering core science and consequently poor performance inc ore subjects in WAEC and NECO examination which are prerequisites for studying in the Nation’s tertiary institutions.
This has been attributed to myriad of problems ranging from lack of qualified teachers, lack of equipments and facilities for teaching, lack of practical works, insufficient allotment of time for integrated science on the school time table and poor teaching methods. Disturbed by this trend, the subject matter of this research: the impact of effective planning and curriculum development on teaching and learning of integrated science in secondary school becomes an empirical problem worthy of investigation. As such the researcher seeks to find out if the integrated science curriculum is effectively planned to enhance effective teaching and learning of integrated science from JSS I to JSS III in sequential order of simple to complex topics.

Education is a highly rated public venture used as an instrument par excellence in national development. Credence is given to this view by the five national objectives of Nigeria in the second National Development Plan and endorsed as the necessary foundation for the National Policy on Education. Based on using education a tool for the realization of the national objectives, various other achievement are expected from education in national devilment, such aims are as follows:

Better human relationship

Self realization

Individual and national unity

Olumba (1999)

These aims can never be actualized if there are poor relationship existing between the teacher and his pupils. Bringing these aims to reality depends on the orientation of teachers and pupils in the educational system because good education requires trained and committed teachers, who will carry the pupils along way to achieve the educational goals. Therefore, the purpose of introducing this study or subject is to make the teacher/pupils functional in relating well with one another and discharging their respective duties in order to achieve the aims of the National Policy on Education.

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Philosophy of education laid emphasis on human relation in the process of teaching and learning. It is believed that teaching in every respect is a serious business and should be seen to be so. As a banker is governed by certain principles, which make him expert in his field, so is the teacher governed by certain principles which made him to be expert in his own area of specialization.

Teaching is the process of inculcating in the learner the desirable knowledge, culture, skills, value and norms which will make him to be useful to himself and the society at large. Therefore to promote the relationship between the teacher and pupils, the teacher must determine the best efficient and effective methods of teaching, then select materials to create conducive learning experiences that will utilize the content associated with each objectives.

However, in order to improve children, it is necessary that pedagogy becomes a study; otherwise, there is nothing to hope from it. To this end, a careful analysis of any method must precede its use. This is where philosophy comes in. So it is on philosophy that the art of education must wait for a design of action. Evident are the several theoretical models which philosophers and educators have come up with according to their best or frame of mental dispositions. For example, the nationalists emphasized on motivation, direct experience and on maintaining interest of the child. Their main concern is to create suitable environment in order to influence the development of an individual. Pragmatist recommend socialized techniques, projects and problem-solving method. Yet, the divergent and wide these schools are, they focus on common problem militating against education, the aims of education, the nature of the learner, educational content, method and the condition under which the learners can obtain the maximum experience.

Moreover, in view of the above background the researchers are challenged to find out the effect of poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in academic attainment in primary schools, A case study in Enugu South Local Government Area.

The effect of poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in primary schools in Enugu Urban has led to poor academic performance, formation of bad gangs by pupils, perpetual hatred to teachers, neglect of some subjects (for example, English Language), which then gave rise to serious problems for the realization of educational objectives.

It is unfortunate that a good number of pupils have lost virtues of good behavior since their teachers did no longer show them love, caring and affections. This is applicable to pupils from home of poor economic backgrounds. A good number of pupils in our homes lack respect for their parents, teachers, let alone elders. Teachers keep complaining of the attitude of the pupils whenever they meet them on street, market, and their homes without realizing that they are the cause of the bad attitude they observe in their pupils. There are cases of pupils on seeing their teachers, they will hide away from them, calling their teachers names that are not their real names and so on.

Therefore, until the factors that affect poor teacher and pupils’ relationship are positively addressed/dealt with, the national objectives on education can never be realized.

Provision of quality education and training is the ultimate goal of any educational system. The success of teaching is reflected by academic performance of students. This goal can never be achieved without school discipline. How students are disciplined has been an issue since the inception of public education. In 1770, William Blackstone applied the phrase in loco parentis, which literally means in place of the parents, to educators. In loco parentis gave teachers the ability to act in place of the parent in response to disciplinary actions (Conte, 2000). In loco parentis was implemented in schools in the early 1900s, and with it came corporal punishment.

Victorian era parents believed children who were lazy and insubordinate were alienating themselves from God, and teachers were thought to be the perfect authority figure to ensure alienation did not occur (Parker-Jenkins, 1997). During this time period corporal punishment was viewed as necessary to produce citizens who conformed to the norms of society, beat out sin, and ensure learning occurred (Parker Jenkins, 1997). The book of Proverbs in the Bible advocates the use of a rod, i.e. corporal punishment, to save children’s souls from death. Therefore, teachers began administering corporal punishment for acts of wrong doing by their charges (Conte, 2000).

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Recently scholars have written more on indiscipline among pupils and its effects on learning outcome and their progress in schools. Discipline in school is a very important aspect towards academic excellence, while lack of it usually gives rise to a lot of problems such as lack of vision and mission, poor time management, irregular attendance and punishment. It also plays a vital role in the acquisition of sense of responsibility in learners as well as educators. Gawe, Vakalisa and Jacobs, (2001:190) express cooperative learning if academic performance is to be achieved among students.

Effective discipline helps in the achievement of goals, expectation and expectation and responsibility in students (Dunham, 1984:66).Good discipline creates a good image of the school and prepares learners for the future. Disruptive behavior amongst learners eliminated if there is good discipline at school. The implementation of effective discipline at school is a key for the learner in his journey to adulthood. By definition discipline refers to the ability to carry out reasonable instructions or orders to reach appropriate standards of behaviors. It is understood to be that abstract quality in a human being which is associated with and manifested by a person’s ability to do things well at the right time, in the right circumstance, without or with minimum supervision (Ngonyani, 1973:15).

Various studies have been conducted on issues pertaining to schools’ academic performance, such as those by Malekela (2000:61), Galabawa (2000:100) and Mosha (2000:4). They have pointed out some factors that lead to varying levels of performance in schools, including availability of teachers, availability of teaching and learning materials and language communication. Omari (1995) talks about school discipline as one among aspects that influence performance in schools. School discipline is an essential element in any educational institution if the students are to benefit from the opportunities offered to them. Omari (1995:38) argues that it is difficult to maintain order and discipline in schools where teachers have no space to sit, prepare and mark students’ work. In other words, Omari (1995) supports the above scholars that availability of teaching and learning materials has an impact on school discipline. Indiscipline in schools, and consequently, school strikes, destroy the teaching- learning environment. Occasionally there are protests, riots and violence and sometimes the police have to come in to intervene to protect school property. Some schools become virtual prisons as they construct huge walls and expensive fences to protect good students, teachers and property against undisciplined students. Ohsako (1997:7) argues that violence is a sensitive issue that provokes anxiety, arouses emotions and has negative impact on school performance.

Despite the rules endorsed by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training but they are not followed by many of the students and their teachers in some government and private schools, who misbehave wherever they are outside the school environment. As Omari (1995:25) observes, the most important thing is not so much to have written rules pinned in the office of the head teacher or discipline master as to have rules actually implemented. School rules and regulations should facilitate administrative work, should focus on the creation of a good atmosphere for teaching and learning.

The idea of good teacher for each individual is variable. Students´ perception, opinions and/or experiences about a good teacher are different. A good teacher has been considered, sometimes, as a perfectionist, encouraging, approachable and caring, other times as intelligent, but above all, as enthusiastic, funny, clever, affective and understanding, open, and with a relaxed style while teaching.

Holt (1964) addressed that learning is enhanced by the teachers´ knowledge, enthusiasm and responsibility towards creating a warm class climate enhancing “the students desire to learn and to accept the challenges of thinking and enquiring into all that is offered by the teacher”. Stronge et al (2004) stated that teaching is vocational, and most good and quality teachers are passionate about their chosen profession. However, he also added that a good teacher is always in a constant learning process due to changes in terms of the students’ characteristics, the curriculum, the community, and finance among many others.

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According to Gibbs (2002) “Teachers need to be able to survive the demands, threats and challenges within the diverse circumstances of teaching” He stated that a good and quality teacher needs the capacity to be persistent, flexible, and innovative on new teaching approaches and be prepared in the case of failure. For Stronge et al. (2004) the good teacher has a psychological influence on the students, having a strong influence on their achievement. According to Killen (2006), the good teacher is the one who has clear objectives and own goals of teaching. A teacher can provide the students with the answer of a question, which can be effective only if the main objective is simply to compare and analyze different results. However, if the objective is to make the student think about the option of providing different possible answers, the teacher, in this case, may be regarded as ineffective. Smith (1995) stated that teachers and teaching need to be creative to allow the students learn naturally. He also added that educational institutions should spend more time on “doing” and less time on “talking about learning and teaching” In addition, Gurney (2007) suggested that instead of reflecting on theory and practice, we should reflect on what we do in the classroom.

A good teachers need to focus on students’ achievement. Alton-Lee (2003) pointed out that an effective link between school and cultural context is needed and this is often times considered as a challenge; apart from being caring, and enhance assessment, feedback and evaluation, as well as being responsible to students learning process, the curriculum goals, the multiple tasks and the contexts. Gurney (2007) suggested that to be a good and quality teacher there should be an interaction among different factors. One of them is the teacher´ knowledge, enthusiasm and responsibility for learning. Another factor is that good teachers should provide the students with activities and assessment that encourages them to learn (and learn through experience), as well as having an engaged feedback. Finally, to create a warm environment and a relationship with the students in which respect will enhance learning. According to Borich (2000), the responsibilities of good teachers are to have lesson clarity, instructional variety, teacher task orientation, engagement in the learning process and student success rate.

Therefore, good teachers do not teach in front of the class doing a good demonstration on the extensive and deep content knowledge, they teach to promote and enhance learning. Besides, they knows how to manage, not only their knowledge, but also the classroom and the students in terms of discipline, work, interaction between teacher- students-students, how to give instructions, and how to assess and evaluate activities, the students and their own work. Therefore, to be a good teacher also implies to have a series of qualities, in terms of professional and personal skills.

In schools, bullying occurs in all areas. It can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, thought it more often occurs in recess, hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and waiting for buses, classes that require group work or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consist of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders, who, in some cases want to avoid becoming the next victim. School bullying is a widespread issue that affects secondary school students in three essential parts of their lives; psychologically, educationally and professionally. Bullying is a sort of aggressive behaviour against others such as, verbal by calling nasty names, physical by kicking, pushing or tripping up and social by everyone stopped talking to you.

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Academic achievement is the first aspect which influences bullying at school. therefore, bullied children live within fear, self-blame, feel weak and it affects their personality traits and self-confidence, so this situation makes them unable to study well and they might hate going to school. Furthermore, they will lose their opportunities to participate with others or enjoy school activities. Hence, they will gain less academic performance and low educational attainment. There is a strong relationship between bullying and school quality such as class size, lack of library, sports facilities. Both bullies and victims feel more negative about school, and persistent bullying may lead to stress and depression. Bullying can lead to anxiety, low self-esteem, hopelessness and isolation. Children miss lessons or are scared to attend school. They lose concentration when they do attend. Some of the effects last long after the bullying, until they are adults.

One adverse effect of bullying is that it also leads to suicide. While suicide is rare in bullied children, the other effects of bullying are also devastating and last well beyond the time when the child is actually bullied. Many schools have a zero tolerance policy towards bullying, but sometimes have difficulty identifying the victims and the abusers because children are afraid to come forward. Bullying causes long-term problems such as depression and anxiety. In his essay “The long term effects of bullying”, psychologist Mark Dombeck relays his own bullying experiences as a child, as well as the experience of his patients and then, asserts that the anger, anxiety, and depression of that moment often lingers into adulthood, causing problems with keeping a job, forming relationship and even continued victimization in abusive relationship or work environment.

Students who are bullied cannot concentrate in schools, so their grades may be a warning sign that a student is being bullied. A child’s grade may also suffer if he or she misses a lot of school due to bullying. Children who are bullied will complain of headaches, stomachaches, and overall fatigue. This issues are usually caused by mental anguish that manifest in physical ailments. Students who are bullied often use physical complaints to get out of school. additionally, they may avoid infectious from holding crime during the day. A particularly unfortunate effect of bullying is that some children who are bullied go on to victimize and harass other children. In the same way that some student begin to bully at school because they are bullied at home, children who are bullied at school will begin to look for children more vulnerable than they are to bully. It is an effort to exert any power they may have over someone more vulnerable. A bullied children, may, at the demand of his own bully become a bully to another child.

Education being the greatest hope of a nation especially for a developing country like Nigeria cannot just be left in the hands of mediocre or people who have no interest in the teaching profession. Hence, the transmission of knowledge and information from one generation to another require the services of individuals adequately trained and skilled in the teaching profession. Such individuals are teachers. They are assigned the role of transmitting the accumulated knowledge and values from one generation to the next (Akin, 2009). Teaching is the classroom interaction, during which there is purposeful interaction between the teacher, the learner, the subject matter and the materials (Okon, 2006). Teaching is causing people to learn. One can hardly regard something as having been taught if it has not been learnt. Teaching is not merely giving information, but offering the child/learner a systematic guide to learn how to learn.

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The author further described teaching as involving “the consideration of the nature of the child, the goals to be attained, and finally the methods and materials required to attain those goals” p. 183. Teaching involves developing a policy and putting that policy into practice. In the past, many people thought that just any one who could hold a piece of chalk and stand in front of learners was a teacher. For an individual to be regarded as an effective teacher, he needs to possess certain characteristics that befit this noble profession. It is the possession of these qualities that endears him to his students and the society. Failure to possess and display these qualities makes people cast doubt on the genuineness of his training and interest in theteaching profession (Stake, 2010). An effective teacher is required to have a higher level of professionalism because of rapidly changing circumstances. Hayon (2009) emphasized that teachers who possess professional and interpersonal skills are more effective in their classrooms in terms of students’ behaviour, attitude and achievement. The teaching profession requires certain dominant behaviours which show teacher’s intellect, desire to excel, extended professionalism and teaching as a life concern. Teaching is a profession which exalts service above personal gains (Goodlings, Buram& Portland, 2005). It involves human nurturance, connectedness, warmth and love and the teacher’s beliefs about his role in caring for the students, plays a crucial part in developing the personality of the students (Kelchtermans& Ballet, 2005). Stake (2010) further opined that male teachers who show interest in teaching profession establish a cordial relationship with their students thus encouraging them to learn and perform well in their academic pursuits, while other teachers who show no interest in teaching profession, but see it as a stepping stone to something higher, do not establish cordial relationship with their students thus hindering their academic pursuits. This set of teachers feel that teaching is a feminine profession. Therefore, according to Stake (2010) females are more tolerant and accommodative. The issue of gender generally describes roles played by male and female teachers and the relative power they wield within the teaching profession. Their perception can often be associated with their attitude towards teaching. In AkwaIbom State, the teaching profession has an encouraging history. Teaching is one profession which government, parents and even the entire society expect so much from, because of the needed skills necessary for the labor force.

Teaching is one of the oldest of human activities or professions because in those days, parents, elders in the community, religious leaders and other adults took it upon themselves to teach the young ones how to speak, act and, or, perform any other activity that might be required of them. Hence the teacher was seen as an important personality in the society. As important and sensitive as teaching is in the society, there have been divergent views held by people in the society about teaching. These divergent views however have influenced the perception that people have about teaching in the society. For instance, teaching has been seen as an attempt to bring about effective and desirable change in learners and the education system through the use of various strategies (Adeyemi 2001, Dada 1999). This implies that teaching is not restricted to just a single activity but a variety of activities some of which are quite distinct from one another. Thus teaching is seen as a body of actions that is intended to bring about learning through conscious and deliberate efforts by a matured or experienced person (Akinpelu, 1981). This was why in the 1950s through the early 1980s teachers and the teaching profession were accorded high status in the society because they performed their roles in promoting national development with high sense of efficiency and responsibility. This high sense of commitment has been attributed to three major factors namely; their good social status, economic status and conducive working environment (Achimugu, 2005).