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Many people think it is a complete mystery that helicopters manage to fly at all.
They reckon that a helicopter is like a bumblebee – it shouldn’t be able to fly, but nobody told the bumblebee.
However, helicopters fly by the same aerodynamic principles as any other aircraft, and the basic principles are really not all that complicated.
Lift, Drag, Thrust and Weight
The force needed to keep an aircraft in the air is called ‘Lift.’ Lift is produced by air flowing over the wings.
The shape of the wings is designed so that the air flowing over the top surface has to travel further, and it therefore travels faster, than the air under the wing. This causes the pressure of the air on the top of the wing to be lower, and so effectively the wing – and therefore the aircraft – is sucked up by this lower pressure.
In fact, a certain amount of lift is produced by almost any object in a stream of air. You can experience the process for yourself if you put you arm out of the window of a moving car. You will feel your arm start to rise upwards, and this is due to lift. But of course a correctly-shaped wing produces far more lift than this.
Lift is produced independently of power from the engine. However, the engine produces ‘Thrust,’ which gets the aircraft moving along the runway, so that air flows over the wings. Thrust also overcomes ‘Drag,’ which is the force which tries to oppose the motion of the aircraft through the air. The other force involved is ’Weight.’ and the weight of the aircraft determines how much lift is required to get it into the air.
As long as there is enough lift to overcome the aircraft’s weight, and enough thrust from the engine to overcome the drag, then the aircraft will fly.
What About Helicopters?
While a helicopter is a far more complex machine than an aeroplane, the fundamental principles of flight are the same. The rotor blades of a helicopter are identical to the wings of an aeroplane –when air is blown over them, lift is produced. The crucial difference is that the flow of air is produced by rotating the wings – or rotor blades – rather than by moving the whole aircraft. When the rotor blades start to spin, the air flowing over them produces lift, and this can cause the helicopter to rise into the air. So, the engine is used to turn the blades, and the turning blades produce the required lift. Very simple!
Controlling the Helicopter
However, there is rather more to it than that. You need to be able to lift your helicopter into the air when you want to, rather than just have it rise up as soon as you start the engine. In the case of an aeroplane, flight can start as soon as the aircraft is moving fast enough. But in a helicopter, for all sorts of reasons, the blades need to turn at the same speed all the time. So you need a different way to control the amount of lift produced.

These are the instructions to root Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582 (running on android 4.2.2) using iRoot Application on Windows Computer.
Requirements : Your Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582 Smartphone should have atleast 20-30 percent of battery to perform the rooting process.
Root Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582
Step 1. Download and Install Samsung USB Driver on your computer. If Samsung USB Driver is already installed on your computer then Skip this Step
Step 2 : Enable USB Debugging on your Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582 Smartphone. To enable USB Debugging : Open Settings >
Developers Option > USB Debugging > Tick to enable.
(Developers Option is hidden for Android 4.2.2 or above, to show this option Go to Settings > About Phone > Built Number (Tap on it for 5-8 times).
Step 3 : Download and install iRoot application on your Windows Computer.
Step 4 : Once iRoot Application is installed on your Computer, Open It .
Step 5 : Once iRoot Application is launched, connect your Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582 Smartphone to the computer.
Step 6 : Once Your Smartphone is connected successfully to the computer, iRoot Application will automatically detect your Smartphone.
Step 7 : Now, Click on the “Root ” button to begin the rooting process.
Step 8 : Now, iRoot Application will automatically “ Reboot” your Smartphone and install the SuperSU Application.
Step 9 : Now your Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582 is Rooted. To check whether your phone is rooted correctly, open Applications Menu, there you will be able to see a new app installed, called SuperSU . If this app exist then it means you have successfully rooted your device.
Optional: You can also verify the root status of your device by using the Root Checker Application.
Keep in Mind :
[*] No data loss process : Your Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582 Phone Data like contacts, pictures, videos, music and etc will be not affected with this method.
[*] Warranty Void : Your Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582 Warranty may be Void after following the above tutorial.
[*] Alternative Method : If you want another method to root Galaxy S Duos 2 then see
Root Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 GT-S7582 using Pre-Rooted firmware.
[*] Samsung Stock Firmware : If you are looking for the original firmware for your device then head over to
Download Samsung Stock Firmware for all devices page.
[*] Samsung USB Driver : If you are looking for the original USB Driver for your device then head over to Download Samsung USB Driver for all devices page.
[*] Credits: iRoot Application was created by Shenzhen (Developer).

Nigerian army recruitment form and guide for tradesmen/ women 2017/2018 – On this article, you will understand the step by step guide on how to apply for Nigerian Army 76 Regular Recruits Intake (RRI) for tradesmen/women and non-tradesmen/women. Do you want to enter one of the most prestigious services of Nigeria, but don’t know how to do it? Our article will help you! The Nigerian Armed Forces are the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Its origins lie in the elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force that became Nigerian when independence was granted in 1960. Applications are invited from suitably qualified candidates to the 2017 Nigerian Army 76 Regular Recruits Intake (RRI) for tradesmen/women and non-tradesmen/women. N/B: Currently, Nigerian Army Recruitment Form is not yet available online. This page will be updated immediately the form is out. Nigerian Army Recruitment Basic Requirements; (1) Possess a minimum of 4 credits in not more than 2 sittings WASSCE/GCE/NECO/ NABTEB. One of the credits must be English Language. (2) In addition to above qualification, those applying as tradesmen women must also posses OND/Trade Tcst/City and Guild Certificate. Details arc available on the website. Nigerian Army Recruitment Form and Guide – 2017/2018 (3) Be between the ages of 18 – 22 years for non tradesmen women while tradesmen women must be between the ages of 18 – 26years by 1st June 2016 (4) Not be less than 1.65 metres and 1.56 metres tall for male and female applicants respectively (5) Click here to Download Nigerian Army Up-to-date Past Questions N/B: Currently, Nigerian Army Recruitment Form is not yet available online. This page will be updated immediately the form is out. How to Apply for Nigerian Army Recruitment. (1) Go to the Nigerian Army recruitment portal athttp:// recruitment.army.mil.ng, (2) Applicants are to apply once as multiple application will be disqualified. (3) On submission of application online, applicants are to print out the completed application form which must include the following parts; i) Declaration and Certification by Parents / Guardian Form. ii) Local Government Area Certification Form. iii) Police Certification Form. iv) Guarantors Form. (4) Candidates are to come along to the designated screening centres with the online printed forms

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Although a mobile phone may be internet ready, it will require activation with 3G or GPRS settings before it can be used to browse the internet. In this page, you will find information on activating your mobile phone for internet browsing on MTN, Glo mobile, Airtel, Etisalat, and so on. For a mobile phone to access internet services, you need to load the appropriate internet, 3G, or GPRS settings. To access internet with mobile phones or modem, you need to activate it by loading the mobile network’s GPRS or 3G internet settings to your mobile phone. 3G or GPRS settings can be obtained in two ways, the automatic and manual methods. The automatic method of obtaining your 3G or GPRS settings involves sending an SMS command to the mobile network. On reception of your SMS, the network will send you your 3G or GPRS settings. You will then have to save the GPRS internet settings to your mobile phone. Modems and some mobile phones (usually newly launched mobile phones) may not accept automatic internet settings, in such a situation you will have to load your GPRS internet settings manually. In Nigeria, you do not worry about activating your mobile phone for internet access if you are using CDMA. This is because CDMA networks usually carry exclusive mobile phones, which are often preloaded with internet settings. When buying a mobile phone from network exclusive outlets, ask whether the mobile phone has been activated with the required internet settings and if not request for internet configuration on the spot. Most often, you worry about internet configuration and settings if you are using GSM or WCDMA/HSDPA. Here are internet, 3G or GPRS settings of MTN, Glo mobile, Etisalat, and Airtel: Activating MTN mobile internet To get your 3G/3.5G/GPRS internet settings, text SETTINGS to 3888 on an MTN Nigeria mobile phone. Save the internet settings when received. You can also use manual internet or GPRS settings. Use manual 3G/GPRS settings only if automatic MTN settings request fails. MTN manual 3G/3.5G/GPRS settings for full internet This manual settings can be used for Mobile phones and modems: IP Address: 10.199.212.2 (May not be required) Port: 8080 (May not be required) Username: web Password: web Access point name (APN): web.gprs.mtnnigeria.net MTN manual 3G/3.5G/GPRS settings for WAP mobile internet Account name: MTN GPRS IP Address: 10.199.212.2 Port: 9201 Username: web Password: web Access point name (APN): web.gprs.mtnnigeria.net Activating Glo Internet Settings To load automatic Glo settings, SMS Flat [space] name & model of the phone to 1234 . For example, to configure your Nokia 5230 simply SMS Flat Nokia 5230 to 1234 . You will receive the settings over the air. Save the settings on your mobile phone. If automatic 3G settings request fails, use manual 3G settings Glo manual 3.5G/3G GPRS internet settings Access point name (APN): gloflat Service name: Glo 3G Username: flat Password: flat Activating Airtel Internet Settings To get your Airtel GPRS settings SMS Internet [space] [phone make] [space] [model number] to 232. For example, to activate Nokia 5230, SMS Internet Nokia 5230 to 232. Save the Airtel Settings on your mobile phone when received. If automatic GPRS settings request fails, use manual GPRS settings Airtel Manual GPRS/3G Settings Port: 8080 (May not be required) Username: leave blank Password: leave blank Access point name (APN): internet.ng.Airtel.com Authentication: Normal (May not be required) Activating Etisalat Internet Settings To load automatic settings to your Etisalat mobile device, SMS SETTINGS to 790 . The Etisalat Settings will be pushed to your device over the air. Save the settings to your mobile phone. Etisalat Manual 3G, EDGE, GPRS settings Here are the settings required for modems and most mobile phones and tablets. Access point name (APN): etisalat Username: leave blank Password: leave blank Etisalat manual GPRS settings for WAP Access point name (APN): etisalat Account name: Etisalat WAP IP Address: 10.71.170.5 Port: 8080 Username: Password: Home page: http:// mobile.etisalat.com.ng Activating CDMA mobile internet for Visafone, Starcomms, Zoom Mobile CDMA networks carry specific phones preloaded with network settings like internet settings. Hence, if you bought your CDMA phone with internet capability from an authorised outlet of CDMA networks like Starcomms, Visafone, Reltel, Zoom mobile, or Multi- Links it is likely to be preloaded with internet settings. However, inquire just to be sure.

Nanfang Yu, assistant professor of applied physics at Columbia Engineering, and colleagues from the University of Zürich and the University of Washington, have discovered two key strategies that enable Saharan silver ants to stay cool in one of the hottest terrestrial environments on Earth. Yu’s team is the first to demonstrate that the ants use a coat of uniquely shaped hairs to control electromagnetic waves over an extremely broad range from the solar spectrum (visible and near-infrared) to the thermal radiation spectrum (mid- infrared), and that different physical mechanisms are used in different spectral bands to realize the same biological function of reducing body temperature. Their research, “Saharan silver ants keep cool by combining enhanced optical reflection and radiative heat dissipation,” is published June 18 in Science magazine. “This is a telling example of how evolution has triggered the adaptation of physical attributes to accomplish a physiological task and ensure survival, in this case to prevent Saharan silver ants from getting overheated,” Yu says. “While there have been many studies of the physical optics of living systems in the ultraviolet and visible range of the spectrum, our understanding of the role of infrared light in their lives is much less advanced. Our study shows that light invisible to the human eye does not necessarily mean that it does not play a crucial role for living organisms.” The project was initially triggered by wondering whether the ants’ conspicuous silvery coats were important in keeping them cool in blistering heat. Yu’s team found that the answer to this question was much broader once they realized the important role of infrared light. Their discovery that there is a biological solution to a thermoregulatory problem could lead to the development of novel flat optical components that exhibit optimal cooling properties. “Such biologically inspired cooling surfaces will have high reflectivity in the solar spectrum and high radiative efficiency in the thermal radiation spectrum,” Yu explains. “So this may generate useful applications such as a cooling surface for vehicles, buildings, instruments, and even clothing.” Saharan silver ants (Cataglyphis bombycina) forage in the Saharan Desert in the full midday sun when surface temperatures reach up to 70°C (158°F), and they must keep their body temperature below their critical thermal maximum of 53.6°C (128.48°F) most of the time. In their wide- ranging foraging journeys, the ants search for corpses of insects and other arthropods that have succumbed to the thermally harsh desert conditions, which they are able to endure more successfully. Being most active during the hottest moment of the day also allows these ants to avoid predatory desert lizards. Researchers have long wondered how these tiny insects (about 10 mm, or 3/8” long) can survive under such thermally extreme and stressful conditions. Using electron microscopy and ion beam milling, Yu’s group discovered that the ants are covered on the top and sides of their bodies with a coating of uniquely shaped hairs with triangular cross- sections that keep them cool in two ways. These hairs are highly reflective under the visible and near-infrared light, i.e., in the region of maximal solar radiation (the ants run at a speed of up to 0.7 meters per second and look like droplets of mercury on the desert surface). The hairs are also highly emissive in the mid-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, where they serve as an antireflection layer that enhances the ants’ ability to offload excess heat via thermal radiation, which is emitted from the hot body of the ants to the cold sky. This passive cooling effect works under the full sun whenever the insects are exposed to the clear sky. “To appreciate the effect of thermal radiation, think of the chilly feeling when you get out of bed in the morning,” says Yu. “Half of the energy loss at that moment is due to thermal radiation since your skin temperature is temporarily much higher than that of the surrounding environment.” The researchers found that the enhanced reflectivity in the solar spectrum and enhanced thermal radiative efficiency have comparable contributions to reducing the body temperature of silver ants by 5 to 10 degrees compared to if the ants were without the hair cover. “The fact that these silver ants can manipulate electromagnetic waves over such a broad range of spectrum shows us just how complex the function of these seemingly simple biological organs of an insect can be,” observes Norman Nan Shi, lead author of the study and PhD student who works with Yu at Columbia Engineering. Yu and Shi collaborated on the project with Rüdiger Wehner, professor at the Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland, and Gary Bernard, electrical engineering professor at the University of Washington, Seattle, who are renowned experts in the study of insect physiology and ecology. The Columbia Engineering team designed and conducted all experimental work, including optical and infrared microscopy and spectroscopy experiments, thermodynamic experiments, and computer simulation and modeling. They are currently working on adapting the engineering lessons learned from the study of Saharan silver ants to create flat optical components, or “metasurfaces,” that consist of a planar array of nanophotonic elements and provide designer optical and thermal radiative properties. Yu and his team plan next to extend their research to other animals and organisms living in extreme environments, trying to learn the strategies these creatures have developed to cope with harsh environmental conditions. “Animals have evolved diverse strategies to perceive and utilize electromagnetic waves: deep sea fish have eyes that enable them to maneuver and prey in dark waters, butterflies create colors from nanostructures in their wings, honey bees can see and respond to ultraviolet signals, and fireflies use flash communication systems,” Yu adds. “Organs evolved for perceiving or controlling electromagnetic waves often surpass analogous man-made devices in both sophistication and efficiency. Understanding and harnessing natural design concepts deepens our knowledge of complex biological systems and inspires ideas for creating novel technologies.” The study was supported by the National Science Foundation under the Electronics, Photonics, and Magnetic Devices program (ECCS-1307948) and Physics of Living Systems program (PHY-1411445), and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Multidisciplinary Research Program of the University Research Initiative (MURI) program (FA9550-14-1-0389). Research was also carried out in part at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory

it nt easy being the youngest webdesigner from kogi state seun been on nairaland is a very grate experience dont forget me i want to be like you ceo nirafame(cyberghost)

help me how can i root my android galaxy star plus 4.1.2

I am the king of Photoshop elements who said adekunle is the best quote me anywhere I day vess chalange me if you can lalasticlala move this to the front page if you love nairaland adekunle is not a nairalander he made it to d front page