₦airaland Forum

The practice of apartheid existed in South Africa for more than forty years and came to an end when Nelson Mandela (see also African National Congress) was elected president in 1994. During those forty years control of the power and wealth by the white minority was systematically increased through laws enforced with enthusiasm, resulting in the extreme repression of the majority native African population. As the world community became more aware of the abhorrent practices of the white oligarchy, a chorus of condemnation and approbation resulted in local and international actions designed to force change. Chief among these measures were economic sanctions.

The first United Nations arms embargo on South Africa was passed in 1963, but it was not until 1977 that the embargo became mandatory. The embargo addressed shipments of traditional arms, but did not address the general technological backbone of arms development. Consequently, the South African government pursued a course of developing an indigenous arms industry with the support of multi-national corporations as well as countries such as Taiwan and Israel.

In response to these U.N. actions, the U.S. government enacted laws and regulations designed to restrict the flow of resources to the South African military and police. These acts had little effect on the flow of computer technology due to its multi-purpose nature. When the legal actions were backed up by public outcry and product boycotts, corporations "saw the light" and began to change their practices, or at least put them at an arms length.

Central to the ambitions of the oppressive minority government was the use of enabling technology such as computer hardware and software. As the primary developer of new technology, the United States and the multi-national technology companies based here had a central role in providing these tools of repression. The very profitable South African operations had resulted in explosive growth of investment during the 1970's by several large American technology corporatios, chief among them IBM. These companies now found themselves accused of supporting the racist power structure.

The case of apartheid's use of technology is unusual in several respects. Unlike many ethical issues, there is little debate about the practice of apartheid: just about everyone considers it wrong and considers the support of it wrong. Because such a small minority of the population was striving to control so many people so completely, reliance on technology was high. Because the nature of the control went into so many aspects of life, many tools developed for innocuous purposes in democratic societies could be utilized for repression with little or no customization.

Although the conditions in South Africa were unique, the lessons learned from studying the actions, motives, and results are universally applicable since the essential topic is political and economic power and the use of technology to support it.

The History of Apartheid in South Africa

South Africa (see map) is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources including fertile farmlands and unique mineral resources. South African mines are world leaders in the production of diamonds and gold as well as strategic metals such as platinum. The climate is mild, reportedly resembling the San Francisco bay area weather more than anywhere in the world.

South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. Following independence from England, an uneasy power-sharing between the two groups held sway until the 1940's, when the Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority. Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 60's, a plan of ``Grand Apartheid'' was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression.

With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the sanctioning of ``white-only'' jobs. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent). The coloured category included major subgroups of Indians and Asians. Classification into these categories was based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent. For example, a white person was defined as ``in appearance obviously a white person or generally accepted as a white person.'' A person could not be considered white if one of his or her parents were non-white. The determination that a person was ``obviously white'' would take into account ``his habits, education, and speech and deportment and demeanor.'' A black person would be of or accepted as a member of an African tribe or race, and a colored person is one that is not black or white. The Department of Home Affairs (a government bureau) was responsible for the classification of the citizenry. Non-compliance with the race laws were dealt with harshly. All blacks were required to carry ``pass books'' containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas.

HOMELANDS PICTURE In 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act established a basis for ethnic government in African reserves, known as ``homelands.'' These homelands were independent states to which each African was assigned by the government according to the record of origin (which was frequently inaccurate). All political rights, including voting, held by an African were restricted to the designated homeland. The idea was that they would be citizens of the homeland, losing their citizenship in South Africa and any right of involvement with the South African Parliament which held complete hegemony over the homelands. From 1976 to 1981, four of these homelands were created, denationalizing nine million South Africans. The homeland administrations refused the nominal independence, maintaining pressure for political rights within the country as a whole. Nevertheless, Africans living in the homelands needed passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country.

In 1953, the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act were passed, which empowered the government to declare stringent states of emergency and increased penalties for protesting against or supporting the repeal of a law. The penalties included fines, imprisonment and whippings. In 1960, a large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry their passes; the government declared a state of emergency. The emergency lasted for 156 days, leaving 69 people dead and 187 people wounded. Wielding the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act, the white regime had no intention of changing the unjust laws of apartheid.

CROWD PICTURE
The penalties imposed on political protest, even non-violent protest, were severe. During the states of emergency which continued intermittently until 1989, anyone could be detained without a hearing by a low-level police official for up to six months. Thousands of individuals died in custody, frequently after gruesome acts of torture. Those who were tried were sentenced to death, banished, or imprisoned for life, like Nelson Mandela.

The apartheid policy was highly effective of achieving its goal of preferential treatment for whites, as is demonstrated by the statistics in Figure

COUNTRIES NIGERIAN PASSPORT HOLDERS CAN ENTER WITHOUT VISAS

As a Nigerian citizen with a Nigerian passport, there are certain countries which do not require a visa upon entry so long as you have your passport. However, for some of these countries, there is an estimated amount of time you are expected to spend before a visa will be demanded for. The period of days for which you can stay varies from country to country and then you would have to obtain a visa.
There are also some countries that you can visit and you’ll receive a visa upon arrival.
Find below a comprehensive list of these countries classified according to their continents.

AFRICA
The visa-free countries in Africa for Nigerian passport holders are:

Benin
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Cameroon
Chad
Côted'Ivoire
Ghana
Gambia
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Togo


AMERICAS

Countries and Territories Conditions of access
Barbados 6 months
Dominica 21 days
Grenada 3 months
Haiti 3 months
Montserrat 3 months
Saint Kitts and Nevis 3 months
Turks and Caicos Islands 30 days


ASIA
Countries and Territories Conditions of access

Azerbaijan 30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$100
Bangladesh 90 day visa issued on arrival for $50
Cambodia 30 day visa issued on arrival for US$ 20
Georgia Visa issued upon arrival
Laos 30 day visa issued on arrival for US$ 30
Maldives 30 days
Macau 30 day visa issued on arrival for 100 MOP
Timor-Leste 30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30


EUROPE AND OTHERS
Countries and Territories Conditions of access

Kosovo 90 days
Oceania
Cook Islands 31 days
Fiji 4 months
Micronesia 30 days
Nauru 30 days
Niue 30 days
Palau 30 days
Samoa 60 days
Tuvalu 1 month
Vanuatu 30 days.
MAKE TRAVELING UR HOBBY![/b]

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ways tat you can take to
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steps, (1). You ve to
always luk nice for a guy.
(2) Appear sexy and be
romantic, (3). Try to start a
chat with a guy to avoid
him been bored. (4). Be a
gud cook cos a mans
happiness comes from the
stomach. (5). Be truthful,
cos guys believes solely on
trust and faithfulness (6).
Try as much as possible to
be a gud dick sucker. Cos
guys enjoy girls sucking
thier dicks and playing
with thier balls, (7). Try to
show interest on his well
being. (. Always ask abt
his family and try to luv his
family members same as
you luv him, (9) Be neat
always cos cleanliness is
next to Godliness. (10). Be
smart and neva ask much
from a man. Tats interms
of cash or material thing,
you ve to try to be
productive so you will nt
be a laibility to a man.
Contribute ur quarter so as
to build a gud home at the
same time to be hapi and
to live a fulfill and long
lasting relationship. All me
"Luv doctor"

Breaking News!!! Election
Tribunal in Akwa Ibom
State: Update!
Sources have confirmed
that the much awaited
Forensic Machines arrived
Akwa Ibom State a few
days ago from wherever
they were imported. Today
(June, 21, 2011), based on
arrangements previously
agreed upon between ACN
and INEC, which was
ordered by the Tribunal,
the forensic scientists and
the ACN lawyers went to
INEC office in Uyo to test
the ballot papers in order
to determine the accuracies
and veracities of all the
thumbs-prints that INEC
and PDP claimed to have
come from the voters of
Godswill Akpabio during
the April 26, 2011,
gubernatorial election.
When the ACN lawyers and
the Forensic Scientists
entered the office of INEC,
INEC officials told them
that ballot papers were not
available--officials denied
the agency's possession of
the materials. On enquiries
as to where the papers
could be located, INEC told
them to go to each of the
Local Government Area
Headquarters for retrieval
of the materials.
It could be recalled that
since the month of May,
2011, when INEC and PDP
knew about the intention
of Senator Akpan
Udoedehe and the ACN to
file petitions with the
Election Tribunal to
challenge the outcome of
the April 26, 2011
gubernatorial election, INEC
and PDP have been busy
forging documents in
preparation as evidence to
counter the challenge.
It could also be recalled
that INEC and PDP claimed
that the total number of
votes for Akpabio was over
900,000. The purpose of
using the forensic
machines to read the
thumb prints is to verify if
all the more than 900,000
votes were genuine and
were actually from those
who had previously been
registered and considered
eligible to vote in Akwa
Ibom State. Such findings
would dispel the
speculations among Akwa
Ibom people and claims by
the opposition that
Godswill Akpabio and the
PDP in Akwa Ibom State
had fronted minors to cast
votes and in some Local
Government Areas (if not in
all of them), there were,
and still are, strongly held
suspicions that some
voters voted several times,
thereby inflating the
number of votes for
Akpabio.
All the analysts and
observers contacted have
concluded that for INEC
officials to claim that the
agency has none of the
demanded documents in
its custody is a sign that
they (the officials) have not
completed forging the
documents. Therefore,
official's denial that the
materials are not in the
custody of the agency is
nothing but a delaying
tactics.
Reports say when ACN
lawyers filed a complaint
to the Tribunal regarding
the refusal of INEC to
release the court-
mandated material, the
Tribunal Judges issued a
statement, which says that
they cannot force INEC to
produce documents it
claims not to have, but in
the absence of such
documents, INEC must sign
"Not Available, or simply N/
A" for each forms or for any
of the requested
documents. The implication
is that if INEC refuses to
produce the mandated
documents for the
opposition to use as it sees
fit in a court of law, then
the court will not have a
choice but to issue its
ruling based on the
evidence presented by the
ACN. Such evidence, which
sources say ACN has in its
possession, include
"doctored" voting
materials, videos and still-
pictures featuring rigging,
and other evidence yet to
be presented to and
explained at the Tribunal.
Another developing story is
that the 22-man panel set
up by President Jonathan
to examine the cause or
causes of election violence
in Akwa Ibom State has
commenced its work.
Today, the panel is said to
have visited Ikot Ekpene to
gather evidence. It may sit
in Uyo by tomorrow, June
22, 2011.
Written by
Thompson Essien
The Voice of the Poor

More Breaking News!!! Is
Godswill Akpabio on the
Run 2011.06.21 23:31:09
More Breaking News!!! Is
Godswill Akpabio on the
Run?
Few days after the April 26,
2011 gubernatorial
election, the then Governor
Godswill Akpabio dissolved
his Cabinet and imposed
himself in the Hilltop
Mansion claiming and
pretending to be the
Governor of Akwa Ibom
State, when in fact he did
not win the election to
claim the mandate of the
people. Many observers
have also wondered why
Godswill Akpabio has
refused to appoint new
Commissioners into
positions. Other than the
appointment of one of his
cronies---Mr. Umana Okon
Umana---as the Secretary
to the Government, no
further appointment has
been made, although many
of his former
Commissioners, such as
Aniekan Umanah---the
former Information
Commissioner---continue
to make official
statements, as if they are
still representing Akpabio
in official capacities.
Speculations abound as to
why Akpabio has failed or
has refused to appoint new
Cabinet. One strongly held
speculation is that the man
is not sure of continuing as
the next Chief Executive
Officer of the State. There
are several reasons why
the speculation is gaining
momentum. Those who
are very knowledgeable
with the politics of Akwa
Ibom State maintain that
the pending court case,
which involves Mr. Frank
Okon and Akpabio, is
coming up soon and the
ruling may not be in his
favor. It may be recalled
that Frank Okon has a case
pending in court, in which
Akpabio is accused of
illegally entering and
contesting the last
gubernatorial election. The
lawsuit before a judge in
an Abuja court claims that
Akpabio failed to obtain
clearance necessary and
required by law to contest
in the Primary Election.
However, Akpabio and all
his supporters have
maintained that he was
“ cleared” by all responsible
agencies to contest the
election, as indicated by a
letter, which Akpabio
claimed came from PDP
and signed by the former
Chairman of PDP, Chief
Nwodo. When the court in
Abuja asked PDP to
produce a copy of the
letter by Nwodo, the Party
said it does not have such a
letter in its file. And
Godswill Akpabio has
repeatedly been issued a
court order to produce the
document, but he has also
repeatedly failed to honor
the court order, a clear
indication that whatever
documents Akpabio
claimed was signed by
Chief Nwodo must have
been fake or non-existent
papers of clearance.
Other sources have
confirmed that Chief
Nwodo has sworn and
submitted an affidavit to
the court, in which he
stated that he (Nwodo)
never signed or issued such
a clearance letter to
Akpabio. And this is where
an ice water has instantly
become boiling water, or
as it is popularly known in
America, "now you see;
now you don't."
Tomorrow (June 22, 2011),
Frank Okon's case against
Akpabio will be heard in
Abuja---probably for the
last time. Then on June 27,
2011, another case against
Akpabio (by the same
Frank Okon) is also coming
up. Sources say Akpabio
has been secretly informed
through his lawyers that
the prognosis are not good
for him; the court may
agree with Mr. Frank Okon
that he (Akpabio) entered
and contested the election
without proper clearance
from all the appropriate
agencies, including the PDP
party. The news is very
unsettling for Godswill
Akpabio and those who
know him have suggested
that his personal physician,
Dr. Essien, should put him
on a suicide watch. And
Akpabio's recent behaviors
are not making things
easier for him either.
Confirmed sources say
Akpabio has submitted his
application to Akwa Ibom
State House of Assembly
for a 30-day Annual Leave
and that the House of
Assembly has approved the
Leave. In his application,
Akpabio stated that he has
relinquished the day-to-
day- running of the
Government to his Deputy,
Chief Nsima Ekere. And that
worries many analyst
enough to speculate that
such behavior may be a
clear indication that
Akpabio has completed
plans to escape the country
after being informed that
he may be removed from
office.
According to one of the
analysts, "How could the
Chief Executive of a State
go on a 30 day annual
leave without setting
things in place? How can
he go on leave without
appointing Commissioners
and Heads of other State
Agencies? On top of that,
he has just won the
election and civil servants
have not been paid. I find it
difficult to believe that the
man is going on leave. I
think he is running away in
order to avoid the
embarrassment of being
removed from the office.
He may also be running to
avoid arrest by the EFCC
people, especially after he
has read about what the
agency is doing to Bankole,
the former Speaker of the
Federal House of Assembly.
I am not sure if he is
indeed running away. But,
if he is, where is he going
to hide? The world is
becoming smaller and
smaller, where is he going
to hide? If anyone could
hide, James Ibori could
have been in hiding
forever. But where is he
now?”
Now, the question; is it
true that Godswill Akpabio,
the former corrupt and
killer Governor of Akwa
Ibom State, is ready to
escape Nigeria into hiding?
Written by
Thompson Essien

are u an actor or an actress plz call me for an auditioning in akwa ibom state. call 08039453239.

THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE
The title of this essay “the man of the people” is coming in the wake of the discrepancies in uniqueness of qualities and performance that different leaders exhibit in their administrative regime; either conventional, secular (personal or environmental) or political setting. The greatest duty a man can perform is to manage human beings; this is due to the fact that they are from different backgrounds. It takes wisdom to perform such a duty because the people must be carried along. The world is controlled by humans and we as an organization or community need to realize that the world is continuing to grow smaller and smaller in terms of space left for humans to occupy at least to a certain level of comfort. A man of the people is the voice of the people.
Thus, the man of the people comes into play in our everyday life.

Charity they say begins at home, so the man of the people ranges from our homes, to our places of work, to our communities, and to the world at large. Hence people with exemplary character and trust worthiness to lead others in the circumstance are regarded here as men of the people. He has to be honest and have integrity. He sends facts across to the people. This enable him gain the faith and trust of the people and makes him a better leader. The man of the people “work the talk”, he practice what he preaches.

Also, he must be enthusiastic about his work or cause and about his role as a leader people respond more openly to a man of the people because he is more passionate and dedicated. He is a source of aspiration and motivation towards his cause or action.

Furthermore, the man of the people unites the voice of the people; the power of one voice is incomparable to anything else in the world. The power of the voice is evident and plays a crucial role in the behaviour of the people listening.

More so, the man of the people is confident in order for him to lead and set direction, he needs to apply confident as a person in leadership role. By so doing he inspires confidence in others and draws out the trust and best effort of the team to complete a task well. He must be able to protect and defend his people; he not only tells them what they want to hear rather he tells them the truth always.

Also, he must be tolerant and humble no matter how turbulent a situation is or how ambiguous questions are or enquiries may seem. He has to be calm always and be available at all times to his followers.

In addition, the man of the people must be orderly and decent in all his ways. He must be purposeful in uncertainty; people look unto him during times of uncertainty, adversity and in bondage.

He must be committed to excellence. He maintains high standard, he is proactive in raising the people in other to achieve excellence in all areas. He is dedicated to his duty at all times. He brings the people’s dream to reality; he is highly motivational when it comes to acquiring what the people wants. He has the motives to spread his ideas and beliefs to the people and make them listen to him and respect his opinion as this goes a long way to determine his fate.

Also, in other to have well – run and developed house, community, country or world, people need to come together with a common goal and this can be achieved only when a man of the people is in charge. He must be experienced and have psychological knowledge of human being. Experience has a lot to do in the life of a man of the people; it broadens his understanding of what is happening around the world. Experience is important to both the leader and the followers.

Unlike an unpopular leader, he is after personal benefits and pleasures due to his greed, which ranges from money to power to women, that consequently brings about poverty and underdevelopment upon the whole system.

Also the unpopular leader pave his way to that position through corrupt and illegal practices, by buying the people’s conscience through financial worth or material worth. The followers at the end of the day suffer the consequences.

Furthermore, the unpopular leader does not have integrity, he is not humble, he is self centered, is not bothered about the people’s opinion. His is not creative, not trusted, not enthusiastic about his work and accomplishment, above all he is most often not experienced.

In conclusion, a leader that does all the aforementioned good deeds goes a long a way as to winning the conscience of his followers and at the end of the day wears the name “the man of the people” which is worn today by Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr. and many others. Martin Luther King Jr. touched so many and made such a huge impact on the world. He is one man with one voice and it really makes one realize the influence that one man can have on the world. A man of the people is the people’s leader.

VOTE SENATOR JOHN UDOEDEHE AS GOVERNOR OF AKWA IBOM STATE COME 2011.

Plz educate me more abt all tis drama, now tat Goodluck Jonathan is d acting president who is hi7 V.P n hw abt his P.As?

Am using d name of God to beg d NL Moderator to plz include a SPORT/ENTERTAINMENT Forum so we can post sports news. plz

Well Dr. Chris Ekong was never a finance commissioner he was at Economic dev. ministry. SO HOW DO U SEE SEN. J. UDOEDEHE

If u need me then mail me with itocoonline@yahoo.com i could make it up to u.

Tat am a very nice guy, she showed me luv even more than my real girlfriend. recently i sent my guy to meet her 4 me n

A girl called me 2weeks ago claiming 2 misdail her cousins nunber n wen i told her it was a wrong number she is telln,

Plz i need a reply on this, and to correct the impression tat val day is nt abt sex, bt just to show luv 2 everybody.

let d police investigate his nieces who never speak good abt Gen. Akpan. especially "Christiana Adams" a prostitute.

fellow nairalanders we must have legalized prostitution because it can not be stop dont even think about it because its the world. but our women must register and attend clinics for regular examinations, in some cases as frequently as twice a month if prostitution is what they have chosen as job

we can correct our economic condition, as well as the overpopulation problem, someone has to pay the bills.”
But who? The poorest, the most vulnerable? There is no denying that the sex industry has taken on international dimensions, recognized as an economic motor for our countries, particularly in Abuja and Lagos State. The irony is that prostitution is not entirely legal. Would legalization reduce some of the inequalities and abuse suffered by the women involved? Or by legitimizing prostitution, would we reverse decades of work to promote human rights and improve the status of women?

fellow nairalanders we must have legalized prostitution because it can not be stop dont even think about it because its the world. but our women must register and attend clinics for regular examinations, in some cases as frequently as twice a month if prostitution is what they have chosen as job

we can correct our economic condition, as well as the overpopulation problem, someone has to pay the bills.”
But who? The poorest, the most vulnerable? There is no denying that the sex industry has taken on international dimensions, recognized as an economic motor for our countries, particularly in Abuja and Lagos State. The irony is that prostitution is not entirely legal. Would legalization reduce some of the inequalities and abuse suffered by the women involved? Or by legitimizing prostitution, would we reverse decades of work to promote human rights and improve the status of women?

who n who is writting plz get ready to smile 2 ur bank on wednesday.

Am interested here is my email id; itocoonline@yahoo.com my phone number 08039453239.

Why fighting over a common post here. some people here are enemies of progress n blackmailers. let b careful d way we ar

D man "SEN. JOHN UDOEDEHE" A man of gudwill, a cheerful giver n an honest man full with gud reputation. AKS Governor 2 b

Win a prize by writting a presentable essay on d topic "A MAN OF VISIOO" Send 2 itocoonline@yahoo.com n call 08039453239

Win a prize by writtn a presentable essay on d topic "A MAN OF VISION" send it 2 itocoonline@yahoo.com n cul 08039453239

Win a Prize by writtn a presentable essay on d topic "A MAN OF VISION" send to: itocoonline@yahoo.comCul 08039453239

Am opening a winning draw 4 anybody tat can write a sucessful story life of Sen. John Udoedehe it could b poem or essay

i want people 2 start counting n mentioning names. i knw of sen. john james akpanudoede n who plz name them 2 me.